Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1974"
TL;DR: The decimal code scale for indicating the growth stages of cereals as developed by the authors and published by Eucarpia is explained and described.
Abstract: The decimal code scale for indicating the growth stages of cereals as developed by the authors and published by Eucarpia is explained and described
8,484 citations
TL;DR: The activities of the glycolytic enzymes assayed, except hexokinase, were lower in predominantly slow twitch as compared with muscle with many fast twitch fibers and this was consistent with muscle histochemical staining patterns for alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase.
Abstract: The relationship between fiber composition and enzyme profiles as estimated from in vitro enzyme activities has been studied in human skeletal muscle. Samples from the soleus, gastrocnemius, and vastus lateralis muscles were obtained both by biopsying normal subjects and from patients during nonmuscular related general surgery. The samples were analyzed for fiber composition, phosphorylase (a+b), phosphofructokinase, and creatine phosphokinase activities. The fibers were assigned to two major types based on the histochemical display of alkaline stable myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase staining. This staining is related to the activity of the enzyme and thus the contractility of the fibers. One fibre type lacks (Type I or slow twitch fiber) and the other one (Type II or fast twitch fiber) contains this enzyme. The soleus muscle contained predominantly slow twitch (Type I) fibers with the mean for all subjects being 80% (range 64 to 100%). In contrast the gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles only contained 57% slow twitch fibers (range 34–82%). The activities of the glycolytic enzymes assayed, except hexokinase, were lower in predominantly slow twitch as compared with muscle with many fast twitch fibers and this was consistent with muscle histochemical staining patterns for alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Succinate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase activities were not related to fiber distribution.
295 citations
TL;DR: This paper found a moderately strong relationship between religion and the use of marijuana and alcohol among high-school students in the Pacific Northwest and found no relationship between religious involvement and adolescent delinquency.
Abstract: Hirschi and Stark (1969) reported very little relationship between religious involvement and adolescent delinquency. They concluded that religion is therefore "irrelevant to delinquency." The present paper offers an alternative interpretation of their findings and tests one of its implications. It is hypothesized that Hirschi and Stark's findings apply only to offenses against persons and property, and that a clear relationship between religion and delinquency should be found for "victimless" crimes. Data from high-school students in the Pacific Northwest replicate Hirschi and Stark's findings but also reveal a moderately strong relationship between religion and the use of marijuana and alcohol. Suggestions are made for further tests of the alternative interpretation.
288 citations
281 citations
TL;DR: Initial velocity studies with the dithiothreitol-activated enzyme are compatible with an ordered reaction catalyzed by ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, which is immunologically unusual in that antibodies do not form precipitates in immunodiffusion with the enzyme from any source outside of the Athiorhodaceae.
194 citations
TL;DR: An inhibitor of the pancreatic carboxypeptidase A and B has been purified from Russet Burbank potatoes and it is found that the inhibitor possesses three disulfide bonds.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the National Opinion Research Center measured the values of an area probability sample of adult Americans in 1968 and 1971 and found that most values remained stable but certain values underwent significant change over this three-year period.
Abstract: Employing the Rokeach Value Survey, the National Opinion Research Center measured the values of an area probability sample of adult Americans in 1968 and 1971. Most values remained stable but certain values underwent significant change over this three-year period. To determine whether the changes were manifested in all segments of American society or only in certain ones, the value rankings were further analyzed for Americans varying in sex, race, income, education, and age. The author is Professor of Sociology and Psychology in the Departments of Sociology and Psychology at Washington State University.
132 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of energy-releasing kinetic processes on NOx formation in a jet-stirred reactor were examined for chemically rate-limited, fuel-lean combustion of carbon monoxide with moist air at 0.5 and 1 atmosphere.
Abstract: Oxides of nitrogen concentrations, temperatures and mass flow rates near reactor blowout have been measured for chemically rate-limited, fuel-lean combustion of carbon monoxide with moist air in a jet-stirred reactor at 0.5 and 1 atmosphere. Comparisons with predictions obtained by modeling the jet-stirred reactor as a micromixed perfectly stirred reactor are used to examine the detailed influences of energy-releasing kinetic processes on NOx formation. Reaction radical intermediates and, in particular, oxygen atoms are shown to play a key role in this influence. For fuel-lean combustion, under conditions of intense turbulence and backmixing, super-equilibrium concentrations of oxygen atoms cause N2 O to act as an important intermediate leading to NOx formation. Measurements indicating the influence of finite mixing on experimental reactor performance and NOx emissions are presented as well.
132 citations
TL;DR: The algicidal and algistatic effects of copper, zinc and cadmium on Selanastrum capricornutum, a unicellular green algae were analyzed by using a modification of the Algal Assay Procedures Bottle Test as discussed by the authors.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate transient absorption spectroscopy with picosecond time resolution and nanometer spectral resolution over the entire visible region using 3,3′-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide.
123 citations
TL;DR: Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase has been purified 15-fold from derepressed butyrate-grown Rhodospirillum rubrum and is homogeneous by the criterion of electrophoresis in gels polymerized from several concentrations of acrylamide.
TL;DR: Antibiotics reduced the degradation of L-tryptophan to skatole and indole, with kanamycin and neomycin particularly effective in reducing the decarboxylation of IAA to sk atole.
Abstract: Intraruminal doses of L-tryptophan cause acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle. The D and L isomers of tryptophan and 22 related indolic compounds were incubated with ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Incubation of L-[U-benzene ring-(14)C]tryptophan with ruminal microorganisms for 24 h resulted in 39% of the added radioactivity being incorporated into skatole, 7% into indole, and 4% into indoleacetate (IAA). D-Tryptophan was not degraded to any of these metabolites. The major pathway of skatole formation from L-tryptophan appeared to be by the decarboxylation of IAA. Incubation of [2-(14)C]IAA with ruminal microorganisms for 24 h resulted in 38% incorporation into skatole. L-[5-Hydroxy]tryptophan was degraded to 5-hydroxyskatole and 5-hydroxyindole, whereas 5-hydroxyindoleacetate was degraded to only 5-hydroxyskatole. Incubation of indolepyruvate, indolelactate, and indolealdehyde with ruminal microorganisms resulted in the formation of both skatole and indole. Under similar conditions, indoleacetaldehyde was converted to IAA and tryptophol. The addition of increasing concentrations of glucose (0 to 110 mM) reduced the formation of both skatole and indole from L-tryptophan and resulted in the accumulation of IAA. Antibiotics reduced the degradation of L-tryptophan to skatole and indole, with kanamycin and neomycin particularly effective in reducing the decarboxylation of IAA to skatole.
TL;DR: The data suggest that at low work intensities there is a primary reliance upon oxidative fibers for contractile activity and that a major use of anaerobic fibers only occurs at high work levels or when the aerobic fibers are depleted of glycogen during prolonged-low intensity work.
Abstract: Total muscle glycogen depletion, the glycogen depletion pattern (PAS staining) in the different fiber types of skeletal muscle, and several other measures of carbohydrate metabolism were studied in rats that ran 162.2 m at varying speeds (22.5–80.5 m/min) or swam from 0.5–4 hrs. Muscle glycogen declined as an increasing function of exercise intensity during running whereas during swimming there was a near linear decline in muscle glycogen throughout the 4 hrs of exercise. Blood lactate did not increase until running speed exceeded a load that would required a VO2 of about 60% of aerobic capacity. a peak lactate of 21.15 mM occurred after the rats ran at 67m/min. Liver glycogen declined steadily at a rate of about 0.6 mg×g−1×min−1 during the first 2 hrs of swimming. During this time blood glucose was maintained at or above resting levels. During the final 2 hrs of swimming glycogenolysis in the liver declined to about 0.09 mg×g−1×min−1 and there was then a sharp decrease in blood glucose to a final value of 68.7 mg/100 ml. At low running speeds and during the first hour of swimming the greatest loss in PAS staining occured in fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) and slow-twitch-oxidative (SO) fibers. At running speeds above about 50 m/min a rapid loss of PAS staining was observed in the fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) fibers. These higher speeds are above those that should elicit VO2 max for the rat. In the late stages of swimming FG fibers also demonstrated a loss of glycogen. These data suggest that at low work intensities there is a primary reliance upon oxidative fibers for contractile activity and that a major use of anaerobic fibers only occurs at high work levels or when the aerobic fibers are depleted of glycogen during prolonged-low intensity work.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the PIIF-induced accumulation of Inhibitor I, determined immunologically, is accompanied by the accumulation of other trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, determined enzymatically.
Abstract: An assay has been developed for the proteinase inhibitor-inducing factor (PIIF), a wound hormone. PIIF is present in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum var. Bonnie Best) leaf extracts and induces accumulation of proteinase Inhibitor I when the extracts are supplied briefly to excised leaves that are subsequently incubated in water under constant light. An active water-soluble crude PIIF solution was conveniently prepared from autoclaved and lyophilized tomato leaves. Accumulation of Inhibitor I, induced by crude PIIF, is linear, commencing at about 8 to 10 hours after feeding and continues for several hours. Evidence is presented that the PIIF-induced accumulation of Inhibitor I, determined immunologically, is accompanied by the accumulation of other trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, determined enzymatically. The accumulation of Inhibitor I is inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide but not by chloramphenicol or rifampin. PIIF cannot be replaced by traumatin, indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, kinetin, ethylene, or abscisic acid. PIIF activity was not destroyed by incubation with a number of proteolytic, carbohydrase, phosphatase, or pyrophosphatase enzymes. The active substance is insoluble in lipid solvents.
TL;DR: It was shown that the development of resistance to water loss by the tissue slices was directly proportional to the quantity of the bifunctional C(18) molecules, thus providing evidence that a function of suberin is prevention of water loss.
Abstract: The polymeric material (suberin) of the wound periderm of potato tuber slices was analyzed after depolymerization with LiAIH4 in tetrahydrofuran or BF3 in methanol with the use of thin layer chromatography, chemical modification, and combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Fatty acids (C16 to C26), fatty alcohols (C16 to C26), octadec-9-ene-1, 18-dioic acid, and 18-hydroxy-octadec-9-enoic acid were identified to be the major components. Based on the structural information that the two bifunctional C18 molecules constituted a major portion of suberin, a gas chromatographic method of measuring suberization was developed. This method consisted of hydrogenolysis of powdered tissue followed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatographic measurement of octadecene-1, 18-diol as the trimethylsilyl ether. With this assay it was shown that the development of resistance to water loss by the tissue slices was directly proportional to the quantity of the bifunctional C18 molecules, thus providing evidence that a function of suberin is prevention of water loss.
TL;DR: The present situation in human ecology is, then, best described simply: it is a fragmented field, far from interdisciplinary, though many of the concepts are shared.
Abstract: Publisher Summary In this chapter, the formal history of human ecology is reviewed with the idea of trying to clarify its meaning as developed in the various disciplines, with the ultimate goal being the isolation of those elements common to all. An ecological approach is well developed in the more “social” of the social sciences: sociology and anthropology. If the proponents of an ecological approach to psychology are correct, then there is a beginning of a revolution, that takes place in that discipline: an accelerating movement out of the laboratory with its controlled experiments on human behavior, and into the field for direct observation of behavior under uncontrolled, field conditions: observation of behavior in an unconditioned environment. The tradition of humanistic ecology in philosophy and the arts is discussed. The present situation in human ecology is, then, best described simply: it is a fragmented field, far from interdisciplinary, though many of the concepts are shared. Every human society creates adaptive institutions in one form or another: structures helping to provide the means for subsistence, reproduction, education or belief systems, and bodily protection.
TL;DR: The chemical contituents are concerned in the quality of tomato fruit in respect to color, texture, flavor, nutritive value, and wholesomeness.
Abstract: The chemical contituents are concerned in the quality of tomato fruit in respect to color, texture, flavor, nutritive value, and wholesomeness. In general, high sugar contents, redness of color, and firm texture are associated with prominence of rich flavor. Biochemical changes as influenced by growth, maturation, and environment of tomato fruit are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined invariant and univariant compositions of sodic amphibole for assemblages containing quartz + albite + epidote + muscovite plus combinations of chlorite, stilpnomelane, magnetite, and hematite.
Abstract: Blueschists of the Shuksan unit can be related to greenschists from Otago by the following general reaction:
crossite + epidote = albite + actinolite + iron oxide + H 2 O
Greenschists within the Shuksan unit lack sufficient ferric iron to develop sodic amphibole. Ferric-iron–rich greenschists in Otago contain iron oxide rather than sodic amphibole. Complete solid solution between sodic amphibole and actinolite is observed, and zoning in this composition range is common. Gradation from actinolite core to sodic amphibole rim is interpreted, from the observed phase relations, to represent growth during decreasing T/P; and rims of actinolite over sodic amphibole, growth during increasing T/P. The composition of sodic amphibole is related to the mineral assemblage in which it occurs, as well as to the physical conditions of metamorphism. Invariant and univariant compositions of sodic amphibole are defined for assemblages containing quartz + albite + epidote + muscovite plus combinations of chlorite, stilpnomelane, magnetite, and hematite.
TL;DR: Using the second harmonic of a mode-locked Nd 3+ laser, this paper showed that the efficient quenching of the S 1 state in crystal violet (τ R −8 sec, yet Q −4 in ethanol), involves very rapid repopulation of the ground state.
TL;DR: In this article, gas chromatographic analyses using a flame photometric detector specific for sulfur at 394 nm indicate that dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) are the major compounds in the gaseous emissions from bacteria and fresh water green and blue-green algae isolated from different soil types and eutrophic as well as naturally clean waters.
Abstract: Until recently sulfur has been assumed to occur in the atmosphere principally in three forms: H 2 S, SO 2 and sulfates. The principal processes by which H 2 S is believed to be generated on a global scale are (1) nonspecific reduction of organic sulfur and (2) from sulfate reduction by anaerobic bacteria. Unfortunately, these assumptions have not been verified by analyses of the volatile sulfur compounds emitted by the micro-organisms that are supposed to be responsible for sulfur gas exchange in natural systems. To the contrary, gas chromatographic analyses using a flame photometric detector specific for sulfur at 394 nm indicates that dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) are the major compounds in the gaseous emissions from bacteria and fresh water green and blue-green algae isolated from different soil types and eutrophic as well as naturally clean waters. Analysis of the sulfur gases in a wide variety of sea water samples and those released by red, green and brown seaweeds indicate that organic sulfur emissions dominate over H 2 S. The data suggest the hypothesis that the micro-biota in the various natural systems like soil, leaf litter, lakes, ponds, rivers, and the oceans produce predominantly organic sulfides and that the reported observation of H 2 S emission from water-logged soils and anaerobic muds is related to their low pH. Presumably the biogenic production of gaseous sulfur compounds constitutes a major input in the sulfur cycle. Unfortunately, the source of strength and spatial distribution of these sources are unknown. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01974.x
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that each variate in the class suitably scaled has the same distribution as its reciprocal, and this property also influences the estimation of the scale parameter and makes possible the solution of two important practical problems.
Abstract: Some of the known properties of a particular family of distributions derived as a model for fatigue failure by Birnbaum and Saunders [3] are shown to hold for a class of families. These results stem from the fact that each variate in the class suitably scaled has the same distribution as its reciprocal. This clarifies the utility of certain distributions proposed for fatigue life, e.g., lognormal. This property also influences the estimation of the scale parameter and makes possible the solution of two important practical problems, a special solution of which had been presented in Saunders [11].
TL;DR: Resistance of the stomata and boundary layer were less affected by pretreatment temperatures than were the remaining resistances of a physical and chemical nature.
Abstract: Increasing pretreatment day temperatures of 20, 30, and 40 C resulted in decreased net photosynthesis in Agropyron smithii (C3) while in Bouteloua gracilis (C4) net photosynthesis was increased. The effect on photosynthesis of increasing analysis temperatures was the same as observed by increasing pretreatment temperatures. Resistance of the stomata and boundary layer were less affected by pretreatment temperatures than were the remaining resistances of a physical and chemical nature. Resistances for A. smithii were increased and those for B. gracilis were decreased by increasing pretreatment temperatures. Phenology of the species in the shortgrass prairie is such that A. smithii has its greatest growth activity during the cool portion of the growth season, whereas B. gracilis is most active in the warm portion. Thus, photosynthetic adaptation to temperature is strongly suggested as a strategy for ecosystem utilization by reduction of interspecific competition.
TL;DR: This article examined cost-of-living differences among the various regions of the United States during a thirty-year interval of the nineteenth century and found that the cost of living differed substantially among regions, and specifically that it was lower in the American Midwest than in the East.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine cost-of-living differences among the various regions of the United States during a thirty-year interval of the nineteenth century. We do this by constructing regional price indexes for the years 1851–1880 using two different base years for pur calculations, 1860 and 1880. The results indicate that the cost of living differed substantially among regions, and specifically that it was lower in the American Midwest than in the East. Although one might have expected these differences among regions to narrow as regional and national markets developed and improved, we find no evidence that they did during this thirty-year period.
TL;DR: Results are interpreted as evidence that the Neurospora enzyme fits well the conceptual framework of the "surface model" and that the enzyme may have evolved, as first suggested, from a primitive multicomponent complex.
TL;DR: This model combines 2 equations, one expressing survival as a direct function of attack density, and the other survival as an inverse function of density, to describe the components of productivity in bark beetle populations.
Abstract: The components of productivity (offspring produced per parent) in bark beetle populations are defined as multiplication and survival. Data from the literature are used to formulate simple models relating these components to initial density in infested trees. A simple monotonic exponential decay function is proposed for describing the multiplication component, although data for validation are scarce. A humpbacked function is proposed for the survival component. This model combines 2 equations, one expressing survival as a direct function of attack density, and the other survival as an inverse function of density.
TL;DR: Both flux and electrical data indicated that gills in this fish are permeable to a variety of cations including Na+, K+, Mg2+, choline, and Tris, and the TEP was shown to be a diffusion potential determined by these permeabilities and the extant ionic gradients in SW, FW as well as in other media.
Abstract: Sodium efflux (JoutNa) across the irrigated trout gill was rapid in sea water (SW), but only about 25 % as large in fresh water (FW). The difference correlated with a change in the potential difference across the gill (TEP). The latter was about +10 mV (blood positive) in SW, but –40 mV in FW. Both flux and electrical data indicated that gills in this fish are permeable to a variety of cations including Na+, K+, Mg2+, choline, and Tris. They are less permeable to anions; PNa:PK:PCl was estimated to be 1:10:0.3, and PCl > Pgluconate. The TEP was shown to be a diffusion potential determined by these permeabilities and the extant ionic gradients in SW, FW as well as in other media. JoutNa appeared to be diffusive in all of the experiments undertaken. Exchange diffusion need not be posited, and the question of whether there is an active component remains open.
TL;DR: This article argued that aerosols are probably the principal agents by which pollutants may affect weather and climate They are most likely to act by influencing the structure and distribution of clouds on the local scale, the effects of pollutants on some aspects of weather are unmistakable The effects of manmade pollutants on global climate are a matter of debate, but they may already be significant
Abstract: We have argued that aerosols are probably the principal agents by which pollutants may affect weather and climate They are most likely to act by influencing the structure and distribution of clouds On the local scale, the effects of pollutants on some aspects of weather are unmistakable The effects of man-made pollutants on global climate are a matter of debate, but they may already be significant