Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1975"

Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene

Abstract: Butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene are used extensively as food antioxidants. It is estimated that man consumes ca. 0.1 mg/kg body wt daily of these antioxidants. At levels 500 times this level (50 mg/kg/day), both butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene appear to be free of any obviously injurious effects. However, at larger doses (500 mg/kg/day), both butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene result in certain pathological, enzyme, and lipid alterations in both rodents and monkeys, and butylated hydroxytoluene, in some cases, has been reported to have certain teratogenic and carcinogenic effects upon rodents. These alterations appear to differ markedly between rodents and monkeys, apparently as a result of differences which exist in the metabolism and excretion of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene by these two species. However, in both animal species, the alterations appear to be physiological responses which are reversible upon removal of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene from the diet. Long term chronic ingestion of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene may be beneficial in sparing vitamin E and in modifying the acute toxicity of a number of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals.

Consumer Behavior and Product Performance: An Alternative Conceptualization:

Abstract: IN the consumer goods market, there are many product categories that are represented by numerous brands. To cope with this multiplicity of relatively similar brands in such common consumer product categories as toothpaste, beer, and canned vegetables, consumers must devise a means to simplify their purchase decisions. Several models and theories have been proposed to explain this consumer behavior. This article expands the concept described by the term evoked set by including and classifying all the brands that may be in the consumer's awareness set. This classification, based on the consumer's "psychology of simplification," is examined and the consequences of such behavior for product performance are discussed.' In this regard, the concepts of inert set and inept set are introduced, and the results of an exploratory study are presented to demonstrate the applicability of this conceptualization.

Evidence for Covalently Attached p-Coumaric Acid and Ferulic Acid in Cutins and Suberins

Abstract: p-Coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic acid) and ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) have been identified as constituents of cutin. Their reduction products were isolated from a phenolic fraction released from the cutin of the fruits of apple, peach, pear, and two varieties of tomato and apple leaf by treatment with LiAlH(4) or LiAlD(4). They were identified by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. p-Coumaric acid was present in all samples of cutin (0.07-0.53% by weight), whereas only peach and pear cutin contained measurable amounts of ferulic acid (0.007% and 0.035%, respectively). Both p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were identified to be constituents of the insoluble material recovered after partial hydrolysis (12-42% loss) of cutin in 1 m NaOH at 80 C. A significant part (48%) of the p-coumaric acid contained in tomato cutin was contained in the insoluble material recovered after partial degradation (7.4%) of this cutin with 0.01 m NaOH. These data indicate that these phenolic components are tightly (possibly covalently) bound to cutin. Similar analysis of the phenolic fractions from the suberins of potato, sweet potato, turnip, rutabaga, carrot, and red beet revealed that they contained only ferulic acid (0.05-0.22%). Ferulic acid was identified as a constituent of the insoluble material recovered after partial hydrolysis of potato and beet suberins (34% and 32% loss, respectively) in 1 m NaOH at 80 C. A major part (65%) of the ferulic acid contained in potato suberin was contained in the insoluble material recovered after partial (26.8% loss) degradation of this suberin with 0.01 m NaOH. Ferulic acid appears to be tightly (probably covalently) bound to suberin.

Measurement of atomic oxygen and nitrogen oxides in jet-stirred combustion

Abstract: Direct spectroscopic measurement of continuum chemiluminescence at 3500 A, due presumably to the reaction CO+O→CO 2 + hv , was used to determine super-equilibrium atomic oxygen concentrations in situ for near-homogeneous, continuous-combustion of either carbon monoxide or methane with 133% theoretical air in a jet-stirred reactor operated near blowout, at atmospheric pressure. Reactor CO and NO x concentrations were measured by gas sampling. The motivation for this initial optical spectroscopic examination of the jet-stirred reactor was the elucidation of NO x formation in high-intensity, backmixed combustion. Measured gas temperatures were in the ranges T =1350 to 1500°K for carbon monoxide combustion, and T =1400° to 1800°K for methane combustion. Peak atom oxygen concentrations occurred just prior to reactor blowout. Partial equilibrium was indicated for the reactions CO+OH⇆CO 2 +H and O 2 +H⇆O+OH, at throughput rates sufficiently less than reactor blowout. Atomic oxygen measurements were used to compare NO x measurements with values predicted for plausible NO x kinetic formation mechanisms, considering only O, OH, and H as reaction radical intermediates. Agreement between the comparisons was obtained only for carbon monoxide combustion, indicating that nitrous oxide probably acts as an intermediate in NO x formation in the presence of super-equilibrium concentrations of atomic oxygen.

On the psychology of adolescents' use of contraceptives

Abstract: Adolescent contraceptive use has typically been described as being irrational. This impression is reinforced by the apparent widespread non‐use of contraception among sexually‐active teenagers‐who have had benefit of formal sex education and have contraceptive devices available to them. This paradox poses an important social problem. To account for adolescent irrationality the present paper discusses the cognitive‐emotional development typical of the adolescent years, particularly the egocentric nature of intuitive adolescent thought. Several practical implications for improving sex education are proposed on the basis of this discussion.

Conventional Ties, Peer Influence, and the Fear of Apprehension: a Study of Adolescent Marijuana Use

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between a belief in the certainty of apprehension and self-reported marijuana use; the relative importance of this belief and ties to conventional others as sou...

Determination of structure and composition of suberin from the roots of carrot, parsnip, rutabaga, turnip, red beet, and sweet potato by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Abstract: Suberin from the roots of carrots (Daucus carota), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica), turnip (Brassica rapa), red beet (Beta vulgaris), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was isolated by a combination of chemical and enzymatic techniques. Finely powdered suberin was depolymerized with 14% BF3 in methanol, and soluble monomers (20-50% of suberin) were fractionated into phenolic ( C20) were the dominant components in all six plants. In the alcohol fraction C18, C20, C22, and C24 saturated primary alcohols were the major components. C16 and C18 dicarboxylic acids were the major dicarboxylic acids of the suberin of all six plants and in all cases octadec-9-ene-1, 18-dioic acid was the major component except in rutabaga where hexadecane-1, 16-dioic acid was the major dicarboxylic acid. The composition of the ω-hydroxyacid fraction was quite similar to that of the dicarboxylic acids; 18-hydroxy-octadec-9-enoic acid was the major component in all plants except rutabaga, where equal quantities of 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid and 18-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid (42% each) were found. Compounds which would be derived from 18-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid and octadec-9-ene-1, 18-dioic acid by epoxidation, and epoxidation followed by hydration of the epoxide, were also detected in most of the suberin samples. The monomer composition of the six plants showed general similarities but quite clear taxonomic differences.

Concurrent schedule responding as a function of body weight

Abstract: Five pigeons pecked for food reinforcement on several concurrent schedules. Their body weights were varied from 80% to 110% of their free-feeding weights. A number of predictions of the equations proposed by Herrnstein (1970) were tested. As predicted, the relative rate of responding equalled the relative rate of reinforcement for all subjects, on all schedules, at all body weights. And, as predicted, the overall rates of responding on the components of a concurrent schedule were slower than the local rates of responding on the components of an identical multiple schedule. Contrary to prediction, the total rate of responding generated by the concurrent schedules did not increase with increases in the total rate of reinforcement they provided. And, contrary to prediction, the k parameter did not remain constant, and the R0 parameter did not increase with increases in body weight. It was concluded that Herrnstein’s matching law and his interpretation of the m parameter are correct but that the interpretations of k and R0 require further investigation.

Influence of Temperature on Population Increase of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract: Constant temperature studies on the biological development of the phytoseiid predator, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt), provided the data necessary to construct life tables and to analyze developmental curves. Polynomial regression curves for the egg and larval life stages are quadratic in form, those for the protonymphal and deutonymphal stages are cubic, and the preoviposition period is quartic. From the life history and life table data, M. occidentalis populations were found to attain their optimum developmental and reproductive rates at 32°C. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was found to be 0.279 individuals/female/day and the population possessed the capacity to double every 2.48 days. A curvilinear regression model relating m to developmental period where developmental period is a function of temperature was derived. From this model, the temperature for optimum population development was 33.4°C with a maximum m of 0.305.

Histochemical properties of skeletal muscle fibers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

Abstract: The response of rat gastrocnemius muscle fibers to chronic streptozotocin-diabetes was studied. Transverse sections of this muscle from normal and diabetic rats were histochemically assayed for reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-diaphorase, myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase, mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. Cross-sectional areas of the fiber types were measured, and fiber capillarization and populations estimated. Chemically-induced diabetes appeared to have little effect on the metabolic or morphological properties of slow-twitch fibers. However, a general dedifferentiation occurred in the 2 fast-twitch fiber populations. There was a loss of oxidative potential in the fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic fibers, and a significant decrease in size in the fast-twitch-glycolytic fibers. No change in the proportions of slow- and fast-twitch fibers in the muscles of diabetic rats occurred. It is concluded that hypoinsulinism has differential effects on the 3 fiber types in heterogeneous rat skeletal muscle, and that slow-twitch fibers are least affected by the diabetic condition.

Ewe luteal function influenced by pulsatile administration of synthetic LHRH/FSHRH.

Abstract: The influence of repetitive administration of synthetic LHRH⁄FSHRH or saline (S) on 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced precocious luteal regression in the ewe was examined. Ewes were pre-treated on days 10 and 11 of the estrous cycle with either 750 μg E2 (total dose = 1.5 mg) in oil or with oil (O) alone. Treatment involved im delivery of 10 μg of synthetic LHRH⁄FSHRH in saline or an equal volume of saline only, administered at 2-h intervals beginning on day 12 of the estrous cycle and continuing through the succeeding 72 hours. During the period of LHRH administration, the serum LH patterns in the O-LHRH and E2-LHRH groups were characterized by rhythmic fluctuation, rising in response to LHRH and falling prior to the subsequent treatment injection. Throughout the course of the treatment period, the serum LH levels in the O-LHRH group were consistently higher than those in the E2-LHRH group. No increase in serum LH concentration was observed in the saline-treated animals. The mean luteal weight and mean luteal p...

The structure of the complex formed by bovine trypsin and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor III. Structure of the anhydro-trypsin-inhibitor complex.

Abstract: The structure of the complex between anhydro-trypsin and pancreatic trypsin inhibitor has been determined by difference Fourier techniques using phases obtained from the native complex (Huber et al., 1974). It was refined independently by constrained crystallographic refinement at 1.9 a resolution. The anhydro-complex has Ser 195 converted to dehydro-alanine. There were no other significant structural changes. In particular, the high degree of pyramidalization of the C atom of Lys 15 (I) of the inhibitor component observed in the native complex is maintained in the anhydro-species.

The feeding system of terrestrial tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum baird).

Abstract: High speed cinematography was used to record the feeding activities of terrestrial Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum. A description of these activities based on films of more than 50 feeding sequences is presented, and the mechanical units involved are defined, described, and functionally analyzed. Evolutionary implications of the feeding system are discussed. In a typical feeding sequence, A. t. melanostictum stations and maintains its lower jaw 3-5 mm from the prey. The mouth is then opened to form a gape of ∼60° by raising the anterior end of the flexed skull and by elevating and advancing the trunk while the mental symphysis of the lower jaw remains stationary. As the mouth opens the bulging tongue is recontoured so that the posterior glandular region becomes the tip of the fully protruded tongue, which may extend 3 to 7 mm beyond the symphysis. Dorsally the protruded tongue has a deep central depression and pronounced anterolateral rims. The anterior rim collapses on contact, thereby engulfing the prey in a sticky trough that retains it during tongue withdrawal. The cervical region is then flexed and the skull snaps downward. If the prey resists the tongue and is captured by marginal teeth, A. t. melanostictum relies on repeated tongue protraction and retraction, in some cases accompanied by inertial feeding. Swallowing involves gular expansion and contraction, and is accompanied by eye depression. When the mouth is opened during ingestive activities, the lower jaw remains in place. Apparently, A. t. melanostictum uses the dorsal trunk, the cucullaris major and the robust heads of the depressor mandibulae muscles to open the mouth. During skull elevation the lower jaw is partially immobilized by the geniohyoideus, and rectus cervicis superficialis muscles. The subarcualis rectus I muscles are prime movers in tongue projection. Hebosteoypsiloideus muscles assist in tongue protrusion by slackening the rectus cervicis profundus muscles that would otherwise restrict anterior displacement of the otoglossal cartilage and copula. Tongue contouring is performed by the complex genioglossus musculature. Sublingual and anterolingual sinuses facilitate protrusion and contouring by providing space and lubrication. Rectus cervicis muscles (profundus and superficialis) are responsible for tongue withdrawal. Closure of the mouth is accomplished by the four levator mandibulae muscles, and again the lower jaw is immobilized, mostly by ventral longitudinal muscles. Skull-trunk elevation during prey capture and ingestion was also observed and filmed in several other species of Ambystoma, in Dicamptodon ensatus, and in two salamandrid species. Apparently raising and straightening the craniovertebral axis, while the mental symphysis retains contact with the substratum, is a common feature of urodele feeding systems, and does not require peculiar morphological adaptations.

Mass Media Influences on Public Conceptions of Social Problems

Abstract: The present paper explores possible relationships between the mass media of communication and social problems by three-way comparisons between the incidence of social problems suggested in media portrayals, conceptions of the incidence of these problems held by the public, and the relative frequency of such problems reflected in statistics accumulated by official agencies. The paper summarizes several theoretical perspectives used by those studying the media and it sets forth conceptions of the developmental stages of social problems. These will provide a background for a discussion of the roles that the media may play in the emergence of such problems in our society. Official statistics on social problems and public conceptions of their prevalence are analyzed empirically in the context of a study of local media emphasis of selected problems in a specific community.