Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1977"

Comparison of Stopping Rules in Forward “Stepwise” Regression

Abstract: This paper uses the unconditional mean square error of prediction as a criterion for comparing stopping rules used with the forward “stepwise” selection procedure in multivariate normal samples, based on simulations of 48 population correlation matrices. The CP statistic, “F to enter” (.15 < α < .25), a rule which minimizes the sample criterion, and one which sequentially tests the equality of the population criterion (.25 < α < .35) are superior. For these rules, the criterion seldom differs by more than three percent, although there are considerable differences between these and some of the other rules.

Phase transitions under shock-wave loading

Abstract: First-order polymorphic, second-order, melting, and freezing transitions induced by shock-wave loading are reviewed. Comprehensive tabulations of the experimental observations are presented and materials that have been subjected to in-depth study are reviewed in more detail. Theories of the mechanics, thermodynamics, kinetics, and shear strength of shock-loaded materials are described and experimental techniques are briefly reviewed.

Postglacial history of Lost Trail Pass Bog, Bitterroot Mountains, Montana

Abstract: Studies of sediment, chronology, fossil pollen and charcoal from cores from Lost Trail Pass Bog (2152 m) provide the first postglacial bog, forest, and fire history for the Bitterroot Mountains. Th...

A Method for Developing Tailormade Semantic Differentials for Specific Marketing Content Areas

Abstract: The authors suggest the need for more thorough testing of tailormade semantic differential instruments before they are used in specific marketing content areas. The results of this study provide ev...

QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF Rubus FRUIT ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTS

Abstract: The distribution of individual anthocyanin pigments in the fruits of 43 Rubus clones was determined by TLC and densitometry. Quantitative estimates of anthocyanin pigments were based on absorbance at 533 nm. The fruit of all red and black raspberries and blackberries contained cyanidin 3-glucoside. Some blackberries also contained cyanidin 3-rutinoside. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside were also present in most red raspberries. Cyanidin 3-sophoroside was present only in red raspberry and red raspberry hybrids while cyandin 3-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside were found only in black raspberries. R. crataegifolius, R. morifolius, R. illecebrosus and R. parviflorus each contained pelargonidin glycosides as major pigments. Black raspberry had the highest anthocyanin content, over 200 mg/100g of fruit, and red raspberry had the lowest, less than 60 mg/100g. Blackberry was generally intermediate in anthocyanin content between red and black raspberries.

Immunological Identification of Proteinase Inhibitors I and II in Isolated Tomato Leaf Vacuoles

Abstract: Proteinase inhibitor I has been identified and quantified in isolated vacuoles from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves induced to accumulate inhibitors either by wounding or by supplying excised leaves with the wound hormone, proteinase inhibitor-inducing factor. Proteinase inhibitor II was also identified in the vacuoles but not quantified. Control vacuoles were prepared from unwounded plants that did not contain inhibitors. Vacuole to leaf cell ratios of inhibitors, chlorophyll, and several vacuolar and cytoplasmic enzymes were determined. The inhibitors were found almost entirely in the vacuoles. Acid phosphatase was located in control leaf vacuoles, but was found in both vacuoles and cytoplasm in induced leaves. Carboxypeptidase, induced by wounding, was found distributed between the vacuoles and cytoplasm of induced leaves. Low vacuole to leaf cell ratios of three cytoplasmic markers, triosephosphate isomerase, catalase, and chlorophyll, indicated that the isolated vacuoles were relatively free of intact protoplasts and cell debris.

Worker reentry into pesticide-treated crops. I. Procedure for the determination of dislodgable pesticide residues on foliage.

Abstract: for the Determination of Dislodgable Pesticide Residues on Foliage' Y. Iwata Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, Calif. 92521 R. C. Spear School of Public Health University of Cafifornia Berkeley, Calif. 94720 J. B. Knaak California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento, Calif. 95814 R. J. Foster Department of Agricultural Chemistry Washington State University Pullman, Wash. 99163

Rapid Hormone-induced Hyperpolarization of the Oat Coleoptile Transmembrane Potential

Abstract: The effects of the plant growth substances indoleacetic acid (IAA) and fusicoccin on the transmembrane potential of Avena coleoptile cells (at 27-29 C) were studied. Fusicoccin caused hyperpolarization of the membrane potential which started after a lag of less than 20 seconds, and which on average reached −49 mv at an external K+ concentration of 1 mm and −75 mv at 0.1 mm K+. IAA caused a hyperpolarization of −25 mv starting after a lag of 7 to 8 minutes. These results suggest that fusicoccin and IAA both activate electrogenic H+ extrusion.

Nitrate reductase-deficient mutants in barley

Abstract: MUTANTS have long been used to study genetic and biochemical regulation of metabolic pathways in microorganisms. Often it is a relatively simple task to screen large bacterial populations for an individual lacking a specific enzyme or enzyme product. Defined enzyme mutants would also be valuable research tools for plant geneticists and biochemists. Unfortunately, very few biochemically defined mutants have been selected in higher plants, principally because of the genetic and biochemical complexity, and the long generation time of higher plants1. But, these obstacles could be overcome in plants by inducing high mutation frequencies and developing effective techniques for selecting biochemically defined mutants. High mutation frequencies can be readily induced in some higher plant species by sodium azide, a potent base substitution mutagen in barley2,3. Nitrate reductase, which has an important function in higher plants4, has been extensively studied in bacteria and fungi5, is highly regulated5,6, and has several catalytic activities including NAD(P)H, FMNH2 and reduced methyl viologen nitrate reductase activities, and NAD(P)H cytochrome c reductase activity6. Nitrate reductase is therefore an excellent enzyme in which defined mutants in higher plants can be selected, studied, and compared with microorganisms. We describe here a procedure for the induction and selection of nitrate reductase-deficient mutants in higher plants, and the partial characterisation of three nitrate reductase-deficient mutants in barley.

Domination structures and multicriteria problems in n-person games

Abstract: Multiple criteria decision problems with one decision maker have been recognized and discussed in the recent literature in optimization theory, operations research and management science. The corresponding concept with n-decision makers, namely multicriteria n-person games, has not yet been extensively explored. In this paper we first demonstrate that existing solution concepts for single criterion n-person games in both normal form and characteristic function form induce domination structures (similar to those defined and studied by Yu [39] for multicriteria single decision maker problems) in various spaces, including the payoff space, the imputation space and the coalition space. This discussion provides an understanding of some underlying assumptions of the solution concepts and provides a basis for generalizing and generating new solution concepts not yet defined. Also we illustrate that domination structures may be regarded as a measure of power held by the players. We then illustrate that a multicriteria problem can naturally arise in decision situations involving (partial) conflict among n-persons. Using our discussion of solution concepts for single criterion games as a basis, various approaches for resolving both normal form and characteristic function form multicriteria n-person games are proposed. For multicriteria games in characteristic function form, we define a multicriteria core and show that there exists a single ‘game point’ whose core is equal to the multicriteria core. If we reduce a multicriteria game to a single criterion game, domination structures which are more general than ‘classical’ ones must be considered, otherwise some crucial information in the game may be lost. Finally, we discuss a parametrization process which, for a given multicriteria game, associates a single criterion game to each point in a parametric space. This parametrization provides a basis for the discussion of solution concepts in multicriteria n-person games.

Coupled substitutions in the tourmaline group

Abstract: Statistical analysis of 136 natural tourmaline compositions from the literature reveals the presence and extent of coupled substitutions involving several cations and structural sites. In schorls and dravites these are a dehydroxylation type substitution (1) (OH)−+R2+ = R3++O2− and an alkali-defect type substitution (2) R++R2+ = R3++□, Al3+ being the predominant R3+ action. Substitution (1) which represents solid solution towards a proton-deficient end-member, R+ R 3 3+ R 6 3+ (BO3)3 Si6O18O3(OH), accounts for three times as much of the observed compositional variability as does (2) which represents substitution toward a hypothetical alkali-free end-member, □(R 2 2+ R3+) R 6 3+ (BO3)3Si6O18(OH)4. The occurrence of both of these substituions produces intermediates between end-member schorl/ dravite, R+ R 3 2+ R 6 3+ (BO3)3Si6O18(OH)4, and a new series within the tourmaline group, R 1−x + R 3 3+ R 6 3+ (BO3)3Si6O18O3−x (OH)1+x. In addition to dehydroxylation type, 2(OH)−+Li+ = R3++202−, and possibly alkali-defect type, 2R++Li+ = R3++2□, substitutions, a third type Li++O2− = (OH)−+□, occurs in the elbaites giving rise to Li-poor, proton-rich species. All three substitutions serve to reduce the Li-content of natural elbaite which, as a result, does not attain the composition of the ideal end-member, Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)4. Substitution from elbaite and schorl/dravite toward R 1−x + R 3 3+ R 6 3+ (BO3)3Si6O18O3−x(OH)1+x is very extensive and may be complete. Substitution toward R 1−x + R 3 3+ R 6 3+ (BO3)3Si6O18O3−x(OH)1+x results in improved local charge balance. The mean deviation $${\Delta \zeta \left( {\text{O}} \right)}$$ from oxygen charge saturation $$\left( {\zeta \left( {\text{O}} \right) = 2.0} \right)$$ is at a maximum in end-member schorl, dravite and elbaite. Substitutions (1) and (2) progressively decrease $${\Delta \zeta \left( {\text{O}} \right)}$$ but substitution (1) does so more effectively, which may explain its predominance in nature. However, alkali-defective end-members appear to be unstable regardless of $${\Delta \zeta \left( {\text{O}} \right)}$$ . Substitution (3) in the elbaites cannot be discussed on the basis of charge balance considerations at present due to the lack of structural information on proton-rich species.

Host resistance to the fir engraver beetle, scolytus ventralis (coleoptera: scolytidae): 2. repellency of abies grandis resins and some monoterpenes

Abstract: Cortical blister and wound reaction resin vapors from Abies grandis, and some of their monoterpene fractions, were quantitatively bioassayed for attractiveness and repellency to the fir engraver beetle, Scolytus ventralis. All were found to be repellent.Quantitative differences between liquid resins and vapors were examined. Wound reaction resin vapors contained higher percentages of the more repellent monoterpenes than cortical blister resin vapors. It is hypothesized that α-pinene is the most important monoterpene in the insects’ perception of a resistant host.

Pollen influx and volcanic ash.

Abstract: Pollen influx can be used to estimate the duration of short-term depositional events. When applied to volcanic ashes, it may also provide information on the season and ecological effects of ashfall. In our initial application of the method to volcanic ashes from Lost Trail Pass, Bitterroot Mountains, Montana, we have illustrated that (i) two falls of Glacier Peak ash, which occurred about 11,250 14C years ago, were separated by 10 to 25 years; and (ii) volcanic ash from a major eruption of Mount Mazama (about 6700 14C years ago) first fell in the autumn and 4.6 centimeters of ash was deposited before the following spring. We also believe there is a reasonable probability that (i) about 1 centimeter of ash fell during the following year and about 1.7 centimeters fell the year after; (ii) in all, the sporadic primary Mazama ashfall lasted for nearly 3 years; (iii) Mazama ash resulted in low lake productivity, as measured by the occurrence of Botryococcus and Pediastrum ; (iv) Mazama ash, perhaps through a mulching effect, may have produced increased vigor and pollen production in some sagebrush steppe genera; and (v) as measured by the records of fossil pollen and acid-resistant algae, effects on the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems were short-lived. With refinement of the methods and broader geographic application, pollen influx studies may prove valuable for separating the regional and chronological details of tephra attributed to Mazama, Glacier Peak, and other Cascade Range volcanoes.

Effects of light intensity and temperature on cryptomonas ovata (cryptophyceae) growth and nutrient uptake rates1

Abstract: Specific growth rate of Cryptomonas ovata var. palustris Pringsheim was measured in batch culture at 14 light-temperature combinations. Both the maximum growth rate (μm) and optimum light intensity (Iopt) fit an empirical function that increases exponentially with temperature up to an optimum (Topt), then declines rapidly as temperature exceeds Topt. Incorporation of these functions into Steele's growth equation gives a good estimate of specific growth rate over a wide range of temperature and light intensity. Rates of phosphate, ammonium and nitrate uptake were measured separately at 16 combinations of irradiance and temperature and following a spike addition of all starved cells initially took up nutrient at a rapid rate. This transitory surge was followed by a period of steady, substrate-saturated uptake that persisted until external nutrient concentration fell. Substrate-saturated NO3−-uptake proceeded at very slow rates in the dark and was stimulated by both increased temperature and irradiance; NH4+-uptake apparently proceeded at a basal rate at 8 and l4 C and was also stimulated by increased temperature and irradiance. Rates of NH4−-uptake were much higher than NO3−-uptake at all light-temperature combinations. Below 20 C, PO4−3-uptake was more rapid in dark than in light, but was light enhanced at 26 C.

Proof for the Production of Cutinase by Fusarium solani f. pisi during Penetration into Its Host, Pisum sativum

Abstract: Rabbit antibody to cutinase-I, isolated from Fusarium solani f. pisi, was conjugated to ferritin. With this ferritin-conjugated antibody it was shown that germinating spores of this fungus excreted cutinase during the penetration of the host pisum sativum. This result constitutes the most specific and strongest evidence for an enzymic penetration of a plant cuticle by a pathogen during infection.

Biosynthesis of Cutin ω-Hydroxylation of Fatty Acids by a Microsomal Preparation from Germinating Vicia faba

Abstract: ω-Hydroxylation of fatty acids, which is a key reaction in the biosynthesis of cutin and suberin, has been demonstrated for the first time in a cell-free preparation from a higher plant. A crude microsomal fraction (105,000g pellet) from germinating embryonic shoots of Vicia faba catalyzed the conversion of palmitic acid to ω-hydroxypalmitic acid. As the crude cell-free preparation also catalyzes the formation of other hydroxy acids such as α- and β-hydroxy acids, the ω-hydroxylation product was identified by gas chromatography on a polyester column and reverse phase, high performance liquid chromatography, two techniques which were shown to resolve the positional isomers. Gas chromatographic analysis of the dicarboxylic acid obtained by CrO3 oxidation of the enzymic product also confirmed the identity of the enzymic ω-hydroxylation product. This enzymic hydroxylation required O2 and NADPH, but substitution of NADH resulted in nearly half the reaction rate obtained with NADPH. Maximal rates of ω-hydroxylation occurred at pH 8 and the rate increased in a sigmoidal manner with increasing concentrations of palmitic acid. This ω-hydroxylation was inhibited by the classical mixed function oxidase inhibitors such as metal chelators (o-phenanthroline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and α,α-dipyridyl), NaN3 and thiol reagents (N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate). As expected of a hydroxylase, involving cytochrome P450, the present ω-hydroxylase was inhibited by CO and this enzyme system showed unusually high sensitivity to this inhibition; 10% CO caused inhibition and 30% CO completely inhibited the reaction. Another unusual feature was that the inhibition caused by any level of CO could not be reversed by light (420-460 nm).

Site of Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Majorana hortensis Leaves

Abstract: Excised epidermis of Majorana hortensis Moench (sweet marjoram) leaves incorporates label from [U-14C]sucrose into monoterpenes as efficiently as do leaf discs, while mesophyll tissue has only a very limited capacity to synthesize monoterpenes from exogenous sucrose These results strongly suggest that epidermal cells, presumably the epidermal oil glands, are the primary site of monoterpene biosynthesis in marjoram Using a leaf disc assay, it was demonstrated that label from [U-14C]sucrose is incorporated into monoterpenes most efficiently in very young leaves

Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer

Abstract: Life depends on heat and mass transfer between organisms and their surroundings. Such processes as carbon dioxide exchange between leaves and the atmosphere, oxygen uptake by microorganisms, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs of animals, or convective heat loss from the surfaces of animal coats are fundamental to the existence of living organisms. A thorough understanding of these exchange processes is therefore a necessary part of the study of physical ecology. In this chapter we will first discuss molecular diffusion. It is by this process that heat and mass are transported in still air or water, as they are in parts of the lungs of animals, in soils, and in the substomatal cavities of leaves. Molecular diffusion is also important in convective heat and mass transfer between surfaces and fluids flowing over them since a thin boundary layer is always formed near the surface through which transport is by diffusion. After diffusion processes are discussed, we will then present convective heat and mass transfer theory as it applies to fluids moving over plates, cylinders, and spheres. Finally, we will discuss momentum exchange and the force of moving fluids on objects in them.

Wound-induced Accumulation of Trypsin Inhibitor Activities in Plant Leaves: Survey of Several Plant Genera

Abstract: Proteinase inhibitor-inducing factor (PIIF)-induced accumulation of trypsin inhibitory activity was assayed in leaves of 23 species of plants representing 10 agriculturally important genera. Inhibitory activity was assayed in extracts from attached leaves or from excised leaves supplied through the cut petioles for 30 minutes with extracts containing the wound hormone PIIF, obtained from either tomato leaves or from the leaves of each plant under study. During subsequent incubation in light for 72 hours, PIIF-induced trypsin inhibitory activity accumulated in significant quantities in 10 of the 23 species. Alfalfa accumulated the highest levels of inhibitory activity (340 μg trypsin inhibited/ml leaf juice), followed by tobacco, tomato, potato, strawberry, cucumber, squash, clover, broadbean, and grape. It is suggested that the inhibitors might be classed as allelochemics that are present in certain plants and not others in response to environmental pressures during their evolution.

Police Cynicism and Professionalism

Abstract: The present study tests for the first time Niederhoffer's assertions that (1) cynicism, a long-standing problem among police, can be reduced by or is incompatible with professionalism and (2) cynicism in early and late stages of one's police career is low, but high in mid-career. Cases in this study are uniformed police personnel in nine Northwest Pacific police departments. The findings lend some support to both propositions but with important qualifications: The cynicism-professionalism linkage is due in part to differential bias, and the mid-career peak in cynicism is not very pronounced.