Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1978"

The “New Environmental Paradigm”

Abstract: (1978). The “New Environmental Paradigm”. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 10-19.

Estimates on the production of CO and H2 from the oxidation of hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation

Abstract: Extrapolating from extensive field measurements on foliar emissions in the U.S. approximate global inputs of isoprene and terpenes of 3.5 times 10 to the 14th power and 4.8 times 10 to the 14th power g(C)/yr, respectively, are obtained. The oxidation of these hydrocarbons could contribute in an important way to the atmospheric sources of CO (4.2-13.3 times 10 to the 14th power g/yr) and H2 (10-35 times 10 to the 12th power g/yr), and to organic species soluble in rainwater

Moral Norms and Environmental Behavior: An Application of Schwartz's Norm-Activation Model to Yard Burning1

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine some conditions under which moral norms, i.e., respect for the health of others, would be expected to influence environmentally related behavior. In particular, using a model developed by Schwartz, the study was conducted to determine whether variation in awareness of consequences (AC) and ascription of responsibility (AR) were associated with yard-burning behavior. It was expected that respondents who were aware of the negative consequences which burning could have for other people, and who accepted responsibility for their burning and its consequences, would be less likely to burn yard or garden wastes than those who were unaware of these conditions. It was found that AR was significantly related to burning behavior, while AC had only a weak association with burning. Further, as expected from Schwartz's model, a significant interaction between AR, AC, and burning behavior was found. These findings are discussed and the usefulness of this type of model for understanding other environmental behaviors is considered.

Animal coat color and radiative heat gain: A re-evaluation

Abstract: Thermal resistance and heat gain from simulated solar radiation were measured over a range of wind velocities in black and white pigeon plumages. Plumage thermal resistance averaged 39% (feathers depressed) or 16% (feathers erected) of that of an equivalent depth of still air. Feather erection increased plumage depth four-fold and increased plumage thermal resistance about 56%. At low wind speeds, black plumages acquired much greater radiative heat loads than did white plumages. However, associated with the greater penetration of radiation into light than dark plumages, the radiative heating of white plumages is affected less by convective cooling than is that of black plumages. Thus, the heat loads of black and white plumages converge as wind speed is increased. This effect is most prominent in erected plumages, where at wind speeds greater than 3 ms−1 black plumages acquire lower radiative heat loads than do white plumages. These results suggest that animals with dark-colored coats may acquire lower heat loads under ecologically realistic conditions than those forms with light-colored coats. Thus, the dark coat colors of a number of desert species and the white coat color of polar forms may be thermally advantageous. These results are used to test a new general model that accounts for effects of radiation penetration into a fur or feather coat upon an animal's heat budget. Even using simplifying assumptions, this model's predictions closely match measured values for plumages with feathers depressed (the typical state). Predictions using simplifying assumptions are less accurate for erected plumages. However, the model closely predicts empirical data for erected white plumages if one assumption is obviated by additional measurements. Data are not sufficient to judge whether this is also the case for erected black plumages.

Toward a sociology of organizational crime

Abstract: This paper identifies as organizational crimes those illegal actions taken in accordance with operative organizational goals which do serious harm either physical or economic, to employees, consumers, or the general public. The idea of whitecollar crime is insufficient to deal with this phenomenon because it seldom recognizes physical impact or the peculiar features of crime in an organizational setting. Public evaluation of the seriousness of an offense is based on the seriousness of its effect. But legally these offenses are judged by their potential rather than their actual consequences so that, in sharp contrast to common crime, parties are seldom held accountable for harmful acts. Organizational illegality is shielded by difficulties attendant on efforts to establish criminal intent, to determine individual responsibility, and to apply traditional civil-criminal distinctions. We survey patterns of physical impact of illegal and dangerous organizational behavior upon their victims, which suggest the magnitude of the problem, the failure to perceive its social risks, and the need to develop data sources and do further research in this area.

The Relationship of the External Surface Area of Birds to Skin Surface Area and Body Mass

Abstract: Data from 12 bird species reveal that skin surface area averages 23 % larger than the external surface area of the plumage. Use of skin surface area instead of the area of the external plumage surface may produce large errors in heat-transfer analyses.

Predictive Model for Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorbers: Parameter Estimation and Model Development

Abstract: A predictive mathematical model for fixed-bed adsorber design which incorporates both liquid and solid phase resistances to mass transfer is formulated; numeric solutions are described and checked for accuracy. Laboratory bench scale studies used to estimate model parameters independently from adsorber break-through profiles are described, and experimental results presented. The bench scale tests involve both adsorption rate and isotherm measurements that are used to determine isotherm equation parameters and surface diffusion coefficients for model calibration. Liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients for fixed-bed operation are obtained from literature correlations; parameter values used for model calibration are presented. This paper sets the stage for single- and multi-component model verifications to be presented in two subsequent papers.

Induction of a Biopolyester Hydrolase (Cutinase) by Low Levels of Cutin Monomers in Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi

Abstract: Cutin hydrolysate induced the production of an extracellular cutinase by glucose-grown Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. The rate of production depended on the amount of cutin hydrolysate added up to 80 mug/ml, and saturation was attained at this level. Glucose was found to be a repressor of cutinase production. A radial immunodiffusion assay for cutinase was developed, and the induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate was confirmed by this direct assay. When cutinase was induced by cutin hydrolysate, exogenous labeled phenylalanine was incorporated into cutinase, which was shown to be the major (>70%) protein in the extracellular fluid. Induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate was not inhibited by actinomycin D and was stimulated ( approximately 100%) by cordycepin. Addition of cycloheximide with the inducer, or up to 12 h after the addition of the inducer, resulted in a nearly immediate cessation of cutinase production. Deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of proten glycosylation, inhibited the induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate. omega-Hydroxy fatty acids were more effective in inducing cutinase than any of the other more polar acids of cutin. Experiments with derivatives and analogues of omega-hydroxy C(16) acid indicated that a free hydroxyl group at the omega-position was the most important factor determining the cutinase-inducing activity. n-Aliphatic primary alcohols with 14 or more carbon atoms induced cutinase, and n-C(16) was the most effective inducer. These results strongly suggest that the monomers function as the chemical signal which induces the extracellular hydrolase.

Induction and selection of specific gene mutations in hordeum and pisum

Abstract: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds were treated with the mutagen sodium azide. The second generation (M2) seeds or seedlings were screened for physiological (nitrate reductase-deficient and chlorate-resistant) mutants and presumed single locus (waxy endosperm and vine) mutations. Nitrate reductase-deficient mutants occured at an overall frequency of 13.1 per 10,000 seedlings in barley and 3.5 per 10,000 seedlings in peas. Chlorate-resistant mutants occurred at a frequency of 6 per 10,000 seedlings in barley. Waxy endosperm mutants occurred at a frequency of 2.7 per 10,000 seeds and vine (gigas) mutants occured at a frequency of 1.0 per 10,000 seedlings in barley. These data demonstrate that specific gene or function mutations occur with high frequency in azide-mutagenized barley and peas and indicate that similar loss of function mutants could be selected for in higher plants with even relatively laborious screening techniques.

Predictive Model for Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorbers: Single-Component Model Verification

Abstract: A predictive mathematical model for fixed-bed adsorber design that incorporates both liquid and solid phase resistances to mass transfer is verified for four different single-component systems under normal operating conditions. The adsorbates chosen for model verification were selected on the basis of representing a broad range of diffusive and adsorptive properties. Mass transfer limitations for the adsorbates vary from primarily intraparticle mass transfer resistance to primarily liquid-phase mass transfer resistance, and adsorption capacities vary over an order of magnitude. The general agreement between model predictions and fixed-bed performance under a wide variety of conditions confirms the model validity for predicting single-component adsorber behavior. Related papers by the writers describe model development, parameter estimation, and multicomponent model verifications.

Vitamin E, antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of large amounts of dietary vitamin E and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in rabbits fed a low-cholesterol, atherogenic diet, and to seek for evidence of lipid peroxidation in the atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed a purified atherogenic diet, containing butter or the basal diet supplemented with either 1.0% of vitamin E or 0.1% each of BHA and BHT for periods up to 3 years; a negative control group was fed the basal diet with corn oil replacing butter. Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were more frequent and extensive in rabbits fed either the basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with BHA and BHT than in rabbits fed either the basal diet supplemented with vitamin E or the negative control diet. Dietary vitamin E inhibited atherogenesis by preventing hypercholesterolemia. No evidence of lipid peroxidation was detected in the arterial lesions.

Management Accounting in an Early Multidivisional Organization: General Motors in the 1920s*

Abstract: Introduction of the multidivisional enterprise, which has generally replaced the functional or departmental form of organization in the twentieth century, required management accounting techniques that provided both divisional and top management with data with which to evaluate individual managers' performance, company-wide performance, and future company policy. Professor Johnson discusses the development of these controls at General Motors, the results obtained with them in practice, and their alleged shortcomings, especially in respect to division managers' attitudes towards constructive decisions that might tend to limit in the short run the rate of return on the investment entrusted to them. He concludes with some observations on the influence that organization has had on corporate goals.

Electropolymerization on graphite fibers

Abstract: The electrodic polymerization on graphite fibers of a variety of monomers having different types of functional groups has been investigated. In addition to vinyl polymerization, some novel polymerizations of cyclic functional groups have been conducted under appropriate polymerization conditions. In many instances, the grafting of the surface polymer to the fiber has been confirmed. The stereochemical configuration of poly(methyl methacrylate) resulting from electropolymerization was measured, but conclusive evidence could not be obtained for the occurrence of stereo-regulation in electrochemical polymerization on graphite fiber surface; Composite specimens were prepared by the incorporation of the coated fibers in an epoxy matrix. It was demonstrated that the effect of electropolymerization on the interfacial properties of the resulting composite was manifested in variations of the measured interlaminar shear and impact strengths of the composite specimens. The increase or decrease in interlaminar shear was accompanied by the usually observed reverse change in impact strength. In exception to this general trend, it was also indicated that the shear and impact strengths could simultaneously be increased. Implicit in these findings is the contribution of the electrochemically formed interlayer to one or more of the toughening mechanisms that are available to fiber reinforced composites. The potential value of interphase modification by electrochemical polymerization is thus clearly indicated.

Modeling and Measurement of Sample Probe Effects on Pollutant Gases Drawn from Flame Zones

Abstract: The oxidation of NO toNO2 and CO to CO2 in quartz gas-sampling microprobes drawing gases from fuel-lean flames of CH4/air and CO/air has been modeled and measured. The kinetic model includes surface recombination of O- and H-atoms. Confirming measurements were obtained by gas-sampling a jet-stirred reactor. It was predicted that as the gas sample was rapidly quenched sufficient levels of HO2 were formed within the probe to oxidize NO to NO2. The transient HO2 concentration limited the NO2 formation to ca. 25 ppm. Ozone may have exerted a similar influence. Carbon monoxide tended to oxidize to CO2 due to reaction with OH in the warmer regions of the probe. Modeling indicated that sample distortions could be eliminated at probe pressures below 10 torr.

Action spectra for chromatic adaptation in the blue-green alga Fremyella diplosiphon.

Abstract: Action spectra for chromatic adaptation in Fremyella diplosiphon Drouet have been determined using techniques previously described. Action maxima are at 540 nm, with a half-band width of 80 nm, for induction of phycoerythrin synthesis (green action) and at 650 nm, with a half-band width of 90 nm, for reversal of induction of phycoerythrin synthesis (red action). The red-action spectrum includes a secondary action band centered at ca. 360 nm. Red and green action overlap from 570 to 590 nm with an isosbestic point in the vicinity of 580 nm. Shoulders are present at 520 and 630 nm. Red light is more active than green light. The 540:650-nm quantum effectiveness ratio is 1:7. There is relatively little action of either kind in the blue. The 387:540 nm and 460:650-nm quantum effectiveness ratios are zero. These results contrast strongly with previous determinations in the same organism, with major activity indicated in the blue; they are consistent with the control of photomorphogenesis in the Cyanophyta by a master pigment, analogous to phytochrome.

A globally convergent interval method for computing and bounding real roots

Abstract: In this paper, we extend the interval Newton method to the case where the interval derivative may contain zero. This extended method will isolate and bound all the real roots of a continuously differentiable function in a given interval. In particular, it will bound multiple roots. We prove that the method never fails to converge.

Ambient Temperature Effects on Paired Associate Learning

Abstract: Male college students learned and later recalled a paired associate list (word-number pairs) in one of five air (dry bulb) temperatures (52, 62, 72. 82, or 92°F), with wet bulb temperature held constant. They learned and recalled best at 72°F, with performance declining at successively lower and higher air temperatures. In a second experiment, dry and wet bulb temperatures were varied from 52-82°F, in 5° increments, with relative humidity held constant. Other male students learned equally well in these effective temperatures. It was concluded that rote verbal learning may not be impaired even by quite low air temperatures, if relative humidity is controlled appropriately.

A Field Test of the Relationship between Cognitive Dissonance and State Anxiety

Abstract: An ex post facto field study investigated state anxiety as a measure of the magnitude of postpurchase dissonance. Purchase conditions which should produce varying levels of postpurchase dissonance ...