Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1980"

Biopolyester Membranes of Plants: Cutin and Suberin

Abstract: Cutin, a biopolyester composed of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids, is the barrier between the aerial parts of higher plants and their environment. Suberin a polymer containing aromatics and polyesters, functions as a barrier in underground parts, wound surfaces, and a variety of internal organs. The composition and probable structure of these polymers are discussed. The biosynthesis of the hydroxy, epoxy, and dicarboxylic acids of the polyesters from the common cellular fatty acids is elucidated. An extracellular enzyme transfers the hydroxy and epoxyacyl moieties from their coenzyme A derivatives to the growing polyester. The enzymes acting in the biodegradation of the polyesters have been isolated from fungi, pollen, and mammals and characterized. The function and possible practical implications of these polyester barriers are briefly discussed.

A New Ecological Paradigm for Post-Exuberant Sociology.

Abstract: paradigm which impedes recognition of the societal significance of current ecological realities. Thus, sociology stands in need of a fundamental alteration in its disciplinary paradigm. The objectives of this article are to make explicit the &dquo;Human Exemptionalism Paradigm&dquo; implicit in traditional sociological thought, and to develop an alternative &dquo;New Ecological Paradigm&dquo; which may better serve the field in a post-exuberant age.

Role of NK cells in tumour growth and metastasis in beige mice

Abstract: Although natural killer (NK) cells are thought to give the host a spontaneous resistance against tumours and have been postulated to act in vivo as surveillor cells, definitive data in support of these hypotheses has not been obtained. Recently the beige (bg) mouse, a morphological homologue of the human Chediak-Higashi (CH) syndrome, was shown to be deficient in NK activity. Specifically, spleen cells of bg mice were demonstrated to be incapable of in vitro natural cytotoxicity against tumour cells. We report here that a tumour line, modified to be sensitive to NK cytotoxicity by in vitro culture, demonstrated in vivo an increased growth rate, faster induction time and an increased metastatic capability in bg compared to control mice. This was not found with a tumour line insensitive to NK activity (without in vitro culture). In vivo activation of NK cells in bg and control mice resulted in a decrease in tumour growth rate and metastatic frequency. These results demonstrate that NK cells have an important function in the host's control of tumour growth and metastasis.

Chitosan as a Component of Pea-Fusarium solani Interactions

Abstract: Chitosan, a polymer of β-1,4-linked glucosamine residues with a strong affinity for DNA, was implicated in the pea pod-Fusarium solani interaction as an elicitor of phytoalexin production, an inhibitor of fungal growth and a chemical which can protect pea tissue from infection by F. solani f. sp. pisi. Purified Fusarium fungal cell walls can elicit phytoalexin production in pea pod tissue. Enzymes from acetone powders of pea tissue release eliciting components from the F. solani f. sp. phaseoli cell walls. Hydrochloric acid-hydrolyzed F. solani cell walls are about 20% glucosamine. The actual chitosan content of F. solani cell walls is about 1%. However, chitosan assays and histochemical observations indicate that chitosan content of F. solani spores and adjacent pea cells increases following inoculation. Dormant F. solani spores also accumulate chitosan. Concentrations of nitrous acid-cleaved chitosan as low as 0.9 microgram per milliliter and 3 micrograms per milliliter elicit phytoalexin induction and inhibit germination of F. solani macroconidia, respectively. When chitosan is applied to pea pod tissue with or prior to F. solani f. sp. pisi, the tissue is protected from infection.

Chronic Arthritis in Goats Caused by a Retrovirus

Abstract: A virus was isolated from an adult goat with chronic arthritis and shown to belong to the retrovirus group by electron microscopy and biochemical methods. Inoculation of the virus into cesarean-derived specific-pathogen-free goats' kids produced arthritic lesions similar to those in the spontaneous disease. Vrus was reisolated from the experimentally induced lesions.

The Newsboy Problem under Alternative Optimization Objectives

Abstract: In the classical "newsboy problem", one determines the optimum order quantity to maximize the expected profit. This paper considers the newsboy problem under two new objectives. The relevance of the first objective-"maximizing expected utility"-is well established in decision theory. This paper develops a group of formulas for handling the partial moments arising from adopting this objective, and these formulas are potentially useful to many other management models involving partial moments. The second objective-"maximizing the probability of achieving a budgeted profit"-is commonly adopted by managers but largely ignored in the literature. The analysis reveals some interesting results for determining the optimum order quantity under this objective.

Some effects of douglas fir terpenes on certain microorganisms.

Abstract: The Douglas fir terpene α-pinene was shown to inhibit the growth of a variety of bacteria and a yeast. Other terpenes of the Douglas fir, including limonene, camphene, and isobornyl acetate, were also inhibitory to Bacillus thuringiensis. All terpenes were inhibitory at concentrations normally present in the fir needle diet of Douglas fir tussock moth larvae. The presence of such terpenes in the diet of these insects was found to strongly influence the infectivity of B. thuringiensis spores for the Douglas fir tussock moth larvae. The terpene α-pinene destroyed the cellular integrity and modified mitochondrial activity in certain microorganisms.

Images of Savagery in American Justifications for War.

Abstract: This paper identifies the essential characteristics of victimage rhetoric in American justifications for war. The Johnson administration's insistence on the aggression‐from‐the‐North thesis is the starting point for the analysis. Close inspection of the administration's efforts reveals that the enemy is portrayed as a savage, i.e., an aggressor, driven by irrational desires for conquest, who is seeking to subjugate others by force of arms. This image of the enemy is intensified by a contrasting image of the United States as a representative of civilization who is rational, tolerant of diversity, and pacific. Further investigation confirms that the contrasts of force vs. freedom, irrationality vs. rationality, and aggression vs. defense permeate the substance and style of the call‐to‐arms throughout American history. They provide the internal dynamic which integrates recurrent form into a genre of rhetorical discourse.

Arctic oceanic climate in late cenozoic time.

Abstract: Faunal and lithologic evidence is used to reconstruct paleoceanographic events over the last 4.5 million years. The inception of perennial sea-ice cover is dated at about 0.7 million years.

A Physiological Basis for Niche Separation Between Agropyron Smithii (C3) and Bouteloua Gracilis (C4)

Abstract: Agropyron smithii (a C3 species) and Bouteloua gracilis (a C4 species) occur in the same habitat of the shortgrass prairie ecosystem in northeastern Colorado. The hypothesis tested in this study was that the two species differ in their fundamental niches partly as a function of their different-physiological responses to temperature and moisture gradients. Growth and gas exchange patterns were measured on plants grown in controlled-environment chambers at cool (20'/15'C) and warm (35'/15'C) temperatures. Total dry mass growth of A. smithii was approximately two times greater when grown at cool compared to warm temperatures, whereas total dry mass of B. gracilis was 2.7 times greater when grown at warm compared to cool temperatures. The temperature for maximal growth was correlated with the temperature response patterns for gas exchange of leaves and roots. A. smithii had maximal rates of net photosynthesis when grown at cool temperatures, while B. gracilis had maximal rates when grown at warm temperatures. In plants not water stressed, net photosynthesis was limited primarily by stomatal aperture in B. gracilis and internal leaf factors in A. smithii. Rates of net photosynthesis of both species from both growth temperatures were very sensitive to leaf water potential and decreased exponentially with decreasing leaf water potential. Root respiration, measured simultaneously with leaf gas exchange in hydropon- ically grown plants, was greater in A. smithii grown at 200/150C and in B. gracilis grown at 350/150C, and decreased with decreasing solution water potential. Root respiration of warm-grown A. smithii and cool-grown B. gracilis was lower than that of plants grown at more nearly optimal temperatures and did not decrease with decreasing solution water potential. These findings suggest that the temporal displacement of growth between A. smithii and B. gracilis in their native habitat is partly a function of the differential temperature responses of photosynthesis and related metabolic processes. The differences in the temperature responses of photosynthesis appear to be a consequence of the species having different photosynthetic pathways. The similarities between the species in their physiological responses to water stress suggest that seasonal moisture gradients are not as important a parameter along which niche separation has occurred as are seasonal temperature gradients.

Paradigmatic Change in Social Science: From Human Exemptions to an Ecological Paradigm.

Abstract: The social sciences have largely ignored the fact that human societies depend on the biophysical environment for their survival. The neglect of such a fundamental issue seems attributable primarily to two interrelated facts: First, the social sciences have roots in anthropocentric Western thought, wherein humans are viewed as separate from and &dquo;above&dquo; the rest of nature (White, 1967); and second, these disciplines developed during an era of abnormal abundance when ecological constraints were not salient

A comparison of ranking and rating procedures for value system measurement

Abstract: Compared the validity and reliability of 2 value measurement techniques. 296 Ss (161 females and 135 males) in introductory psychology filled out the 2 measurement techniques and an attitude survey. The Rokeach Value Survey instructed Ss to separately rank 2 sets of 18 values in order of importance. A rating version of the Value Survey instructed Ss to rate the same 36 values from 1 to 99. 236 Sreturned 6 weeks later and again filled out both measurement techniques. Results of the multimethod factor analysis indicate very good convergent validity among the 4 measures of a given value (2 techniques × 2 sessions) and very good discriminant validity between measures of different values. Probably due to the ipsative nature of the ranking procedure, the test-retest reliabilities were higher for the ranked measurements than for the rated measurements. The construct validity of both measurement techniques, as determined by multiple regression and analysis of variance, were similar. Despite criticisms of ranking procedures, both the ranked and the rated versions were of equal reliability and validity.

INHIBITION OF Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY NATURALLY OCCURRING HYDROXYCINNAMATES

Abstract: The antifungal activities of caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and chloro-genie acids against Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. Caffeic acid was found to exhibit little inhibition of growth, although the lag period was extended in the presence of 1000 ppm. Chloro-genie acid had no effect on the organism. In contrast, p-coumaric acid at 100 ppm increased the lag phase of S. cerevisiae, and above 250 ppm, inhibition after 72 hr growth was proportional to the concentration present. Ferulic acid caused an increase in lag phase at 50 ppm, while as little as 250 ppm resulted in complete inhibition. These results suggest that naturally occurring hydroxycinnamates may interfere with the fermentation of fruits by this yeast.

Germination and seedling growth under anaerobic conditions in Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass).

Abstract: Although rice has long been recognized to be uniquely adapted for growth in low oxygen environments of flooded rice fields, rice weeds of the Echinochloa crus-galli complex appear to be at least as well specialized for germination and growth under such unusual biological conditions. Seeds of two varieties of E. crus-galli germinate and grow for prolonged periods in a totally oxygen-free environment. E. crus-galli germinates as well as rice (Oryza sativa) under a total nitrogen atmosphere and produces as large a seedling in spite of its much smaller seed size. Like rice, the seedlings of E. crus-galli are unpigmented, the primary leaves do not emerge from the coleoptile and no root growth occurs without oxygen. Of particular interest is the ultrastructure of mitochondria from anaerobically-grown seedlings. Mitochondrial profiles from the primary leaf of seedlings grown continuously in nitrogen are very similar to those grown aerobically. The size and shape of the mitochondria are similar and the cristae are numerous and normal in appearance. This is in sharp contrast to previous studies of other species which have reported that mitochondria were vesiculate and tended to lose their normal fine-structure after similar periods without oxygen. Finally, based on ultrastructure and 14C labeling studies, anaerobically-grown seedlings are highly active metabolically, which may explain, at least for E. crus-galli var. oryzicola, its ability to germinate and emerge from flooded rice fields.

Role of Natural Killer Cells in Tumor Growth and Metastasis: C57BL/6 Normal and Beige Mice

Abstract: The role of natural killer (NK) cells in tumor growth and metastasis was studied in syngeneic normal and beige inbred C57BL/6 mice. Mice with the beige point mutation have been shown to be deficient in nonstimulated NK activity. Tumor-passaged B16 malignant melanoma cells were refractory to NK activity as determined by in vitro assay, but after in vitro culture they became sensitive to NK activity. The NK-insensitive B16 tumor grew and metastasized similarly in normal and beige mice. However, the NK-sensitive B16 tumors grew more slowly and produced fewer metastases in normal mice than in NK-deficient beige mice. Activation of NK cells by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection decreased the rate of growth and number of metastases of both NK-sensitive and NK-insensitive tumors in both normal and beige mice. These results suggest the importance of NK cells as a determinant of tumor growth and metastasis.

Kinship in the seventies: A decade review of research and theory.

Abstract: The quantity of research on kinship in the past decade has decreased somewhat from previous periods, but the diversity of this research has certainly increased. While research in the sixties was dominated by the "isolated nuclear family" hypothesis, that of the seventies is much more varied and oriented more toward explanatory than descriptive generalizations. This review concentrates on the knowledge which has been generated regarding antecedents of interaction with kin and, to a lesser extent, the exchange of mutual aid between kin. Research in the past decade has supported many generalizations from earlier work, but it has also cast doubt upon many previously accepted conclusions.

Coordination of Ti in TiO2SiO2 glass by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Abstract: Evidence from both the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and near-edge regions of the Ti K-edge X-ray absorption spectrum for TiO2SiO2 glasses has been examined to determine the coordination geometry of the Ti4+ ion. It is concluded that this geometry is primarily a four-fold coordination, with a small fraction of the Ti4+ ions having six-fold coordination and a longer TiO bond length. The ratio of six-fold to four-fold coordination is seen to increase with increased TiO2 content in the glass.

Behavioral and stimulant treatment of hyperactive children: a therapy study with methylphenidate probes in a within‐subject design

Abstract: Eight hyperactive children were treated with a behavioral intervention focusing on teacher and parent training over a period of 5 months. Three times, before therapy and after 3 weeks and 13 weeks of intervention, children received methylphenidate during 3-week probe periods. Each week in a probe they received either a placebo, .25 mg/kg, or .75 mg/kg methylphenidate. Classroom observation of on-task behavior suggested that effectiveness of the behavioral intervention was between that of the two dosages of medication before therapy. Both dosages resulted in higher levels of on-task behavior when administered after 13 weeks of behavioral intervention than when administered before therapy. Teacher rating data showed equivalent effects of therapy and the low dosage of methylphenidate alone but a stronger effect of the high dose alone; only the high dose resulted in improved behavior after 13 weeks of behavioral intervention. As a group, only when they received the high dose of methylphenidate after 13 weeks of behavioral intervention did children reach the level of appropriate behavior shown by nonhyperactive controls. However, this level was also reached by two children with the low dose and by one child without medication, and it was not reached by one child. The results suggest that the combination of psychostimulant medication and behavior therapy may be more effective in the short-term than either treatment alone for hyperactive children in school settings. In addition, parent ratings and clinic observation of parent-child interactions suggested that children had improved in the home setting, high-lighting the importance of behavioral parent training in the treatment of hyperactivity.

Geographical Variation in Song and Song Dialects of Montane White-Crowned Sparrows

Abstract: -We sampled the songs of 18 populations of montane Whitecrowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) in order to define their dialect groups, if any, and to explore vocal affinities with other western subspecies of Z. leucophrys. We found a clear-cut regional differentiation of song primarily on the basis of syllabic morphology and secondarily on the sequence of elements in the song. The birds of the Sierra Nevada and the San Bernardino Mountains of California constitute a fairly homogeneous dialect group related to another distinct group in the Warner Mountains, California, which are separated from the Sierra Nevada to the north by habitat unsuited to breeding oriantha. Those in two nearby but isolated desert ranges share a unique song type resembling that of Z. 1. gambelii. Oriantha in the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon, to the northeast of the Steens Mountains, are allied with the dialect region of the northern Rocky Mountains. Syllabic morphology and the sequence of song elements also suggest certain vocal affinities of oriantha with other western subspecies of Z. leucophrys. For instance, the songs of oriantha in the Sierra Nevada, Warner Mountains, and San Bernardino Mountains have elements in common with those of nuttalli in central California and pugetensis north of the Columbia River. The songs of oriantha at Hart Mountain and in the Steens Mountains are very similar to those of gambelii in Alaska and the western Canadian Rockies. The songs of oriantha in the San Bernardino Mountains (a population founded after 1907) are identical with those of the central Sierra Nevada, and thus trace the origin of the founding group. We postulate that these and other data are consistent with Rand's interpretation of the subspecific differentiation of these sparrows in Pleistocene refugia. Local sharing of song themes or parts of themes has been described in many avian taxa (e.g., Thielcke 1969, Marler and Mundinger 1971, Lemon 1975), and produces what are commonly called local "dialects." The degree of sharing may differ between subspecies or populations within a subspecies (Williams and MacRoberts 1977, 1978, Eberhardt and Baptista 1977). Before we can hope to assess why song dialects develop in some populations and not in others and the adaptive significance of dialect formation, we must continue to describe dialect systems across phylogenetic groups and ecological types (Avery and Oring 1977). The songs of the crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia spp.) are the most thoroughly studied of any group (reviews in King 1972, Nottebohm 1975, Baptista 1977). Theme sharing in White-crowned Sparrows (Z. leucophrys) appears to be absent in the migratory subspecies gambelii (DeWolfe et al. 1974), but shared themes (dialects) range over large areas in the migratory form pugetensis (Baptista 1974, 1977) and the montane breeding populations of oriantha in Colorado (Baker 1975). Both of these forms appear to occupy more or less continuous habitat. Song dialects are very local in the sedentary subspecies nuttalli (Marler and Tamura 1962, Baker 1975, Baptista 1975), and in populations of oriantha in the Sierra Nevada of California (Orejuela and Morton 1975). The highly localized dialect system in nuttalli may result in part from the relative sedentariness of this subspecies (Blanchard 1941), whereas the local dialects in migratory Sierran oriantha may be attributed to patchiness of suitable habitat, each isolated meadow being an ecological island (Baker 1975, Orejuela and Morton 1975). Between 1970 and 1978, we sampled songs of montane White-crowned Sparrows from 12 populations (Fig. 1, Table 1). Colleagues provided recordings from six additional localities. Two populations (Tioga Pass, Mount Lassen) were sampled earlier by Orejuela and Morton (1975), and allow

Effect of germination on nutritive value and baking properties of dry peas, lentils, and faba beans

Abstract: Dry yellow peas, lentils, and faba beans were germinated under laboratory conditions. Periodic rinsing with water at 2-hr intervals was effective in controlling microbial growth. Marked increase in ascorbic acid of the legumes was observed during germination. Amino acid contents did not change appreciably after 4day germination. Wheat flour blends containing ungerminated and germinated legume flours at 5, 10, and 15% levels were used in baking studies. Addition of 15% legume flours to bread resulted in only small deleterious effects on loaf volume, crumb grain, and flavor. Germination adversely affected the baking properties of peas and lentils, but not faba beans. Blanching of the germinated peas further impaired its baking properties.