Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1986"

Parental Behavior and Adolescent Self-Esteem

Abstract: In this study we examine the relationship between parental behavior as reported by parents, children's perceptions of parental behavior, and the effects of each on various aspects of children's self-evaluations-specifically, self-worth, self-efficacy, and general self-esteem. The study is based on a sample of 128families, each consisting of a mother, afather, and a child in late adolescence (17 to 19 years of age). We found little correspondence between parents' reports of their behavior (on measures of control/autonomy, support, and participation) and children's perceptions of this behavior. Furthermore, children's selfevaluations were much more strongly related to their perceptions of parental behavior than to parents' self-reported behavior. Boys' self-esteem was found to be more sensitive to the control/autonomy aspect of parental behavior; girls' self-esteem was more strongly affected by parental support and participation. In general, perceptions of paternal behavior were somewhat more consequential for adolescent self-esteem than were perceptions of maternal behavior, and surprisingly, these parent-child interaction variables were found to be more strongly related to boys' self-esteem than to girls' self-esteem. These findings tend to support the symbolic interactionist perspective on the development of selfconcept.

Stratigraphy, composition and form of the Deccan Basalts, Western Ghats, India

Abstract: In the Western Ghats between latitudes 18° 20′ N and 19° 15′ N, 7000 km2 of Deccan Basalt have been mapped with the primary objective of establishing a flow stratigraphy as a guide to the volcanic history of the flood basalts. Using over 70 measured vertical sections, major and trace element analyses of nearly 1200 samples, and rare-earth and87Sr/86Sr determinations for over 60 samples, we divide the basalt into three subgroups and ten formations. In this paper we describe the seven principal formations in the area and the most prominent individual flows. The Kalsubai Subgroup is formed by the lower five formations, the Jawhar, Igatpuri, Neral, Thakurvadi, and Bhimashankar formations, from botton to top. In these formations amygdaloidal compound flows predominate and have a typically high MgO content, including picrite basalt (> 10% MgO) and picrite (> 18% MgO) with phenocrysts of olivine and clinopyroxene. These flows are separated by others which contain giant plagioclase phenocrysts and have more evolved chamical compositions. The Lonavala Subgroup overlies the Kalsubai and is composed of two formations, the Khandala and the Bushe. Both are readily recognized in the field and by their chemical compositions. The Wai Subgroup includes the upper three formations, the Poladpur, the Ambenali, and the Mahabaleshwar. The whole subgroup is composed of simple flows with well-developed flow tops, small phenocrysts of plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine, and relatively evolved bulk compositions. Distribution and variation in thickness of the straitigraphic units within the Western Ghats provide a first comprehensive view of the development of the Deccan volcanic edifice. The persistent southerly dip and gentle southerly plunging anticlinal form of the flows, the lensoid shape of many of the formations, and nearly randomly oriented feeder-dike system are together interpreted as evidence of a central volcanic edifice formed as the Indian plate drifted northward over a mantle plume or hot spot.

Development of plant promoter expression vectors and their use for analysis of differential activity of nopaline synthase promoter in transformed tobacco cells.

Abstract: I have developed promoter expression binary vectors based on the tumor-inducing plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to facilitate elucidation of plant gene regulation. Promoter activity can be determined by inserting DNA fragments into the multiple cloning sites of the vectors forming transcriptional and/or translational fusions between the cat structural gene and an inserted promoter region. The activity of the nopaline synthase (nos) promoter was demonstrated with the vector. However, three animal promoters tested with this system showed no measurable activity in plant cells. Examination of 40 independently derived transformed tissues revealed a 200-fold difference in the nos promoter activity. Furthermore, there is no apparent correlation between the neomycin phosphotransferase and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activities, although both genes are closely linked and under control of identical nos promoters. These results indicate that vast differences in promoter activity of transferred genes can occur within the same cell, as well as in independently derived cell lines.

Immunocytochemical localization and time course of appearance of an anionic peroxidase associated with suberization in wound-healing potato tuber tissue.

Abstract: Thin sections of wound-healing potato tuber tissue were stained with rabbit antibody prepared against a suberization-associated anionic peroxidase and then stained with a goat anti-rabbit antibody-fluorescein conjugate. When these sections were examined with an epiilluminating fluorescence microscope, bright green fluorescent linear deposits were observed on the inner side of cell walls in the periderm layer. Initial deposits which were often not contiguous throughout the wall were first observed in some cells after 3 days of wound-healing and subsequently these layers became more pronounced so that all 6 day old periderm cells had green fluorescent layers on their inner walls. This fluorescence was not present in the walls of parenchyma cells or in the walls of periderm cells treated with preimmune serum and anti-rabbit IgG-FITC conjugate. Thin sections of wound-healing potato tissue which were stained with anti-peroxidase antibody and a goat anti-rabbit antibody-rhodamine conjugate exhibited a similar time course of development with a bright reddish-orange fluorescent layer observed on the inside wall of periderm cells. The production of this suberization-associated anionic peroxidase in wound-healing tissue was also demonstrated by an immunobinding dot blot assay which showed that the largest increase in the enzyme level occurred between 4 and 6 days of wound-healing. The present results support the hypothesis that this anionic peroxidase is involved in the deposition of the aromatic polymeric domain of suberin.

Transformation of Tobacco, Tomato, Potato, and Arabidopsis thaliana Using a Binary Ti Vector System.

Abstract: Using a binary tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid vector system, several plant species were transformed with a kanamycin resistance marker (neomycin phosphotransferase gene). Four Nicotiana species, seven tomato cultivars, two potato cultivars, and Arabidopsis thaliana were transformed by the binary vector transformation method. In this method, various plant organ pieces were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells carrying the binary vector, pGA472, and a helper Ti plasmid. We have also demonstrated that a wild type Ti plasmid can be used as a helper to obtain a transformed plant.

13C6-[Benzene Ring]-Indole-3-Acetic Acid: A New Internal Standard for Quantitative Mass Spectral Analysis of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Plants

Abstract: Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) labeled with (13)C in the six carbons of the benzene ring is described for use as an internal standard for quantitative mass spectral analysis of IAA by gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring. [(13)C(6)]IAA was compared to the available deuterium labeled compounds and shown to offer the advantages of nonexchangeability of the isotope label, high isotopic enrichment, and chromatographic properties identical to that of the unlabeled compound. The utility of [(13)C(6)]IAA for measurement of endogenous IAA levels was demonstrated by analysis of IAA in Lemna gibba G-3.

Autopolyploidy in tolmiea menziesii (saxifragaceae): genetic insights from enzyme electrophoresis'

Abstract: Despite over 30 years of speculation, the genetic consequences of autopolyploid speciation are largely unknown. Evidence from several sources indicates that Tolmiea menziesii is one of the best documented examples of autopolyploidy in natural populations. As such, Tolmiea can serve as a model for providing insights into autopolyploid speciation. Data from enzyme electrophoresis indicate that tetrasomic inheritance operates in tetraploid Tolmiea. These data indicate that a chromosome can pair with any of its three homologous chromosomes. For all polymorphic loci, heterozygosity is substantially higher in tetraploid Tolmiea compared to the diploid cytotype. Furthermore, individual tetraploid plants can maintain as many as three or four alleles at a single locus. Enzyme multiplicity was also observed in tetraploid Tolmiea. For the dimeric enzyme PGI, individual tetraploid plants were identified at Pgi-2 that maintained three alleles, resulting in the production of six different enzymes. Although these genetic consequences of autopolyploidy had been predicted, they have not been previously demonstrated for an autotetraploid in nature. The increased heterozygosity and enzyme multiplicity observed may afford an autopolyploid greater genetic and biochemical versatility relative to its diploid progenitor. These findings suggest that tetrasomic inheritance provides a genetic avenue through which autopolyploid speciation can successfully occur.

Dimensions of stress among university faculty: Factor-analytic results from a national study

Abstract: Previous studies on the role of the professor reflect the existence of a multifaceted complex of strains on faculty. This research study investigated identifiable patterns of faculty stress. From a sample of 80 doctorate-granting institutions, 1,920 professors were selected and stratified by academic rank and Biglan's academic discipline model. The response rate was 75.28%. The multidimensionality of the 45-item Faculty Stress Index, investigated through factor analysis, resulted in five distinct dimensions of perceived stress: reward and recognition (55% common variance); time constraints (12% common variance); departmental influence (7% common variance); professional identity (6% common variance); and student interaction (6% common variance). Each factor was also analyzed according to professional and personal characteristics, and the analysis resulted in significant differences in the areas of tenure, rank, age, gender, and marital status. No differential pattern was discovered among disciplinary categories.

Change in Men's Housework and Child-Care Time, 1965-1975.

Abstract: The object of this study is to examine change in men's housework and child-care time between 1965 and 1975, a period characterized by significant change both in women's domestic work and in their labor-force participation. Multiple classification analysis is employed to examine change in men's mean housework and child-care time, adjusted for several sociodemographic variables that also may have altered during the decade in question. Neither unadjusted nor adjusted means of men's housework or child-care time changed significantly between 1965 and 1975. Further, few systematic changes in the time spent in housework and child care are observed for specific categories of men. The most important factors influencing men's housework time in both years are paid-work time and leisure time. Key variables that emerge in the analysis of child-care time include paid-work time and the number and ages of children. Overall, the findings cast doubt on the supposed convergence of men's and women's roles. Clearly, men did little between 1965 and 1975 to offset the household pressures created by women's increased participation in the labor force. The findings also raise broader questions concerning the implications of the reorganization of domestic production for the structure of the family.

Immunochemical studies on the role of the Golgi complex in protein-body formation in rice seeds.

Abstract: Antibodies raised against purified glutelins and prolamines were employed as probes to study the cellular routes by which these proteins are deposited into protein bodies of rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperm. Three morphologically distinct protein bodies, large spherical, small spherical, and irregularly-shaped, were observed, in agreement with existing reports. Immunocytochemical studies showed the presence of glutelins in the irregularly-shaped protein bodies while the prolamines were found in both the large and small spherical protein bodies. Both the large and small spherical protein bodies, distinguishable by electron density and gold-labeling patterns, appear to be formed by direct deposition of the newly formed proteins into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In contrast, glutelin protein bodies are formed via the Golgi apparatus. Small electron-lucent vesicles are often found at one side of the Golgi. Electron-dense vesicles, whose contents are labeled by glutelin antibody-gold particles, are commonly observed at the distal side of the Golgi apparatus and fuse to form the irregularly shaped protein bodies in endosperm cells. These observations indicate that the transport of rice glutelins from their site of synthesis, the ER, to the site of deposition, the protein bodies, is mediated by the Golgi apparatus.

Morphological Projectile Point Typology: Replication Experimentation and Technological Analysis

Abstract: Morphological typologies of projectile points in North America have often been employed as time-sensitive prehistoric cultural markers. This article demonstrates that the contingencies of point manufacture, hafting, use, and rejuvenation create morphological changes that may render questionable use of these morphological typologies as prehistoric cultural markers. Thirty projectile points were replicated according to the attributes of a commonly employed typological scheme for the Great Basin. Experiments with hafting, impact, and rejuvenation demonstrate that a single point-type may manifest more than one "time-sensitive" shape within its normal uselife.

Plant Proteinase inhibitors: A defense against herbivorous insects?

Abstract: Using the tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum L., and the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), we have demonstrated that insect herbivory induces a rapid decline in plant quality. This decline in plant quality manifests itself by a highly significant reduction in rate of larval growth on a medium containing foliage from insect-damaged as opposed to undamaged tomato plants. The induction of tomato Proteinase inhibitors, as a result of larval feeding, is invoked as a factor that systemically reduces leaf quality. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Pflanzenproteinaseinhibitoren: ein Abwehrmechanismus gegen herbivore Insekten? Eine zentrale Theorie in der Erforschung von Insekten-Wirtspflanzen-Wechselbeziehungen ist, dass sich bestimmte naturlich vorkommende Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe in Pflanzen zur Abwehr herbivorer Insekten und anderer Parasiten entwickelt haben. Zur Zeit herrschende uberlegungen beinhalten auch das Konzept, dass herbivore Insekten das Potential besitzen, Veranderungen in der Abwehrund/oder Nahrungsqualitat von Wirtspflanzen hervorzurufen, die den herbivoren Insekten schaden. Gegenwartig is nur wenig uber die Ursachen dieser von Insekten induzierten Veranderungen der Wirtspflanzenqualitat bekannt. Jedoch werden haufig unterschiedliche Gehalte der Pflanzen an Phenolderivaten, Protein und/oder Proteinaseinhibitoren mit den Abwehrmechanismen in Zusammenhang gebracht. Diese Arbeit untersucht das Potential von Pflanzenproteinaseinhibitoren, als induzierbare Abwehr gegen herbivore Noctuidenlarven zu wirken. Tomatenpflanzen enthalten Proteinaseinhibitoren (PIs), die durch Verletzen der Pflanze induziert werden. Es besteht die Hypothese, dass diese Synthese von PIs einen Abwehrmechanismus gegen blattfressende Insekten darstellt. Diese Hypothese ist niemals angemessen in planta getestet worden und wird von uns anhand von Spodoptera exigua und Tomatenpflanzen, Lycopersicon esculentum, getestet. Weiterhin sollte festgestellt werden, ob eine Beziehung zwischen der PI-Konzentration im Blatt und dem Wachstum von Blattmaterial fressenden Larven besteht. Anstelle lebender Pflanzen wurde dazu eine feste, Blattmaterial enthaltende Diat (15% gefriergetrocknetes Blattmaterial angemischt in Agarlosung und Sorbinsaure) benutzt, was die Verwending einer unverletzten Kontrolle ermoglichte. Diese kunstliche Diat wurde S. exigua angeboten. Die Ergebnisse des Futterungsversuches (Fig. 2) zeigen, dass eine signifikante inverse Beziehung (r2 = 0.81, p = 0.05) zwischen der PI-Konzentration im Blattgewebe und den mittleren Gewichten von Larven von S. exigua besteht. Nicht dargestellt ist die nicht signifikante Korrelation zwischen mittlerem Gewicht der Larven und den Gehalten an Blattprotein (r2 = 0.47, p > 0.25) und Phenolderivaten (r2 = 0.50, p = 0.25). Diese Ergebnisse veranlassen uns zu dem Ruckschluss, dass Tomatenproteinaseinhibitoren als systemisch induzierbare antibiotische chemische Abwehr gegen herbivore Insekten wie Noctuidenlarven anzusehen sind, und dass PIs einen Faktor darstellen, der zur systemischen Reduktion der Blattqualitat von Tomaten fuhrt.

Molecular basis for the auxin-independent phenotype of crown gall tumor tissues

Abstract: The transfer of specific Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid sequences, the T-DNA, from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to a wide range of plants results in the formation of crown gall tumors. These tissues differ from most plant cells in that they can be grown in vitro in the absence of added phytohormones. Here, data are presented that offer an explanation for the auxin-independent phenotype of crown gall tissues. It is shown that crude cell-free extracts prepared from three bacterial species harboring pTiA6 gene 1 could convert L-tryptophan to indole-3-acetamide; control extracts lacking gene 1 could not carry out the reaction. Other reports indicate that the pTiA6 gene 2 product can convert indole-3-acetamide to indole-3-acetic acid, a naturally occurring auxin of plants. It is concluded that the auxin-independent phenotype of crown gall tissue involves the introduction of Ti plasmid sequences encoding a two-step pathway for auxin synthesis.

Osmotic Adjustment in Leaves of VA Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Rose Plants in Response to Drought Stress

Abstract: Osmotic adjustment in Rosa hybrida L. cv Samantha was characterized by the pressure-volume approach in drought-acclimated and unacclimated plants brought to the same level of drought strain, as assayed by stomatal closure. Plants were colonized by either of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus deserticola Trappe, Bloss and Menge or G. intraradices Schenck and Smith, or were nonmycorrhizal. Both the acclimation and the mycorrhizal treatments decreased the osmotic potential (Ψπ) of leaves at full turgor and at the turgor loss point, with a corresponding increase in pressure potential at full turgor. Mycorrhizae enabled plants to maintain leaf turgor and conductance at greater tissue water deficits, and lower leaf and soil water potentials, when compared with nonmycorrhizal plants. As indicated by the Ψπ at the turgor loss point, the active Ψπ depression which attended mycorrhizal colonization alone was 0.4 to 0.6 megapascals, and mycorrhizal colonization and acclimation in concert 0.6 to 0.9 megapascals, relative to unacclimated controls without mycorrhizae. Colonization levels and sporulation were higher in plants subjected to acclimation. In unacclimated hosts, leaf water potential, water saturation deficit, and soil water potential at a particular level of drought strain were affected most by G. intraradices. G. deserticola had the greater effect after drought preconditioning.

Chitosan Both Activates Genes in Plants and Inhibits RNA Synthesis in Fungi

Abstract: The regulatory role of chitosan in eucaryotic organisms may have far reaching consequences because chitosan and its acetylated form, chitin, are prevalent in nature. We have found two different regulatory functions for chitosan in a simple fungal-plant interaction1. Chitosan which is a normal component of the cell walls of some fungi (Fig. 1) can activate specific genes in plants and at similar concentrations can completely inhibit all RNA synthesis in some fungal organisms and thus suppress gene activity. In this paper we review data which partially explains this paradoxical action.

Regulation of synthesis of proteinase inhibitors I and II mRNAs in leaves of wounded tomato plants.

Abstract: Levels of two wound-inducible serine proteinase inhibitors, called Inhibitor I and Inhibitor II, and their mRNAs were quantified in leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon escululentum (L.) Mill.) plants after wounding the leaves with a hemostat. A single wound on a lower leaf of 25-old tomato plants caused the accumulation of the two inhibitor proteins in wounded and non-wounded leaves beginning about 4-6 h following wounding. The rate of inhibitor accumulation was maximal in leaves for the next 4 h and then declined. By 20 h the accumulation had nearly ceased. Following a single wound, Inhibitor I mRNA [600 bases in length] and Inhibitor II mRNA (760 bases) began to accumulate in wounded leaves about 2 h before the inhibitor proteins could be detected. The levels of mRNA for both inhibitors reached a maximum at about 8 h following wounding and then decayed, both with apparent half lives of about 10 h. Four consecutive wounds, inflicted hourly, increased the levels of mRNA for both inhibitors to over twice the levels induced by a single wound. Within 4 h following multiple wounds, Inhibitor I mRNA represented about 0.5% of the total polyadenylated mRNA (poly(A(+))mRNA) and Inhibitor II mRNA about 0.15% of the total. The rates of accumulation of the two inhibitor proteins varied depending upon the age of the plants and their environment during growth, and ranged between 3 and 10 μg Inhibitor I·h(-1)·(g tissue)(-1) for Inhibitor I and about half of these rates for Inhibitor II. Nuclei were isolated from leaves of wounded and non-wounded plants, and in mRNA runoff experiments using specific inhibitor copy DNAs (cDNAs) as probes the synthesis of Inhibitor I and II mRNAs were shown to be regulated, at least in part, at the level of transcription.

Earnings versus Cash Flow as a Predictor of Future Cash Flow Measures

Abstract: The FASB has asserted, without proof, that information about an enterprise's earnings based on accrual accounting generally provides a better indication of a company's ability to generate favorable cash flows than information about cash flows themselves. This study tests that assertion, empirically. The test results provide empirical evidence supporting the FASB's contention.

Low temperature or low water potential effects on the microbial decomposition of wheat residue

Abstract: To predict the amount of crop residue remaining on a field at a given time, the rates of residue decomposition under conditions of low temperature or low water potentials need to be known. Laboratory experiments were made in which temperature and moisture were controlled. The amount of CO2 evolved from soils treated with wheat residue was used as a measure of decomposition. After 30 days at 20°C and −33 kPa, 38% of the surface-applied wheat residue was lost as CO2-C. Decomposition decreased as the temperature decreased, the 30 day CO2-C losses were 32.7, 28.6, 21.7 and 17.2% at 15, 10. 5 and 0°C, respectively. When water potential at 20°C was varied, decomposition decreased as the water potential decreased with 35.4, 25.1, 22.1, 17.0 and 10.1% of the residue decomposing at −150 kPa and −1.0, −1.5, −2.5 and −5.0 MPa, respectively. The results obtained with residue incorporated into soil were similar to those with surface-applied residue. Equations for the relationship between the amount of residue decomposition after 30 days and temperature or water potential are presented.

Mechanism by which contact with plant cuticle triggers cutinase gene expression in the spores of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi

Abstract: Spores of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi were shown to produce the extracellular enzyme, cutinase, only when cutin or cutin hydrolysate was added to the spore suspension. Dihydroxy-C16 acid and trihydroxy-C18 acid, which are unique cutin monomers, showed the greatest cutinase-inducing activity. Experiments with several compounds structurally related to these fatty acids suggested that both a ω-hydroxyl and a midchain hydroxyl are required for cutinase-inducing activity. Cutinase appeared in the medium 30-45 min after the addition of the inducers to the spore suspension, and the activity level increased for 6 hr. Addition of cycloheximide (5 μg/ml) completely inhibited cutinase production, suggesting that protein synthesis was involved in the increase of cutinase activity. Immunoblot analysis with rabbit antibodies prepared against cutinase showed that cutinase protein increased in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity. Measurement of cutinase-specific RNA levels by dot-blot hybridization with 32P-labeled cutinase cDNA showed that the cutinase gene transcripts could be detected within 15 min after addition of the inducers. Addition of exogenous cutinase greatly enhanced the level of cutinase gene transcripts induced by cutin. These results strongly suggest that the fungal spore senses that it is in contact with the plant by the production of small amounts of cutin monomers catalyzed by the low level of cutinase carried by the spore and that these monomers induce the synthesis of cutinase needed for penetration of the fungus into the plant.

Environmentalism and elitism: a conceptual and empirical analysis

Abstract: The frequent charge that environmentalism is “elitist” is examined conceptually and empirically. First, the concept of elitism is analyzed by distinguishing between three types of accusations made against the environmental movement: (a)compositional elitism suggests that environmentalists are drawn from privileged socioeconomic strata, (b)ideological elitism suggests that environmental reforms are a subterfuge for distributing benefits to environmentalists and/or costs to others, and (c)impact elitism suggests that environmental reforms, whether intentionally or not, do in fact have regressive social impacts. The evidence bearing on each of the three types of elitism is examined in some detail, and the following conclusions are drawn: Compositional elitism is an exaggeration, for although environmentalists are typically above average in socioeconomic status (as are most sociopolitical activists), few belong to the upper class. Ideological elitism may hold in some instances, but environmentalists have shown increasing sensitivity to equity concerns and there is little evidence of consistent pursuit of self-interest. Impact elitism is the most important issue, and also the most difficult to assess. It appears that there has been a general tendency for environmental reforms to have regressive impacts. However, it is increasingly recognized that problems such as workplace pollution and toxic waste contamination disproportionately affect the lower socioeconomic strata, and thus reforms aimed at such problems will likely have more progressive impacts.

Diversification: The growing confusion

Abstract: Over the years the concepts of diversification have been simplified and a system of shorthand has developed for discussing the issues surrounding the strategy. Because of this a confusion in terminology has developed and sight of the fundamental principles involved has been lost within the vagaries of fashion. Selection of a particular strategy ought to be based on the clear identification of the benefits that the strategy will offer. Those benefits should be used to help solve specific problems. Only by returning to this type of thinking can the legitimacy of diversification be revived and the alternating acclamation and denunciation of the strategy be overcome.