Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1992"
TL;DR: The traditional geostatistical tool, the variogram, a tool that is beginning to be used in ecology, is shown to provide an incomplete and misleading summary of spatial pattern when local means and variances change.
Abstract: Geostatistics brings to ecology novel tools for the interpretation of spatial patterns of organisms, of the numerous environmental components with which they in- teract, and of the joint spatial dependence between organisms and their environment. The purpose of this paper is to use data from the ecological literature as well as from original research to provide a comprehensive and easily understood analysis ofgeostatistics' manner of modeling and methods. The traditional geostatistical tool, the variogram, a tool that is beginning to be used in ecology, is shown to provide an incomplete and misleading summary of spatial pattern when local means and variances change. Use of the non-ergodic covariance and correlogram provides a more effective description of lag-to-lag spatial dependence because the changing local means and variances are accounted for. Indicator transforma- tions capture the spatial patterns of nominal ecological variables like gene frequencies and the presence/absence of an organism and of subgroups of a population like large or small individuals. Robust variogram measures are shown to be useful in data sets that contain many data outliers. Appropriate removal of outliers reveals latent spatial dependence and patterns. Cross-variograms, cross-covariances, and cross-correlograms define the joint spa- tial dependence between co-occurring organisms. The results of all of these analyses bring new insights into the spatial relations of organisms in their environment.
1,227 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the octadecanoid intermediates may participate in a lipid-based signaling system that activates proteinase inhibitor synthesis in response to insect and pathogen attack.
Abstract: Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate have been shown previously to be powerful inducers of proteinase inhibitors in tomato, tobacco, and alfalfa leaves. We show here that when proposed octadecanoid precursors of jasmonic acid, i.e., linolenic acid, 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, and phytodienoic acid, were applied to the surfaces of tomato leaves, these compounds also served as powerful inducers of proteinase inhibitor I and II synthesis, a simulation of a wound response. By contrast, compounds closely related to the precursors but which are not intermediates in the jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway did not induce proteinase inhibitor synthesis. These results suggest that the octadecanoid intermediates may participate in a lipid-based signaling system that activates proteinase inhibitor synthesis in response to insect and pathogen attack.
1,090 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the contribution of two concepts to the conventional view of commitment: foci of commitment, the individuals and groups to whom an employee is attached, and bases of commitment; the motives engendering attachment.
Abstract: This study examined the contribution of two concepts to the conventional view of commitment: foci of commitment, the individuals and groups to whom an employee is attached, and bases of commitment, the motives engendering attachment. Commitment to top management, supervisor, and work group were important determinants of job satisfaction, intent-to quit, and prosocial organizational behaviors over and above commitment to an organization. Compliance, identification, and internalization as bases of commitment were unique determinants above and beyond commitment to the foci.
1,055 citations
TL;DR: This article describes a transformation that simplifies the problem and places it into a form that allows efficient calculation using standard numerical multiple integration algorithms.
Abstract: The numerical computation of a multivariate normal probability is often a difficult problem. This article describes a transformation that simplifies the problem and places it into a form that allows efficient calculation using standard numerical multiple integration algorithms. Test results are presented that compare implementations of two algorithms that use the transformation with currently available software.
1,012 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on medicolegal forensic entomology, which deals with arthropod involvement in events surrounding felonies, usually violent crimes such as murder, suicide, and rape, but also includes other violations such as physical abuse and contraband trafficking.
Abstract: Forensic entomology is the application of the study of insects and other arthropods to legal issues, especially in a court of law. The past decade has seen a resurgence of interest in forensic investigations by entomologists. Lord & Stevenson (83) identified three categories of forensic entomology: urban, stored-product, and medicolegal. Urban forensic entomology includes such things as litigations and civil law actions involving arthropods in dwellings or as house and garden pests. Law suits dealing with the misuse of pesticides are included here. Stored-product forensic entomology generally deals with arthropod infestation or contamination of a wide range of commercial prod ucts (e.g. beetles or their parts in candy bars, flies in ketchup, or spiders in bathroom tissue). Like its urban counterpart, this category usually involves litigation. The third category, medicolegal forensic entomology, is the focus of this review and is the most popularized aspect of the science. It deals with arthropod involvement in events surrounding felonies, usually violent crimes such as murder, suicide, and rape, but also includes other violations such as physical abuse and contraband trafficking (116). A more accurate name for this category is medicocriminal forensic entomology (53).
881 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a global emission inventory of sulfur gases from both natural and anthropogenic sources is presented, which is divided into 12 latitude belts and takes into account the seasonal dependence of sulfur emissions from biogenic sources, showing the impact of anthropogenic sulfur emissions in the region between 35° and 50°N.
Abstract: Emissions of sulfur gases from both natural and anthropogenic sources strongly influence the chemistry of the atmosphere. To assess the relative importance of these sources we have combined the measurements of sulfur gases and fluxes during the past decade to create a global emission inventory. The inventory, which is divided into 12 latitude belts, takes into account the seasonal dependence of sulfur emissions from biogenic sources. The total emissions of sulfur gases from natural sources are approximately 0.79 Tmol S/a. These emissions are 16% of the total sulfur emissions in the Northern Hemisphere and 58% in the Southern Hemisphere. The inventory clearly shows the impact of anthropogenic sulfur emissions in the region between 35° and 50°N.
747 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a measure of the quantum yield of photosystem II, ΦII (electron/photon absorbed by PSII), can be obtained in leaves under steady-state conditions in the light using a modulated fluorescence system.
Abstract: There is now potential to estimate photosystem II (PSII) activity in vivo from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and thus gauge PSII activity per CO2 fixed. A measure of the quantum yield of photosystem II, ΦII (electron/photon absorbed by PSII), can be obtained in leaves under steady-state conditions in the light using a modulated fluorescence system. The rate of electron transport from PSII equals ΦII times incident light intensity times the fraction of incident light absorbed by PSII. In C4 plants, there is a linear relationship between PSII activity and CO2 fixation, since there are no other major sinks for electrons; thus measurements of quantum yield of PSII may be used to estimate rates of photosynthesis in C4 species. In C3 plants, both CO2 fixation and photorespiration are major sinks for electrons from PSII (a minimum of 4 electrons are required per CO2, or per O2 reacting with RuBP). The rates of PSII activity associated with photosynthesis in C3 plants, based on estimates of the rates of carboxylation (vo) and oxygenation (vo) at various levels of CO2 and O2, largely account for the PSII activity determined from fluorescence measurements. Thus, in C3 plants, the partitioning of electron flow between photosynthesis and photorespiration can be evaluated from analysis of fluorescence and CO2 fixation.
652 citations
TL;DR: The emerging pattern from these studies suggests that metapopulation structure may be at least as important as local natural selection in determining the genetic dynamics and outcomes of these evolutionary arms races.
Abstract: The concept of gene-for-gene coevolution is a major model for research on the evolution of resistance against parasites in crop plants, reciprocal evolution between species in natural plant populations, and mathematical models of the dynamics of coevolution. Recent studies have begun to challenge the prevailing view that natural selection within local plant populations is the major evolutionary process driving this form of coevolution. The emerging pattern from these studies suggests that metapopulation structure, including the effects of gene flow and genetic drift, may be at least as important as local natural selection in determining the genetic dynamics and outcomes of these evolutionary arms races.
512 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic stages of skarn formation and the main causes of variation from the general evolutionary model are described, and the exploration models for several major skarn types are presented, with a plea for field mapping as a fundamental basis for future studies.
Abstract: Skarn deposits occur throughout the world and have been mined for a variety of elements. This paper describes the basic stages of skarn formation and the main causes of variation from the general evolutionary model. Seven major classes of skarn deposits (Fe, W, Au, Cu, Zn, Mo and Sn) are briefly described, and relevant geological and geochemical features of important examples are summarized in a comprehensive table. The important geochemical and geophysical parameters of skarn deposits are discussed, followed by a summary of important petrologic and tectonic constraints on skarn formation. Finally, exploration models are presented for several major skarn types, with a plea for field mapping as a fundamental basis for future studies.
449 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that adding micromolar quantities of kaempferol to the germination medium or to the stigma at pollination is sufficient to restore normal pollen germination and tube growth in vitro and full seed set in vivo and suggests that addition or removal of the flavonol signal during pollen Germination andtube growth provides a feasible way to control plant fertility.
Abstract: Chalcone synthase catalyzes the initial step of that branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway that leads to flavonoids. A lack of chalcone synthase activity has a pleiotropic effect in maize and petunia mutants: pollen fertility as well as flavonoid synthesis is disrupted. Both maize and petunia mutants are self-sterile due to a failure to produce a functional pollen tube. The finding that the mutant pollen is partially functional on wild-type stigmas led to the isolation and identification of kaempferol as a pollen germination-inducing constituent in wild-type petunia stigma extracts. We show that adding micromolar quantities of kaempferol to the germination medium or to the stigma at pollination is sufficient to restore normal pollen germination and tube growth in vitro and full seed set in vivo. Further we show that the rescue ability resides in particular structural features of a single class of compounds, the flavonol aglycones. This finding identifies another constituent of plant reproduction and suggests that addition or removal of the flavonol signal during pollen germination and tube growth provides a feasible way to control plant fertility.
442 citations
TL;DR: Tomato plants transformed with an antisense prosystemin complementary DNA exhibited greatly suppressed systemic wound induction of proteinase Inhibitor I and II synthesis in leaves.
Abstract: A gene that encodes systemin, a mobile 18-amino acid polypeptide inducer of proteinase inhibitor synthesis in tomato and potato leaves, has been isolated from tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. Induction of proteinase inhibitors in plants is a response to insect or pathogen attacks. The gene has 10 introns and 11 exons, ten of which are organized as five homologous pairs with an unrelated sequence in the eleventh, encoding systemin. Systemin is proteolytically processed from a 200-amino acid precursor protein, prosystemin. Prosystemin messenger RNA was found in all organs of the plant except the roots and was systemically wound-inducible in leaves. Tomato plants transformed with an antisense prosystemin complementary DNA exhibited greatly suppressed systemic wound induction of proteinase Inhibitor I and II synthesis in leaves.
TL;DR: It is suggested that in response to wound signals generated by insect or pathogen attacks, linolenic acid is released into the cytoplasm from plant cell membrane lipids and is rapidly converted in cells to jasmonic acid, which serves as a signal to regulate the expression of proteinase inhibitor genes.
Abstract: Gel electrophoretic analysis of the proteinase inhibitor proteins induced in tomato leaves by airborne methyl jasmonate (EE Farmer, CA Ryan [1990] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 7713-7716) revealed the new appearance of inhibitors I and II and two other, higher molecular mass proteins (63.5 and 87 kilodaltons). Northern analysis of methyl jasmonate-induced inhibitors I and II mRNAs in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves, and of alfalfa trypsin inhibitor (a Bowman-Birk family inhibitor) mRNA in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves, indicated that nascent inhibitor mRNAs were regulated in a manner similar to wounding, that is, at the transcriptional level. In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), transformed with a fused gene composed of the 5′ and 3′ regions of a wound-inducible potato inhibitor II and a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene coding region, CAT activity was induced in leaves by methyl jasmonate, consistent with a transcriptional regulation of the inhibitor II gene. In tomato leaves, inhibitor I and II mRNAs and proteins accumulated in leaves distal to those exposed to methyl jasmonate or jasmonic acid to similar levels as in exposed leaves. We suggest that in response to wound signals generated by insect or pathogen attacks, linolenic acid is released into the cytoplasm from plant cell membrane lipids and is rapidly converted in cells to jasmonic acid (or perhaps a closely related derivative such as methyl jasmonate), which serves as a signal to regulate the expression of proteinase inhibitor genes.
TL;DR: The results indicate that production of phenazine antibiotics by strains 2-79 and 30-84 can contribute to the ecological competence of these strains and that the reduced survival of the Phz- strains is due to a diminished ability to compete with the resident microflora.
Abstract: Phenazine antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84, previously shown to be the principal factors enabling these bacteria to suppress take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, also contribute to the ecological competence of these strains in soil and in the rhizosphere of wheat. Strains 2-79 and 30-84, their Tn5 mutants defective in phenazine production (Phz-), or the mutant strains genetically restored for phenazine production (Phz+) were introduced into Thatuna silt loam (TSL) or TSL amended with G. graminis var. tritici. Soils were planted with three or five successive 20-day plant-harvest cycles of wheat. Population sizes of Phz- derivatives declined more rapidly than did population sizes of the corresponding parental or restored Phz+ strains. Antibiotic biosynthesis was particularly critical to survival of these strains during the fourth and fifth cycles of wheat in the presence of G. graminis var. tritici and during all five cycles of wheat in the absence of take-all. In pasteurized TSL, a Phz- derivative of strain 30-84 colonized the rhizosphere of wheat to the same extent that the parental strain did. The results indicate that production of phenazine antibiotics by strains 2-79 and 30-84 can contribute to the ecological competence of these strains and that the reduced survival of the Phz- strains is due to a diminished ability to compete with the resident microflora.
TL;DR: The overall fatty acid composition of leaf lipids in a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana was characterized by reduced levels of polyunsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids and an increased proportion of oleate as a consequence of a single recessive nuclear mutation as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The present results support a hypothesis that stimulation of mu-opioid or GABAA receptors inhibits the activity of GABAergic afferents to dopamine neurons, thereby removing tonic inhibitory regulation, whereas stimulation of GABAB receptors directly inhibits dopamine neurons.
Abstract: Microdialysis of the ventral tegmental area in conscious rats was used to evaluate the influence of opioids and GABA agonists on extracellular levels of GABA and somatodendritically released dopamine. The administration of morphine through the dialysis probe elicited significant, dose-dependent increases in the levels of extracellular dopamine and significantly reduced the extracellular concentration of GABA. In contrast, a dose-dependent decrease in somatodendritic extracellular dopamine was produced following the administration of the GABAB agonist baclofen. The increase in dopamine levels elicited by morphine (100 microM) was completely blocked by either baclofen (100 microM) coadministration or peripheral injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Application of the GABAA agonist muscimol produced a significant increase in both extracellular levels of dopamine and locomotor activity. The present results, together with other electrophysiological, neurochemical, and behavioral data, support a hypothesis that stimulation of mu-opioid or GABAA receptors inhibits the activity of GABAergic afferents to dopamine neurons, thereby removing tonic inhibitory regulation, whereas stimulation of GABAB receptors directly inhibits dopamine neurons.
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of demand-side research, from an early interest in conservation behavior to a later focus on physical, economic, psychological and social models of energy consumption, is considered.
TL;DR: An overactive brain RAS has been identified as one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis and maintenance of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of human essential hypertension.
TL;DR: Although a definitive function has not been assigned to this system in many of the tissues in which it resides, AIV's interaction with endothelial cells may involve a role in endothelial cell-dependent vasodilation.
TL;DR: In this article, the Batra and Ahtola (1991) scales are applied to a wide variety of product categories and results of the present series of measure validation studies suggest that there are hedonic and utilitarian elements comprising attitudes toward product categories.
Abstract: A bidimensional (hedonic/utilitarian) approach to understanding consumer attitudes was recently introduced by Batra and Ahtola (1991); they reported three construct validation studies and proposed a set of items to measure the construct(s). In the present paper, the Batra and Ahtola (1991) scales are applied to a wide variety of product categories. Results of the present series of measure validation studies suggest that there are hedonic and utilitarian elements comprising attitudes toward product categories and that, although problematic, the Batra and Ahtola (1991) scale items are a useful first step in measuring these components.
TL;DR: The enhancement factor of Raman scattering is shown to scale in terms of a properly chosen spectral variable X and the critical indices of the enhancement factor are found to be determined by the optical spectral dimension of the fractal.
Abstract: A scale-invariant theory of Raman scattering of light by fractal clusters is developed. The enhancement factor ${\mathit{G}}^{\mathrm{RS}}$ of Raman scattering is shown to scale in terms of a properly chosen spectral variable X. The critical indices of the enhancement factor are found to be determined by the optical spectral dimension of the fractal. Numerical modeling is carried out and shown to support the analytical results obtained. The theory, which does not contain any adjustable parameters, agrees well with experimental data on surface-enhanced Raman scattering over a wide spectral range.
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that L1 and L2 variation is correlated with both social class and formality, and that L2 is more likely to have more formal speech than L1.
Abstract: LOSING ONE'S FIRST LANGUAGE (LANguage attrition) has been documented in a wide variety of settings. Although some anecdotal evidence exists of language loss in situations of extreme isolation from all language contact, such as arctic explorers, most documented cases of language loss involve language contact or the learning of a second language. Language loss is a broad term which can include complete loss, such as language death (10; 11; 12; 13), loss of proficiency (27; 28; 49; 50; 52), and various forms of modification in language contact situations (4; 7; 8; 18; 57; 58; 60; 62). These latter cases (modification of a first language) are sometimes excluded from the term language loss because speakers may continue to be completely fluent in their first language. However, in another sense these fluent speakers should be considered cases of language loss because fluency and proficiency are not synonymous. One may speak a language fluently but still exhibit forms which deviate substantially from those of native speakers. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, the term first language loss refers to all forms of loss, complete or partial (modification). Although first language loss in its various forms has been studied systematically for some time (62), there seems to be no study that involves stylistic variation in L1 loss, that is, L1 variation taking into account the influence of L2. This fact is remarkable given that there are numerous studies of both L1 variation (16; 32; 35; 43; 58) and L2 variation (2; 3; 9; 40; 42; 44; 45; 48; 53; 56). However, the general trends found in L1 and L2 variation are perhaps indicative of what one would expect to find in L1 loss. The general trends in L1 and L2 variation studies are similar.' Both L1 and L2 studies typically show that speakers approximate the perceived standard with greater accuracy as the style becomes more formal. An early study by Fischer concerning the pronunciation of -ing by New England children (ages three to ten) showed that girls used [rj] more frequently than boys, but in both sexes the [Uj] variant was used more frequently as style became more formal. N merous studies of postvocalic r, exemplified by some of the early work of Labov (33; 35), reveal postvocalic r is correlated with both social class and formality. L2 studies show similarities in that greater target language accuracy occurs in more formal styles (9; 22; 47).2 For example, the Dickerson and Dickerson study found that Japanese learners of English produced English /r/ with nearly 100% accuracy in word lists but with only fifty percent accuracy in conversation. The similarities of L1 and L2 studies may best be explained on the basis of how closely speakers monitor their speech: the more they monitor the greater the accuracy. The term monitor, or the amount of attention one pays to speech, originally used with reference to L1 variation by Labov (34), was later used with a si ilar definition for L2 studies (2; 54; 55; 56).3 With these generalizations of L1 and L2 variation in mind, what would one expect of L1 variation for speakers who are under the strong influence of L2? Because by definition the vernacular or casual represents the most natural, unmonitored style, one might anticipate this style to be the least disturbed by L2 influence. On the other hand, it is reasonable to expect the opposite, considering the general concept of interference and under what situations it is
TL;DR: The results have important implications for the transport capacities of plasmodesmata between sieve tubes and companion cells and for the possible basis for ongoing sieve tube-companion cell interactions and, perhaps, interaction between sources and sinks.
Abstract: Although the enucleate conducting cells of the phloem are incapable of protein synthesis, phloem exudates characteristically contain low concentrations of soluble proteins The role of these proteins and their movement into and out of the sieve tubes poses important questions for phloem physiology and for cell-to-cell protein movement via plasmodesmata The occurrence of protein turnover in sieve tubes was investigated by [35S]methionine labeling and by the use of aphid stylets to sample the sieve tube contents at three points along a source-to-sink pathway (flag leaf to grains) in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L) Protein concentration and composition were similar at all sampling sites The kinetics of 35S-labeling of protein suggested a basically source-to-sink pattern of movement for many proteins However, an appreciable amount of protein synthesis and, presumably, removal also occurred along the path This movement appeared to be protein specific and not based on passive molecular sieving The results have important implications for the transport capacities of plasmodesmata between sieve tubes and companion cells The observations considerably expand the possible basis for ongoing sieve tube-companion cell interactions and, perhaps, interaction between sources and sinks
TL;DR: In vitro results suggest that CLA and beta-carotene may be cytotoxic to human cancer cells in vivo.
TL;DR: In this paper, a logit model is used to study the cheating behavior of students in two large principles of microeconomics classes: cheating is inversely related to GPA and directly related to the perception of the number of students who routinely cheat.
Abstract: A logit model is used to study the cheating behavior of students in two large principles of microeconomics classes: cheating is inversely related to GPA and directly related to the perception of the number of students who routinely cheat.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the effects of N-fertilizer treatments on N partitioning, and compared the partitioning of labeled N applied at planting with labeled n applied at anthesis.
Abstract: Partitioning of N to grain is an important determinant of N-use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study evaluated the effects of N-fertilizer treatments on N partitioning, and compared the partitioning of labeled N applied at planting with labeled N applied at anthesis. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted with applications of 120, 180, or 240 kg N ha-1 at planting and 0, 30, or 60 kg N ha-1 at anthesis. The mean N harvest index (NHI) of N acquired from fertilizer applied at planting was 0.70, compared to 0.89 for that N acquired from fertilizer applied at anthesis. Mean NHI of total plant N derived from all sources (fertilizer and soil) was 0.74. The amount of N applied at anthesis had little effect on N partitioning, but increasing rates of preplant N from 120 to 240 kg N ha-1 caused a decrease in NHI averaging 0.10 the first yr and 0.04 the second yr. A second 2-yr experiment, using similar N treatments and a small dose (< 1 kg ha-1) of NH4-15N injected into the soil at anthesis verified these results. In the second experiment the effects of preplant N on NHI differed between cultivars; Yecora Rojo was considerably more efficient than Anza at high preplant N rates. Fertilizer N applied at anthesis was found in leaf, stem, and spike tissue 14 days after anthesis and contributed 4.2 to 16.8% of the N in each tissue at that time. Anthesis N fertilizer was also well distributed among structural, soluble, and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase N fractions of flag leaves. This study demonstrated that the early season N environment has a large influence on N partitioning at maturity, whereas N applied at anthesis has little effect on N partitioning and is allocated more efficiently to grain.
TL;DR: In this article, a simplified three-level model for the molecular third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility is presented and discussed, and the perturbation theory-based approach suggests that there are three primary avenues to optimize molecular four-wave mixing susceptibilities and that with each of these is associated a particular class of molecular electronic structures.
Abstract: A simplified three-level model for γ, the molecular third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, is presented and discussed. The perturbation theory-based approach suggests that there are three primary avenues to optimizing molecular four-wave mixing susceptibilities and that with each of these is associated a particular class of molecular electronic structures. The three electronic structure classes consist of (1) conjugated donor–acceptor dipolar molecules with a large secondorder susceptibility, β; (2) even-member conjugated chains such as -enes, -ynes, and ene–ynes with large two-photon dominated susceptibilities; and (3) “charged” odd-member conjugated chaines with large linear absorption dominated third-order susceptibilities such as squaryliums (perhaps, more generally, the polymethine dyes). Classes (1) and (2) have been known and investigated in the past, while recent results of ours suggest the existence of the third and perhaps final class.
TL;DR: A new procedure was developed for isolating large numbers of highly purified secretory cells and cell-free preparations derived from them, which provide useful starting materials for the purification of several key enzymes of monoterpene metabolism.
TL;DR: While mu-opioids in the ventral pallidum may presynaptically regulate GABAergic efferents from the nucleus accumbens, it appears that the dopaminergic input directly influences the vental pallidal output neuron which is involved in locomotion.