Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1994"

Arabidopsis FAD2 Gene Encodes the Enzyme That Is Essential for Polyunsaturated Lipid Synthesis

Abstract: The polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleate and alpha-linolenate are important membrane components and are the essential fatty acids of human nutrition. The major enzyme responsible for the synthesis of these compounds is the plant oleate desaturase of the endoplasmic reticulum, and its activity is controlled in Arabidopsis by the fatty acid desaturation 2 (fad2) locus. A fad2 allele was identified in a population of Arabidopsis in which mutations had been created by T-DNA insertions. Genomic DNA flanking the T-DNA was cloned by plasmid rescue and used to isolate cDNA and genomic clones of FAD2. A cDNA containing the entire FAD2 coding sequence was expressed in fad2 mutant plants and shown to complement the mutant fatty acid phenotype. The deduced amino acid sequence from the cDNA showed homology to other plant desaturases, and this confirmed that FAD2 is the structural gene for the desaturase. Gel blot analyses of FAD2 mRNA levels showed that the gene is expressed throughout the plant and suggest that transcript levels are in excess of the amount needed to account for oleate desaturation. Sequence analysis identified histidine-rich motifs that could contribute to an iron binding site in the cytoplasmic domain of the protein. Such a position would facilitate interaction between the desaturase and cytochrome b5, which is the direct source of electrons for the desaturation reaction, but would limit interaction of the active site with the fatty acyl substrate.

Raw-Material Availability and the Organization of Technology

Abstract: Andrefsky, Jr., William. 1994 Raw Material Availability and the Organization of Technology. American Antiquity 59:21‑35.

The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157.H7 in dairy and beef cattle in Washington State.

Abstract: Escherichia coli O157.H7 was found in 10 of 3570 (0.28%) faecal samples from dairy cattle in 5 of 60 herds (8.3%). Several tentative associations with manure handling and feeding management practices on dairy farms were identified. Faecal/urine slurry samples, bulk milk samples, and milk filters from dairy herds were negative for E. coli O157.H7. E. coli O157.H7 was also isolated from 10 of 1412 (0.71%) faecal samples from pastured beef cattle in 4 of 25 (16%) herds. The prevalence of E. coli O157.H7 excretion in feedlot beef cattle was 2 of 600 (0.33%). The identification of cattle management practices associated with colonization of cattle by E. coli O157.H7 suggests the possibility that human E. coli O157.H7 exposure may be reduced by cattle management procedures.

Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the big five and Tellegen's three- and four-dimensional models.

Abstract: Using about 600 college students and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, three models of personality structure were tested: the Big Five, as measured by the NEO Personality Inventory (P.T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1985), and A. Tellegen's (1985) three- and four-dimensional models, as measured by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (A. Tellegen, 1982). Both factor methods indicated considerable support for, but also some divergences from, the models. We concluded that parsimonious personality models are unlikely to meet conventional goodness-of-fit criteria in confirmatory factor analysis, because of the limited simple structure of personality measures and the personality domain itself. Poor fits of a priori models highlighted not only the limited specificity of personality structure theory, but also the limitations of confirmatory factor analysis for testing personality structure models.

Struggling with human exemptionalism: The rise, decline and revitalization of environmental sociology

Abstract: The emergence of environmental sociology in the 1970s, the decline of interest it experienced in the the early 1980s, and its revitalization since the late 1980s are described and linked to trends in societal interest in environmental problems. We suggest that the status of the field has been heavily dependent upon societal attention to environmental problems, in part due to the larger discipline’s ingrained assumption that the welfare of modern societies is no longer linked to the physical environment. We also suggest that growing recognition of the reality of global environmental change (GEC) poses a fundamental challenge to this “human exemptionalism paradigm,” and thus offers an opportunity for strengthening sociological interest in the environment. Understanding the causes and consequences of GEC calls for examination of societal-environmental interactions, the fundamental subject matter of environmental sociology. Unfortunately, early sociological work has largely ignored such interactions in favor of analyses of the “social construction” of GEC, Consequently, limitations of a social constructivist approach to GEC (and to environmental problems in general) are discussed, and a more inclusive research agenda is recommended.

On dislocation storage and the mechanical response of fine scale microstructures

Abstract: For lamellar aggregates, a small size scale is attained where flow in a ductile layer occurs by the motion of single dislocations rather than dislocation arrays. Analysis of such a case indicates that the flow stress should follow an Orowan-type relation accompanied by rapid effective work hardening. Consequences for flow instability and fracture are considered.

The time interval in the intention–behaviour relationship: Meta-analysis.

Abstract: Intention-behaviour models specify as a boundary condition that the intention-behaviour relationship should be measured over a short period of delay. However, a measure of intention that exists just prior to performance of the behaviour has limited feasibility and practical utility. Using meta-analysis, the present study explores the relationship between time and the intention-behaviour (I-B) correlation in Fishbein and Ajzen's intention-behaviour models. Self-reported behaviours, how intention is measured, and type of behaviour are explored as moderators to this relationship. The average I-B correlation coefficient remains strong over a prediction interval of as long as 15 years. The I-B correlation is significantly influenced by the use of self-report measures of behaviour over time and type of behaviour; however, it is not influenced by how intention is measured.

Inactivation of microorganisms by pulsed electric fields of different voltage waveforms

Abstract: Processing foods with HV pulsed electric fields (PEF) is a new technology to inactivate microorganisms and denature enzymes with only a small increase in temperature. Introduction of this new technology will replace or complement conventional thermal processing methods. It will also provide consumers with safe, nutritious foods with fresh quality. For a given peak value of field intensity and amount of electric energy input, PEF inactivation of microorganisms is closely related to the waveform of applied pulses. Inactivation of microorganisms was studied with different waveshapes including exponential decay, oscillatory decay, square waves, and bipolar pulses. Microbial inactivation was tested in a parallel-plate static treatment chamber. Treatment field intensity ranged from 12 to 40 kV/cm while pulse length ranged from 30 to 180 /spl mu/s. From the microbial test results, bipolar square-wave pulses are the most efficient in terms of microbial inactivation for commercial PEF pasteurization. >

A 20 nucleotide upstream element is essential for the nopaline synthase (nos) promoter activity

Abstract: The nopaline synthase (nos) promoter is expressed in a wide range of plant cell types and regulated by various developmental and environmental factors. The nos upstream control region essential for this regulation was studied by means of synthetic oligomers using transient and stable transformation systems. Insertion of a 20 nucleotide sequence containing two hexamer motifs and a spacer region into deletion mutants lacking the upstream control region was essential for promoter activity. Mutation of one or more nucleotides of either hexamer sequence significantly altered the strength of expression of the nos promoter. Point mutations within the spacer region also strongly influenced promoter strength. Insertion of multiple copies of the 20 nucleotide sequence into the nonfunctional deletion mutants proportionally increased the promoter activity. These results suggest that this twenty nucleotide sequence is essential for the nos promoter to function. Substitution of the nos element with the ocs or 35S as-1 which contain similar hexamer motifs restored not only promoter activity but also responses to wounding, auxin, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid.

Real-time imaging of phloem unloading in the root tip of Arabidopsis

Abstract: Summary Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has been used to image phloem transport and unloading in the root tip of Arabidopsis. The fluorescent probe 5(6) carboxyfluorescein (CF) was ester loaded into a single cotyledon and the entire seedling placed within an observation chamber under the microscope. Translocation of CF to the root tip was rapid, followed by unloading into discrete concentric files of cells. The position of the prominent unloading ‘zone’ corresponded precisely with that of the two protophloem files of sieve elements, demonstrating a functional role of these cells in symplastic sieve-element unloading. Symplastic transport following unloading was confined to the elongating zone of the root with little basipetal transport to more mature cells. Following photobleaching of the unloading zone, phloem transport was restored immediately into the protophloem sieve elements, followed rapidly by lateral, symplastic sieve-element unloading. The results demonstrate that phloem transport processes can now be imaged in real time, and non-invasively, within an intact plant system.

Overexpression of the prosystemin gene in transgenic tomato plants generates a systemic signal that constitutively induces proteinase inhibitor synthesis

Abstract: Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum, var. Better Boy) were stably transformed with a gene consisting of the open reading frame of a prosystemin cDNA under the regulation of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The leaves of the transgenic plants constitutively produced proteinase inhibitor I and II proteins, which accumulated over time to levels exceeding 1 mg/g of dry leaf weight. This phenotype contrasts with that of untransformed plants, which produce proteinase inhibitor proteins in leaves only in response to wounding or chemical inducers. The transgenic plants were also stunted, although they appeared normal in all other respects. Grafting the upper half (scion) of an untransformed tomato plant onto the lower half (root stock) of a tomato plant expressing the prosystemin transgene resulted in the constitutive expression of proteinase inhibitor proteins in the leaves of both the transformed root stock and the untransformed scion, demonstrating that expression of the prosystemin transgene generates a mobile wound signal. These results show that systemic signal propagation in the transgenic plants does not require wounding, and they support the proposed role of systemin as the mobile wound signal.

Pulse evolution in a broad-bandwidth Ti:sapphire laser.

Abstract: We demonstrate that by operating near the zero second- and third-order dispersion point in a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser we can generate sub-10-fs pulses. Our numerical simulations show that the pulse duration is limited by fourth-order dispersion and that shorter pulses will be possible if this can be reduced. Also, by inserting a pellicle in various positions in a Ti:sapphire cavity, we have measured the intracavity pulse duration and chirp of the circulating pulse in the laser. Our results demonstrate that the pulse is shortest near the middle of the laser crystal, in one direction of propagation. In the other direction of propagation, the pulse is positively chirped and several times longer.

Processes of successful intentional forgetting.

Abstract: This article presents a framework, based on directed forgetting and social judgment research, for understanding compliance with overt instructions to disregard particular information. The success of intentional forgetting depends on how one originally encoded the to-be-forgotten information, the scope of the forget instruction, and the type of retrieval task done later. Memory-based processes of segregation and retrieval inhibition can lead to successful forgetting when subjects may forget all of the prior information. However, they are insufficient when subjects must forget only part of it. In this case, one «forgets» (i.e., limits expression of forget-cued information) by altering one's decision processes later. Successful intentional forgetting occurs only when one intentionally retrieves information from a particular learning episode, not when the task does not expressly require this (e.g. implicit memory tasks)

Infragravity-Frequency (0.005–0.05 Hz) Motions on the Shelf. Part I: Forced Waves

Abstract: In Part I, the energy levels of ocean surface waves at infragravity frequencies (nominally 0.005–0.05 Hz) locally forced by swell in 13-m water depth were shown to be predicted accurately by second-order nonlinear wave theory. However, forced infragravity waves were consistently much less energetic than free infragravity waves. Here, in Part II, observations in depths between 8 and 204 m, on Atlantic and Pacific shelves, are used to investigate the sources and variability of free infragravity wave energy. Both free and forced infragravity energy levels generally increase with increasing swell energy and decreasing water depth, but their dependencies are markedly different. Although free waves usually dominate the infragravity frequency band, forced waves contribute a significant fraction of the total infragravity energy with high energy swell and/or in very shallow water. The observed h−1 variation of free infragravity energy with increasing water depth h is stronger than the h−1/2 dependence pre...

Relating the Tellegen and five-factor models of personality structure.

Abstract: With 575 college students, the relationship between A. Tellegen's (1985) personality model, assessed with the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), and the Big Five model, operationalized by Costa and McCrae's (1985) NEO Personality Inventory, was investigated. Correlations and joint factor analyses indicated that the MPQ constructs could be well-organized under the Big Five model, and the NEO constructs could be well-organized under the Tellegen higher-order dimensions (plus Absorption). Tellegen's higher-order dimensions relate to components of the Big Five hierarchically: Negative Emotionality encompasses Big Five Neuroticism and Agreeableness, Positive Emotionality encompasses Extraversion and the surgent aspect of Conscientiousness, and Constraint encompasses the controlled aspect of Conscientiousness and much of Openness to Experience.

Real Estate Returns and the Macroeconomy: Some Empirical Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trust Data, 1972-1991

Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between the macroeconomy and real estate returns. Equity REIT data are used as a proxy for real estate returns; however, the equity REIT returns are regressed a...

Training an artificial neural network to discriminate between magnetizing inrush and internal faults

Abstract: A feedforward neural network (FFNN) has been trained to discriminate between power transformer magnetizing inrush and fault currents The training algorithm used was backpropagation, assuming initially a sigmoid transfer function for the network's processing units ("neurons") Once the network was trained the units' transfer function was changed to hard limiters with thresholds equal to the biases obtained for the sigmoids during training The off-line experimental results presented in this paper show that a FFNN may be considered as an alternative method to make the discrimination between inrush and fault currents in a digital relay implementation >

Effects of interpretations of televised alcohol portrayals on children's alcohol beliefs

Abstract: The model of television interpretation processes introduced by Austin, Roberts, and Nass (1990) is tested in the context of alcohol portrayals, receiving considerable support in a cross‐sectional survey of 154 at‐risk pre‐adolescents. The results suggest that children develop expectancies through an interpretation process that is both logical and emotional, making use of both real‐life and televised sources of information. It is argued that an effective strategy for the prevention of alcohol abuse must help children develop skepticism toward televised portrayals of alcohol use and must address the primary role played by parents as information sources and as behavioral models.

The Importance of Colostrum to the Health of the Neonatal Calf

Abstract: Colostrum feeding is the means by which newborn calves acquire passive immunity to infectious agents. The ability of the newborn calf to absorb colostral antibodies is limited to the first few hours of life. In most cases, natural suckling from the dam is the best method for beef-breed calves to obtain optimum passive immune protection, but in some cases intervention and hand feeding are indicated. The details of when and how to intervene in the passive transfer process are discussed.

A comparison of bibliotherapy and group therapy in the treatment of panic disorder.

Abstract: This study investigated 2 methods of disseminating a cognitive-behavioral intervention for panic disorder (PD). Thirty-six Ss who met diagnostic criteria for PD according to the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: bibliotherapy (BT), group therapy (GT), or a waiting-list control (WL) condition. Interventions lasted 8 weeks and were followed by a posttest, along with 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. Results indicated that both the BT and GT treatments were more effective than the WL condition in reducing frequency of panic attacks, severity of physical panic symptoms, catastrophic cognitions, agoraphobic avoidance, and depression and that the BT and GT treatments were more effective in increasing self-efficacy. Both interventions maintained their effects throughout the follow-up periods and produced clinically significant levels of change among the majority of treated Ss.

A Mutation at the fad8 Locus of Arabidopsis Identifies a Second Chloroplast [omega]-3 Desaturase.

Abstract: Two independently isolated mutations at the fad7 locus in Arabidopsis produced plants with a temperature-conditional phenotype. Leaves of fad7 mutants grown at 28[deg]C contained less than 30% of wild-type levels of trienoic fatty acids (16:3 plus 18:3) compared with more than 70% of wild-type levels for plants grown at 15[deg]C. Screening of an M2 population derived from the fad7–1 line led to the identification of a line, SH1, in which the proportion of trienoic acids was much less than in fad7 plants. The segregation pattern of F2 progeny from a cross between SH1 and wild type indicated that the additional fatty acid mutation in SH1 is at a new locus, designated fad8. In a genetic background that was wild type at the FAD7 locus, the fad8 mutation had no detectable effect on overall leaf fatty acid composition irrespective of the temperature at which plants were grown. However, fatty acid analyses of individual leaf lipids revealed small decreases in the levels of 18:3 in two chloroplast lipids. In fad8 plants grown at 22[deg]C, phospha-tidylglycerol contained 22.5% 18:3 compared with 33.5% in wild-type Arabidopsis. For sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, the values were 31.4 and 44.5%, respectively. Together with information from studies of the cloned FAD8 gene (S. Gibson, V. Arondel, K. Iba, C. Somerville [1994] Plant Physiol 106: 1615–1621), these results indicate that the FAD8 locus encodes a chloroplast-localized 16:2/18:2 desaturase that has a substrate specificity similar to the FAD7 gene product but that is induced by low temperature.

Individual locomotor response to novelty predicts selective alterations in D1 and D2 receptors and mRNAs

Abstract: Rats that have a greater locomotor response to novelty (high responders, HR) have differences in measures of presynaptic dopamine transmission compared to low responders (LR) to a novel environment, including altered dopamine release and behavioral response to indirect dopamine agonists. This study examined the role of three dopamine terminal fields, the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex, in differences between HR and LR. In the first experiment, dopamine was infused directly into the nucleus accumbens (0, 3, 10, and 30 micrograms/side) or the striatum (0, 10, 30, and 100 micrograms/side). HR showed a greater behavioral response to both the 3 and 30 micrograms/side doses infused into the nucleus accumbens compared to LR. No differences between HR and LR were revealed by dopamine infusion into the striatum. In the second experiment, radioligand binding assays were performed to determine if differences exist between high and low responder rats in the Bmax and/or KD of radiolabeled antagonist ligands for the dopamine D1 and/or D2 receptors. There were fewer D2 binding sites in the nucleus accumbens and fewer sites in the striatum in HR compared to LR. High responders showed a greater Bmax for D1 binding sites in the nucleus accumbens than LR. No differences in number of binding sites for D1 receptors were observed between HR and LR in the striatum. No differences between HR and LR in D2 or D1 receptor binding were observed in the medial prefrontal cortex. There were no differences in KD for any of the dopamine receptors in the regions examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Predictive Ability of Social Values in Resource Dilemmas and Public Goods Games

Abstract: Social values, or orientations toward specific goals, have been found to predict choice behavior in prisoner's dilemma-type games. However, their predictive ability in other types of social dilemmas (specifically, public goods and resource dilemmas) is not well established. This study compared the predictive ability of several methods of assessing social values, as well as Yamagishi's Trust Scale and an older measure of trust, the Fascism (F) Scale. Social values, as assessed by Knight and Dubro's judgmental measurement technique, were found to be predictive of resource dilemma behavior; trust, measured with Yamagishi's Trust Scale, predicted contribution to public goods. The trust and social values scales were not correlated, suggesting that they are distinct concepts; however, the social value scales did not correlate with each other. A testable explanation for the results, centering on the nature of payoffs in the different games, is offered.