Washington State University

About: Washington State University is a education organization based out in Pullman, Washington, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Gene. The organization has 26947 authors who have published 57736 publications receiving 2341509 citations. The organization is also known as: WSU & Wazzu.

Atmospheric Dimethyl Sulphide and the Natural Sulphur Cycle

Abstract: ALL models of natural processes for the transfer of sulphur on a global scale1–4 require some volatile or gaseous sulphur compound to complete the cycle by providing a vehicle for the transfer of sulphur from the sea through the air to the land surfaces. In the past, this role has been assigned to H2S and an average atmospheric concentration of 2×10−10 by volume satisfied the mass transfer needs of the models. Attempts to detect the presence of these concentrations of H2S have always failed and, more important, the ocean surface waters are much too oxidizing to permit the existence of H2S at concentrations sufficient to sustain an atmospheric equilibrium concentration of 2×10−10 by volume. Many elements form volatile methyl derivatives; Challenger5 reported that many living systems produced dimethyl sulphide (DMS), and that prominent among them were marine algae. Here we suggest that DMS is the natural sulphur compound which fills the role originally assigned to H2S; that of transferring sulphur from the seas through the air to land surfaces.

Role of Tannins in Defending Plants Against Ruminants: Reduction in Protein Availability

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that tannins defend plants against large herbivores by decreasing protein availability. Digestion trials were conducted with mule deer (Odo- coileus hemionus) and results from previous trials with white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), moose (Alces alces), caribou/reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and elk (Cervus elaphus) were summarized to evaluate dietary factors affecting protein availability. The digestibility of plant protein in feeds with minimal tannins, such as grasses and agriculturally produced legumes and grains, was a highly predictable function of the total protein content and the amount of nondigestible, fiber-bound protein. Digestible protein in plants containing sig? nificant tannins was lower than predicted from regressions for low-tannin feeds. The re? duction in digestible protein was proportional to the protein-precipitating capacity of the plant tannins. Deciduous browse stems collected in winter had very low levels of protein- precipitating tannins and only a slightly lower protein availability than predicted. Tannins are not important in the defense of most deciduous tree and shrub stems consumed by these herbivores. Tannins in flowers and forb, tree, and shrub leaves markedly reduced protein availability. Tannins must be considered in understanding the defensive strategies of leaves and flowers. Voluntary intake of the high-phenolic forages was significantly re? duced below ingestion rates for grasses, legumes, and pelleted diets. It is hypothesized that soluble phenolics that do not inhibit digestion but are absorbed and reduce intake through their toxicity are more important in defending some plant parts against ruminants than are digestion-reducing tannins.

Multiphase Flow Handbook

Abstract: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS C.T. Crowe and E.E. Michaelides GAS-LIQUID TRANSPORT IN DUCTS R.V.A. Oliemans and B.F.M. Pots BOILING AND CONDENSATION S.G. Kandlikar and J.N. Chung FLUID-SOLID TRANSPORT IN DUCTS S. Dhodapkar, K. Jacobs, and S. Hu FLUIDIZED BEDS J.R. Grace, B. Leckner, J. Zhu, and Y. Cheng AEROSOL FLOWS Y. Drossinos and C. Housiadas PARTICLE SEPARATION SYSTEMS C. Kanaoka , H. Yoshida, and H. Makino SPRAY SYSTEMS U. Fritsching DRY POWDER FLOWS G.I. Tardos and P.R. Mort POROUS MEDIA FLOWS M. Dong and F.A.L. Dullien MICROSCALE AND MICROGRAVITY FLOWS A. Serizawa and K.S. Gabriel MULTIPHASE INTERACTIONS G.F. Oweis, S.L. Ceccio, Y. Matsumoto, C. Tropea, I.V. Roisman, Y. Tsuji, R. Lyczkowski, T.R. Troutt, J.K. Eaton, and F. Mashayek MODELING E. Loth, G. Tryggvason, Y. Tsuji, S.E. Elghobashi, C.T. Crowe, A. Berlemont, M. Reeks, O. Simonin, Th. Frank, Y. Onishi, and B. van Wachem ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES E.A. Hammer, G.A. Johansen, T. Dyakowski, E.P.L. Roberts, J.C. Cullivan, R.A. Williams, Y.A. Hassan, and C.S. Claiborn INDEX