Showing papers by "Westinghouse Electric published in 1979"

Reactive Power Generation and Control by Thyristor Circuits

Abstract: Generally, static var generators function as variable reactances (capacitive or inductive impedances) or controllable ac current and voltage sources. Possible methods of var generation and control by static thyristor circuits are reviewed, and new approaches are described in which power frequency changers (cycloconverters) are employed. Oscillographic recordings illustrate the operation and performance of practical systems, including a 35-Mvar arc furnace compensator.

Monolithic glass formation by chemical polymerization

Abstract: Historically, glasses have been formed by solidification of oxide melts from elevated temperatures. Recently it has been demonstrated that monolithic oxide glasses can be formed by chemical polymerization at low temperatures. By the use of this technique, high-temperature reactions such as crystallization, phase separation, etc., which restrict glass formation in certain systems and regions, can be largely avoided. Thus, the technique not only permits investigation of glass structure from a fundamentally different point of view, but also allows the formation of new glasses which can not be formed by thermal means.

The use of the J-integral in thermal stress crack problems

Abstract: Methods of using the J-line integral to extract the magnitude of crack tip stress intensity factors from finite element solutions for thermal stress crack problems are presented. The properties of the J-line integral in the presence of thermal stresses are determined. From these properties a procedure for calculating crack tip stress intensity factors is developed. Also a superposition method involving crack surface tractions is presented for thermal stress crack problems. In this procedure the J-line integral path must include segments of the crack surface. All methods developed are illustrated by numerical examples.

Antireflective coatings applied from metal–organic derived liquid precursors

Abstract: Antireflective (AR) coatings, which are produced from organometallic driven solutions containing oxide constituents in a chemically polymerized form, are presented. These solutions leave a film on substrates which, upon heat treatment, converts to a glasslike oxide film having the desired optical thickness and index of refraction. The index can be varied continuously from 1.4 to 2.4; thus the AR coatings can be fine-tuned for different substrates and for specific wavelengths of light. Silicon solar cells AR-coated by this technique showed as much as 49% improvement in efficiency over the uncoated state. The real advantage of the process, however, lies in the fact that it is simple, well-suited for automated mass production of photovoltaic cells, and reduces the cost of coating application from an estimated $0.20 per W-package to about $0.01 per W-package.

An Optimization Model for Planning Radial Distribution Networks

Abstract: A primary feeder model using small area demand locations to represent nonuniform loads, and feeder segments having variable distribution costs and limited capacities is formulated The solution of problems having 1000 demand locations and 100 substations can be found in a fraction of a second by using a current fast upper bounded transshipment code The problem of restructuring the solution to satisfy other kinds of constraints is also discussed

Notched member fatigue life predictions combining crack initiation and propagation

Abstract: Fatigue lives of notched members are considered to be divided into crack initiation and propagation phases. Apparent size effects caused by crack propagation through the strain gradient of the notch are accounted for if initiation is defined as a crack size within the local notch field. The extent of this field may be estimated from fracture mechanics analysis, with its size being of the order of one tenth of the notch radius. Plasticity effects must be properly handled in predicting crack initiation, but linear elastic analysis is generally satisfactory for handling the propagation phase.

Optical reading system

Abstract: A line scanning camera generates signal information indicative of marks on a scanned document and a selectable memory containing several document formats cause the signal information from the scanned document corresponding to the selected format to be transmitted for evaluation.

Zirconia electrolyte cells

Abstract: The electrical conductivity of zirconia electrolyte cells containing Al2O3 and TiO2 sintering aids made by conventional cold pressing and sintering procedures, and also by the tape process with co-fired electrodes, are compared with the conductivities of undoped material

Magnetostatic wave signal-to-noise-enhancer

Abstract: A magnetostatic wave device having a microstrip transmission line in conjunction with a YIG thin film biased for magnetostatic wave operation at a level where relatively lower power input microwave signals are highly attenuated up to a critical point past which the relative attenuation is greatly reduced. Such devices may be utilized as signal-to-noise enhancers in microwave circuits such as frequency memory loops.

Wind turbine generator system

Abstract: Wind turbine generator systems incorporating a multi-speed pole amplitude modulated type dynamo electric machine allowing efficient operation at consecutive speeds in a ratio preferably less than 2:1. A current limiting reactor, preferably including an inductance coil, and an over-running clutch, are utilized in conjunction with any multi-speed generation system to alleviate impact on a utility grid during switching among operational speeds.

AC loss from the combined action of transport current and applied field

Abstract: The ac loss in a superconductor resulting from the combined action of an alternating transport current and an in-phase ac transverse field is calculated for a slab, and normalized in a form which can be applied approximately to a circular wire. Some results for limiting cases are also directly calculated for a wire.

Circuit breaker with anti-bounce mechanism

Abstract: A circuit breaker with an anti-bounce mechanism characterized by separable contact means operable between open and closed positions and including a cross bar, an operating mechanism releasable to effect movement of the contacts and comprising a link connected to the cross bar, means for preventing bouncing of the cross bar when the contacts are open and comprising a stop member engageable with the length

Portable programmer-reader unit for programmable time registering electric energy meters

Abstract: A portable programmer-reader unit for programmable time registering AC electric energy meters utilizing replaceable program control data includes plural memory locations for programming, time and date synchronization, readout, and monitoring of the coded values of identical data items included in the meter program control data. A visual display provides numerical readouts of the data items including meter readings for different time categories of electric energy measurement by said meter and indication of error condtions. Manual control and a data entry inputs control meter data communication, readouts of the visual display and modification of the data items stored in the programmer-reader unit for programming the meter. Power conserving logic circuits extend field use while operating with a battery power supply.

System and method for accelerating and sequencing industrial gas turbine apparatus and gas turbine electric power plants preferably with a digital computer control system

Abstract: A gas turbine power plant is provided with an industrial gas turbine which drives a rotating brushless exciter generator coupled to a power system through a breaker. One or more of the turbine-generator plants are operated by a hybrid digital computer control system during sequenced startup, synchronizing, load, and shutdown operations. The program system for the computer and external analog circuitry operate in a multiple gas turbine control loop arrangement. Logic macro instructions are employed in programming the computer for logic operations of the control system.

Speed control apparatus for railroad trains

Abstract: A pair of on-board processing units, operating in parallel, are supplied with input signals representing actual train speed, advance traffic conditions, and selected train parameters. Each unit continuously calculates a maximum train speed from which emergency braking will stop the train within the indicated clear track distance ahead. Each unit also compares the calculated maximum speed with actual train speed and emits a preselected distinctive frequency signal or a d.c. signal as actual speed is less than, or equals, or exceeds maximum speed, respectively. A logic network with parallel filter-rectifier circuit paths passes the unit outputs, if of the preselected frequencies, to a two-input AND gate whose output holds emergency braking released. If a preselected frequency output is absent from either or both units, due to actual speed equaling or exceeding maximum speed or to a fault condition in the apparatus, the corresponding lack of an AND gate output actuates emergency braking. Each processing unit monitors operation of the other unit so that, if a malfunction is detected, the operable unit, when input speed signals are within limits, also emits a second signal of the other unit frequency. This is passed through a separate filter rectifier circuit within the logic network and applied to the second input of the AND gate to maintain train movement.

Method of diagnostic valve testing

Abstract: A method for testing steam turbine admission valve assemblies for determining the operational force margins present therein which are used to diagnose the likelihood of valve inoperativeness due to the build-up of frictional forces in the valve assembly is disclosed.

Coherent phase shift keyed demodulator for power line communication systems

Abstract: An apparatus and method for coherent phase demodulation of a binary phase shift keyed carrier includes sequentially processing plus and minus polarity samples of plural carrier segments occurring within each carrier data symbol. The samples for each segment provide a binary coded signal for producing corresponding first and second relative phase angle vector signals. The second vector signals are summed over several data symbols to generate reference phase angle signal vector signals. Correlation signals are produced from phase comparison of each of the first vectors with the reference vector signals. The correlation signals are summed in a synchronized relationship for the carrier segments included in each data symbol. The sums of the correlation signals represent either positive or negative correlations with the one and zero data bits of the carrier data symbols.

Harmonic Analysis and Suppression for Electrical Systems Supplying Static Power Converters and Other Nonlinear Loads

Abstract: This paper is comprised of the proposed Chapter 9, entitled ``Harmonic Analysis,'' of the forthcoming IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power System Analysis (Brown Book).

Support structure for dynamoelectric machine stators spiral pancake winding

Abstract: A support structure for unitizing coil turns into a single member and bracing each coil of a multi-coil stator dynamoelectric machine Each stator coil includes several turns relatively concentrically disposed Each coil turn constitutes two longitudinal conductor portions and two end turn conductor portions One end turn portion serially connects two longitudinal portions and the remaining end turn portion serially connects one of the longitudinal portions with a longitudinal portion of a concentrically adjacent coil Each coil preferably lies in a plane defined by a portion of a cylinder and the coils are disposed in a cylindrical arrangement having a longitudinal axis therethrough such that one longitudinal portion of the outermost coil turn lies along the outer radial extent of the cylindrical arrangement and the remaining longitudinal portion of the outermost coil turn lies radially nearer the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical arrangement A rigid foundation member is situated in the plane of each coil within the concentrically innermost turn Turns of each coil are structurally connected either directly to the foundation member or indirectly to the foundation member by being intermediately joined to a turn already joined to the foundation member The concentric turns of each coil are separated by a predetermined distance through the use of interposed spacer members situated at desired axial and circumferential locations Such coils present a spiral pancake appearance and are cooperatively disposed in the cylindrical arrangement between radially inner and outer supporting structures Appropriately shaped wedges are disposed between selected coils and internal/external supporting members to account for the skewed or spiral manner in which each of the coils is arranged in the substantially cylindrical arrangement Radial tie rods extending between the radially internal and external support members structurally integrate those members so as to insure structural integrity of the cylindrical arrangement The radially external support member is preferably configured to extract load components from individual coil turns exposed at the cylindrical arrangement's outer periphery by either having radially inwardly directed struts extending between adjacent turns or having notches within which the radially outer conductor turns, when canted, are receivable

Tool life monitoring and tracking apparatus

Abstract: Net power consumed by one or more tools, continuously or intermittently is totalized and compared with a predetermined energy limit characterizing the life expectancy of a tool for optimum and safe use on a machine tool. Digital and computer techniques are used in order to keep track of the usage of the various tools within their respective life expectancies.

Cooled turbine vane

Abstract: A hollow gas turbine vane is shown enclosing, in spaced relation, a vane insert for receiving cooling air. The insert has a plurality of apertures for selectively directing jets of the cooling air against the internal walls of the vane. A portion of the air is discharged from within the vane chamber through a slit in the trailing edge which contains cooling pins extending transversely thereacross to maintain the slit dimensionally stable and also induce turbulence in the exhausting cooling air to improve its cooling effectiveness. Certain apertures in the insert adjacent the trailing edge are selectively directed to cause jets of the cooling air to impinge at the base of certain of the pins in the inlet area of the slit to promote turbulence in the air entering the slit and adjacent the internal face, thereby maximizing heat transfer from the slit walls to the air.

Oxidation of high-chromium Ni-Cr alloys

Abstract: The oxidation of binary Ni-Cr alloys containing 44 and 50 wt. % Cr has been studied over a range of oxygen partial pressures at temperatures between 800 and 1100°C. The effects of cold work, surface preparation, and distribution of the Cr-rich second phase have been studied. The oxidation behavior is complex and cannot be described by a single model. The oxide grows by short-circuit diffusion as well as bulk transport through Cr 2 O 3 scales. The scale-growth mechanism includes extensive metal-oxide separation requiring Cr vapor transport to the scale, compressive stresses within the oxide which result in scale bulging and cracking, and the formation of a second oxide layer which results in voids being incorporated into the scale. Any factor which reduces the oxide grain size, such as cold work, finer distribution of the Cr-rich α phase or reduced oxygen pressure, results in an increased oxidation rate of binary alloys because of an increased number of grain-boundary short-circuit diffusion paths.

Programmable time registering AC electric energy meter having electronic accumulators and display

Abstract: An AC electric energy meter includes a metering sequence logic control circuit for receiving pulses responsive to an AC energy quantity to be measured Electric energy parameters are measured by the control circuit as it concurrently registers clock time and calendar data A programmable rate selection table controls variable time intervals for accumulating different parameters during predetermined daily time measuring categories corresponding to different billing rates The rate selection table includes plural rate switch control points defining daily measuring times nominally on a day of the week basis A programmable yearly date code table designates days during the year for still different daily code times The measured parameters are stored in separate electronic registers so as to have coded values of kilowatthours and/or kilowatt demand for direct electronic display in a multiplexed and reoccurring sequential order

Dual capacity compressor with reversible motor and controls arrangement therefor

Abstract: A hermetic reciprocating compressor such as may be used in heat pump applications is provided for dual capacity operation by providing the crankpin of the crankshaft with an eccentric ring rotatably mounted thereon, and with the end of the connecting rod opposite the piston encompassing the outer circumference of the eccentric ring, with means limiting the rotation of the eccentric ring upon the crankpin between one end point and an opposite angularly displaced end point to provide different values of eccentricity depending upon which end point the eccentric ring is rotated to upon the crankpin, and a reversible motor in the hermetic shell of the compressor for rotating the crankshaft, the motor operating in one direction effecting the angular displacement of the eccentric ring relative to the crankpin to the one end point, and in the opposite direction effecting the angular displacement of the eccentric ring relative to the crankpin to the opposite end point, this arrangement automatically giving different stroke lengths depending upon the direction of motor rotation. The mechanical structure of the arrangement may take various forms including at least one in which any impact of reversal is reduced by utilizing lubricant passages and chambers at the interface area of the crankpin and eccentric ring to provide a dashpot effect. In the main intended application of the arrangement according to the invention, that is, in a refrigerating or air conditioning system, it is desirable to insure a delay during reversal of the direction of compressor operation. A control arrangement is provided in which the control system controls the direction of motor operation in accordance with temperature conditions, the system including control means for effecting operation in a low capacity direction or alternatively in a high capacity direction in response to one set, and another set, respectively, of temperature conditions and with timer means delaying a restart of the compressor motor for at least a predetermined time in response to a condition of the control means operative to initiate a change in the operating direction of the compressor when it restarts.

Scrambling system for television sound signals

Abstract: An audio scrambler operates on segments of audio divided from a continuous audio signal to rotate head-to-tail the string of information contained in the segment by an amount which is at pseudo-random between the successive segments. When the segments are compressed to video format, the scrambled compressed audio signals are inserted into an unused line of the vertical blanking space of a television system for transmission with the video signals. The inserted audio is combined with decoy signals, also in the vertical blanking space to increase security of transmission. Concurrent scrambling of compressed audio signals and video signals is provided.

Method of forming sodium beta-Al2 O3 films and coatings

Abstract: A sodium Beta-alumina thin film is coated onto a supporting substrate by forming an agglomerate-free, hydrolyzed sol, principally comprising an electrically surface active polymer formed by the hydrolysis and peptization of sodium and aluminum alkoxides, which is applied to the substrate. The substrate and applied sol are then heated to crystallize the polymer and form a solid film having pores with radii of up to about 250 Angstrom units.