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Showing papers by "Westinghouse Electric published in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A presentation of what cognitive systems are, and of how CSE can contribute to the design of an MMS, from cognitive task analysis to final evaluation is given.
Abstract: This paper presents an approach to the description and analysis of complex Man-Machine Systems (MMSs) called Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE). In contrast to traditional approaches to the study of man-machine systems which mainly operate on the physical and physiological level, CSE operates on the level of cognitive functions. Instead of viewing an MMS as decomposable by mechanistic principles, CSE introduces the concept of a cognitive system: an adaptive system which functions using knowledge about itself and the environment in the planning and modification of actions. Operators are generally acknowledged to use a model of the system (machine) with which they work. Similarly, the machine has an image of the operator. The designer of an MMS must recognize this, and strive to obtain a match between the machine's image and the user characteristics on a cognitive level, rather than just on the level of physical functions. This article gives a presentation of what cognitive systems are, and of how CSE can contribute to the design of an MMS, from cognitive task analysis to final evaluation.

617 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new technique has been developed that employs highly focused laser beams for both generating and detecting thermal waves in the megahertz frequency regime and includes a comprehensive 3-D depth-profiling theoretical model; it has been used to measure the thickness of both transparent and opaque thin films with high spatial resolution.
Abstract: A new technique has been developed that employs highly focused laser beams for both generating and detecting thermal waves in the megahertz frequency regime. This technique includes a comprehensive 3-D depth-profiling theoretical model; it has been used to measure the thickness of both transparent and opaque thin films with high spatial resolution. Thickness sensitivities of ±2% over the 500–25,000-A range have been obtained for Al and SiO2 films on Si substrates.

242 citations


Patent
13 Apr 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a regenerator for detecting, remodulation, and retransmission of a digital data signal propagated in the differential mode over a pair of bundle conductors (12,16) of a power line is described.
Abstract: A regenerator (10) for providing detection, remodulation, and retransmission of a digital data signal (20) propagated in the differential mode over a pair of bundle conductors (12,16) of a power line. The electric power signal, propagated in the common mode over the same bundle conductors, is conducted through the regenerator and provides a power supply voltage (V.) for the regenerator electronics. A series of electrical traps (38, 40, 42, 44) prevent the electric power signal from being conducted into that portion of the regenerator utilized for processing of the data signal. The regenerator also includes bypass switches for bypassing the regenerator electronics when a power supply voltage sufficient to operate the electronics is unavailable.

196 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a four-terminal microelectronic test structure and test method are described for electrically determining the degree of uniformity of the interfacial layer in metal-semiconductor contacts and for directly measuring interfacial contact resistance.
Abstract: A four-terminal microelectronic test structure and test method are described for electrically determining the degree of uniformity of the interfacial layer in metal-semiconductor contacts and for directly measuring the interfacial contact resistance. A two-dimensional resistor network model is used to obtain the relationship between the specific contact resistance and the measured interfacial contact resistance for contacts with a uniform interfacial layer. A new six-terminal test structure is used for the direct measurement of end contact resistance and the subsequent determination of front contact resistance. A methodology is described for reducing the effects of both contact-window mask misalignment and parasitic resistance associated with these measurements. Measurement results are given for 98.5-percent Al/1.5- percent Si and 100-percent Al contacts on n-type silicon.

187 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a novel circuit consisting of solid-state diodes and a biased superconducting coil is presented for limiting the fault currents in three phase ac systems, where a modification of the basic circuit results in a solid state ac breaker with current limiting features.
Abstract: A novel circuit, consisting of solid-state diodes and a biased superconducting coil, for limiting the fault currents in three phase ac systems is presented. A modification of the basic circuit results in a solid-state ac breaker with current limiting features. The operating characteristics of the fault current limiter and the ac breaker are analyzed. An optimization procedure for sizing the superconducting coil is derived.

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The successful conclusion of an intercorrelation program developed in the US Breeder program has provided significant insight on the factors governing the swelling that develops in ion-bombardment studies as discussed by the authors.

136 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the water content of the paper and of the oil is used to predict the changes in temperature of power transformers with a paper-oil insulating system, and the isotherms are obtained experimentally or more easily by combining known absorption curves for paper and oil.
Abstract: Electrical equipment such as power transformers with a paper-oil insulating system have varying moisture levels dependent on ambient and operating conditions. The total water content is distributed between the paper and the oil in a ratio that is predominantly in favor of the paper. Small changes in temperature significantly alter the water content of the oil, but only slightly that of the paper. To predict these changes isotherms showing the relationship between the water content of the paper and of the oil may be used. These isotherms may be obtained experimentally, or more easily by combining known absorption curves for paper and oil; refinement and extrapolation to lower humidity range may be done with the help of theoretical relationships such as the Langmuir, Freundlich and the B.E.T. isotherms and Arrhenius type temperature dependence. Equilibrium curves constructed by these methods are presented and discussed.

123 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the near-threshold fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) behavior in six alloy systems (iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel and titanium) and found that the value of ΔK th, eff was directly proportional to Young's modulus.

121 citations


Patent
13 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a voice-controlled elevator security system is described, where access to an elevator system servicing a plurality of landings of a structure is controlled by comparing a voice signal of a potential user of the elevator system with stored voice signals of all authorized users.
Abstract: A voice-controlled elevator security system. Access to an elevator system servicing a plurality of landings of a structure is controlled by comparing a voice signal of a potential user of the elevator system with stored voice signals of all authorized users. The comparison is accomplished by first digitizing the potential user's voice signal and comparing it, on a bit-by-bit basis, with a digital representation of the voice signals of all authorized users. Various criteria can be established for determining the number of binary bits that must agree to conclude that the potential user is an authorized user. Once this determination has been made, the authorized user can initiate car call signals for those landings to which the authorized user is permitted access.

107 citations


Patent
19 May 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a satellite communications network where primary video signals containing address and command data pulses in the vertical blanking intervals are transmitted to a plurality of local television subscriber systems, each local system is provided with decoder/controller/switcher apparatus to extract the data from the signals and effect control of the programming provided to the local subscribers.
Abstract: In a satellite communications network wherein primary video signals containing address and command data pulses in the vertical blanking intervals are transmitted to a plurality of local television subscriber systems, each local system is provided with decoder/controller/switcher apparatus to extract the data from the signals and effect control of the programming provided to the local subscribers in response to the data.

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review of spatial load forecasting techniques is presented, with a discussion of planning needs, uncertainty, spatial growth character, and forecasting error focusing attention on the essential qualities of a spatial forecast.
Abstract: A spatial load forecast is a forecast of the future locations and magnitudes of electric load within a utility's service territory. Such forecasts are a necessary part of power delivery system planning. This paper presents a comprehensive review of spatial load forecasting techniques. A discussion of planning needs, uncertainty, spatial growth character, and forecasting error focuses attention on the essential qualities of a spatial forecast. The various approaches to forecasting are then reviewed, compared, and evaluated on a uniform basis. Emphasis is on the use of two-dimensional signal theory as a uniform framework for analysis of load, growth, error, and forecast model behavior.

Patent
06 Apr 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the real time actual and reference values of parameters pertinent to the key safety concerns of a nuclear power plant are used to generate an integrated graphic display representative of the plant safety status.
Abstract: The real time actual and reference values of parameters pertinent to the key safety concerns of a pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant are used to generate an integrated graphic display representative of the plant safety status. This display is in the form of a polygon with the distances of the vertices from a common origin determined by the actual value of the selected parameters normalized such that the polygon is regular whenever the actual value of each parameter equals its reference value despite changes in the reference value with operating conditions, and is an irregular polygon which visually indicates deviations from normal otherwise. The values of parameters represented in analog form are dynamically scaled between the reference value and high and low limits which are displayed as tic marks at fixed distances along spokes radiating from the common origin and passing through the vertices. Multiple, related binary signals are displayed on a single spoke by drawing the associated vertice at the reference value when none of the represented conditions exist and at the high limit when any such condition is detected. A regular polygon fixed at the reference values aids the operator in detecting small deviations from normal and in gauging the magnitude of the deviation. One set of parameters is selected for generating the display when the plant is at power and a second set reflecting wide range readings is used the remainder of the time such as following a reactor trip. If the quality of the status, reference or limit signals associated with a particular vertice is "bad", the sides of the polygon emanating from that vertice are not drawn to appraise the operator of this condition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the operating principle of the Solid Oxide electrolyte Fuel Cell (SOFC) and its component composition in the thin layer concept are described and the performance and life test data to 5000 h are presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used dual energy proton beams from a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator in the experiments to determine whether proton beam irradiation offer advantages over other techniques, and the results indicate that this is the preferred technique for reproducibly and rapidly processing fast switching power thyristors with superior characteristics.
Abstract: There are several techniques currently employed by various manufacturers in the fabrication of fast switching power thyristors. Gold doping and irradiation by electron beams are among the more common ones. In all cases, the fast switching capability results from a reduction of the minority carrier lifetime of the host material by the introduction of carrier traps or recombination centers. However, accompanying this beneficial reduction in switching speed is a deleterious increase in forward voltage drop which also results from the introduction of carrier traps. Methods which minimize the voltage drop increase as the switching speed is reduced are highly desirable. One such method would achieve this by introducing the traps or recombination centers into well defined narrow regions where they will be more effective in reducing the switching speed than in increasing the forward voltage drop. Because the proton range-energy relationship in materials is relatively well defined and the lifetime reducing displacements occur near the end of their ranges, the lifetime in silicon can be reduced where desired by the precise control of proton energy. Dual energy proton beams from a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator were used in the experiments to determine whether proton beam irradiations offer advantages over other techniques. This was the subject of the present work. The results indicate that this is the preferred technique for reproducibly and rapidly processing fast switching thyristors with superior characteristics. The experimental procedure is discussed and comparisons are made with electron and neutron irradiated thyristors.

Patent
28 Oct 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a molded case circuit breaker is taught with an operating mechanism which is triggered in response to the movement of a trip bar, and the trip bar is responsive to current flowing in the main terminals of the circuit breaker apparatus.
Abstract: A molded case circuit breaker apparatus is taught with an operating mechanism which is triggered in response to the movement of a trip bar. The trip bar in turn is responsive to current flowing in the main terminals of the circuit breaker apparatus. The trip bar is responsive to electrothermal conditions as a gradual overload increases. It is also responsive to a short circuit condition due to a magnetic reaction between an armature and an electromagnet. The armature is flexibly attached to the trip bar for flexible movement in one direction and non-flexible movement in the other direction so that a short circuit may be accommodated by a relatively small air gap by non-flexible movement of the armature and the trip bar to cause a tripping operation. On the other hand, a wide range of angular movement is available for a high degree of calibrated reaction to a wide range of overload currents because the armature member is flexibly attached to the trip bar in one direction and is held stationary against the facing magnet even after the trip bar continues movement for an otherwise non-allowable increment of electrothermal calibration.

Journal ArticleDOI
H. Schrank1
01 Apr 1983

Patent
29 Apr 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a prepreg useful in flame resistant copper clad printed circuit boards is made by impregnating a porous substrate with an impregnant containing: either a prebrominated epoxy resin or a mixture of a non-halogenated epoxy resin and flame retarding additive containing bromine, and phenolic hydroxyl groups.
Abstract: A prepreg useful in flame resistant copper clad printed circuit boards is made by impregnating a porous substrate with an impregnant containing: either a prebrominated epoxy resin or a mixture of a non-halogenated epoxy resin and flame retarding additive containing bromine, and phenolic hydroxyl groups. A phenolic novolac oligomer having an average of over 2.5 phenolic hydroxyl groups per oligomeric unit is used as curing agent. Optionally, a suitable catalyst may be included. The impregnated substrate is heated to cure or advance the resin to the "B"-stage.

Patent
19 Oct 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a self-supporting pipe rupture and whip restraint system for a process fluid pipe (12) of a nuclear reactor steam generator pressure vessel (14) includes a guard pipe (26) concentrically disposed about the process pipe, and the process fluid effluent from the pipe is contained within the guard pipe.
Abstract: A self-supporting pipe rupture and whip restraint system (10) for a process fluid pipe (12) of a nuclear reactor steam generator pressure vessel (14) includes a guard pipe (26) concentrically disposed about the process pipe (12) so as to entirely encase the process pipe (12) from the pressure vessel nozzle 18 to a terminal end fitting component (36) disposed exteriorly of the reactor facility building wall (32), the guard pipe (26) being integrally fixed to the process pipe (12) through means of the nozzle (18) and the component (36). Under postulated rupture conditions of the process pipe (12), pipe whipping of the process pipe (12) is restrained by the guard pipe (26), and the process fluid effluent from the process pipe (12) is contained within the guard pipe (26). Leak detection apparatus (50) is operatively associated with the annular space (30) defined between the process pipe (12) and the guard pipe (26) so as to detect ruptures or fractures within either the process pipe (12) or the guard pipe (26). The provision of a 90° elbow bend section (52) within the system also facilitates thermal expansion of the process pipe (12) relative to the guard pipe (26) without requiring conventional expansion joints or expansion bellows.


Patent
23 Aug 1983
TL;DR: A combination transformer with a common yoke core was proposed in this paper, which is characterized by the combination of a main transformer and series transformers with separate and complete core and coil assemblies with common core leg or yoke.
Abstract: A combination transformer with common yoke core characterized by the combination of a main transformer and series transformers, which transformers have separate and complete core and coil assemblies with a common core leg or yoke to reduce the core size, weight and loss.

01 Jul 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the recordings from an extensive data measurement effort were reviewed and analyzed to define the nature of the dynamic interaction effects of wind turbine and diesel generators on an isolated diesel power system consisting of diesel generation and an experimental wind turbine.
Abstract: The Block Island Power Company (BIPCO), on Block Island, Rhode Island, operates an isolated electric power system consisting of diesel generation and an experimental wind turbine. The 150-kW wind turbine, designated MOD-OA by the U. S. Department of Energy is typically operated in parallel with two diesel generators to serve an average winter load of 350 kW. As part of an experimental program to evaluate wind turbine generator performance on the isolated diesel power system, the recordings from an extensive data measurement effort were reviewed and analyzed to define the nature of the dynamic interaction effects. The data were collected over a three-month period on the system to which the DOE/NASA experimental wind turbine was connected. During this time, the diesel units were lightly loaded resulting in up to 60 percent of the total load demand being supplied by the MOD-OA in periods of severely gusting winds. In three of the modes of normal MOD-OA operation. startup???synchronization, shutdown/cutout, and continuous fixed pitch running???power, frequency and voltage transients were comparable with those produced by typical load changes on the diesel system alone. In the fourth mode, variable pitch (constant power) control, a significant reduction in system damping sometimes occurred which gave rise to increased frequency and voltage perturbations under gusty wind conditions. Based on a linear model of the system it is shown that changes in control system settings could be made to improve damping.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the defect production in displacement cascades in copper has been modeled using the MARLOWE code to generate cascades and the stochastic annealing code ALSOME to simulate cascade quenching and short-term anealing of isolated cascades.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used polyethylene beads and hollow epoxy spheres as the bed material to study the effect of operating conditions, the distributor plate design, and the draft tube inlet configurations on the solid circulation rate and the gas distribution between the downcomer and the tube.
Abstract: Experiments were performed in a 28.6 cm diameter transparent semicircular vessel with a 9.6 cm diameter draft tube using polyethylene beads (ρs = 0.91 g/cm3) and hollow epoxy spheres (ρs = 0.21 g/cm3) as the bed material to study the effect of operating conditions, the distributor plate design, and the draft tube inlet configurations on the solid circulation rate and the gas distribution between the downcomer and the draft tube. Solid circulation rate was found to be strongly affected by the design configuration at the bottom of the draft tube and the downcomer, which provided different gas bypassing characteristics and resulted in different amount of aeration in the downcomer region. On a fait des experiences dans un recipient semi-circulaire transparent de 28.6 cm de diametre, pourvu d'un tube d'aspiration de 9.6 cm de diametre et l'on a employe des perles de polyethylene (ρs: 0.91 g/cm3) et des spheres creuses de resine epoxy (ρs = 0.21 g/cm3) comme materiaux du lit. Le but des experiences etait d'etudier l'effet des conditions operatoires, de la conception des plateaux distributeurs et de la position de l'entree du tube d'aspiration, sur la vitesse de circulation des matieres solides et la distribution des gaz entre le deversoir et le tube d'aspiration. On a constate que la vitesse de circulation des matieres solides etait fortement affectee par la geometrie de la partie inferieure du tube d'aspiration et du deversoir, ce qui permet de faire varier les caracteristiques du court-circuitage des gaz et done l'aeration dans la zone du deversoir.

Patent
26 Sep 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a vehicle gearshift mechanism for a power-assisted transmission with a unilateral gearshift actuator which can be moved into speed selection positions and into a neutral position is presented.
Abstract: A vehicle gearshift mechanism for a power-assisted transmission with a unilateral gearshift actuator which can be moved into speed selection positions and into a neutral position. The gearshift only has one speed selection position for a shift-up or shift-down, respectively. A respective optimum gear is assigned to the speed selection positions by an electronic evaluation control circuit. The evaluation control circuit receives signals representing the speed and the respective driving conditions of the vehicle to shift to the optimum gear.

Patent
20 Apr 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a microprocessor controlled motor starter is utilized in which the short term temperature differential between the rotor bars and the rotor end bells is accounted for by the microprocessor-based system as a function of operator programmed stall time and locked rotor current for the particular rotor in question.
Abstract: A microprocessor controlled motor starter is utilized in which the short term temperature differential between the rotor bars and the rotor end bells is accounted for by the microprocessor-based system as a function of operator programmed stall time and locked rotor current for the particular rotor in question The latter information is supplied to the operator by the manufacturer of the motor The foregoing takes into account a slight deviation between the shutdown temperature, which should be predicted as a function of the manufacturer's data, and the actual shutdown temperature as expressed by an exponential In the event that the short term temperature differential is exceeded, the microprocessor will enter a TRIP routine causing the motor controller to shut the motor down, thus preventing serious damage to the motor

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the largest impurity-induced deep-level concentration, defined as the electrically active impurity concentration, is found to be a fraction of the metallurgical impurity content of the crystals.
Abstract: Deep levels due to various impurities incorporated into Czochralski silicon ingots during crystal growth have been delineated. The largest impurity-induced deep-level concentration, defined as the electrically active impurity concentration, is found to be a fraction of the metallurgical impurity content of the crystals. This fraction for a specific impurity depends on the thermal history of the sample and the ability of the impurity to diffuse. POCl3 gettering of Ti and V produces a decreasing electrically active impurity concentration toward the surface of a silicon wafer, while there is no observable effect of this heat treatment on the Mo concentration. In the case of Cr, which diffuses much more rapidly than Mo, Ti, or V in silicon, a very significant reduction in the electrically active concentration is observed after heat treatment. Similarly, in metal-doped polysilicon wafers the electrically active Mo concentration appears unaffected by grain boundaries, but the electrically active Cr concentration at or near some grain boundaries is reduced by more than an order of magnitude compared to that at grain centers.

Patent
08 Nov 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a guided missile subsystem including a Kalmanized radar track loop driven by acceleration signals of the guided missile generated by an inertial measuring unit (IMU), and a missile control loop based on estimates of the relative kinematics of the missile and target computed by the radar track loops is disclosed.
Abstract: A guided missile subsystem including a Kalmanized radar track loop driven by acceleration signals of the missile generated by an inertial measuring unit (IMU), and a missile control loop driven by estimates of the relative kinematics of the missile and target computed by the radar track loop is disclosed. The IMU driven Kalmanized radar track loop accommodates the use of a high performance radar, like a synthetic aperture radar, for example, which operates to measure radar data at a low rate on the order of 1 Hz, to generate estimates of relative target and missile kinematics to drive the control loop at rates compatible with high performance missile kinematics. The Kalmanized track loop effects an exchange of IMU errors for "dynamic lag" errors of conventional track loops which cannot be modeled very well, and can change very rapidly. In contrast, the IMU errors can be modeled well, and in addition change very slowly which is what permits the Kalmanization function to work well in the track loop at reduced rates. Because of the dynamic exactness of the track loop, very good estimates of the relative kinematics of the missile may be supplied to the control loop to effect more accurate computations of maneuver commands which drive the controls of the missile. Moreover, the Kalmanized track loop does not let large amounts of angle glint noise into the control loop prior to missile impact. An effective bandwidth decrease as glint noise increases is provided without incurring a dynamic lag error penalty.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical definition for choking in vertical pneumatic conveying lines was refined and presented with additional data, and the concept of continuity wave and cluster formation, which were successfully applied to predict the transition between the bubbling and the turbulent fluidization, were introduced to derive the basic relationship expected at choking.

Patent
05 Dec 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and apparatus for the determination of the weight of a moving vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine is presented, where the measuring means are controlled in such a manner that the torque value can be determined at the same time as the acceleration value.
Abstract: This invention teaches a method and apparatus for the determination of the weight of a moving vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine. The invention provides means for the determination of a value corresponding to the driving torque of the engine, and for the determination of an acceleration value corresponding to the acceleration of the vehicle. The measuring means are controlled in such a manner that the torque value can be determined at the same time as the acceleration value. Furthermore, a calculating device is provided in which one or two values of the driving torque value--determined at different times--as well as values of the acceleration variable--determined at said times--are utilized for the determination of a weight variable corresponding with the weight of the vehicle.

Patent
20 Jun 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a system for identifying a bar code label affixed to a rod is presented. But the system is not suitable for the detection of a rod about its longitudinal axis, since it requires the rod's longitudinal axis to be aligned with the intersection line of the scanning lines.
Abstract: A system for identifying a bar code label affixed to a rod wherein the bar code label including each bar thereof generally circumferentially spans on the rod an angle (the bar code angle) greater than 180° and less than 360° about the rod's longitudinal axis The system includes a bar code reading optical scanner and a rod positioning mechanism The scanner has a light beam from a single source and creates two scanning lines which superimposingly intersect at an angle which is greater than 360° minus the bar code angle and which is less than or equal to 180° The rod positioning mechanism colinearly (or close enough to such) aligns the rod's longitudinal axis with the intersection line of the scanning lines so that the bar code label may be identified independent of the rotational position of the rod about its longitudinal axis