Westinghouse Electric

About: Westinghouse Electric is a company organization based out in Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Brake & Signal. The organization has 27959 authors who have published 38036 publications receiving 523387 citations.

Ground-State Energy of a High-Density Electron Gas

Abstract: The terms of $O({r}_{s}\mathrm{ln}{r}_{s})$ and $O({r}_{s})$ in the expansion of the ground-state energy of the high-density electron gas are studied in this paper. The value of the coefficient of ${r}_{s}\mathrm{ln}{r}_{s}$ is evaluated, and it is found to differ from the value obtained by DuBois. The result of the present calculation for the energy per electron is $E=2.21{{r}_{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{-}0.916{{r}_{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+0.0622\mathrm{ln}{r}_{s}\ensuremath{-}0.096+0.018{r}_{s}\mathrm{ln}{r}_{s}+({{E}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}0.036){r}_{s}+O({{r}_{s}}^{2}\mathrm{ln}{r}_{s}),$ where ${{E}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is a sum of twelve dimensional integrals. Although ${{E}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ has not been evaluated it is shown with the aid of the virial theorem that no reasonable value of ${{E}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ can make the series expansion rapidly convergent beyond ${r}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}1$. Under the rather arbitrary assumption that ${{E}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{r}_{s}$ as well as higher order terms can be neglected below ${r}_{s}=1$, an interpolation between the present result and the low-density expansion is carried out, and values of the correlation energy in the region of metallic densities are estimated.

Effects of thermal cycling on microstructure and properties in Nitinol

Abstract: The effects of thermal cycling through the martensite–austenite transformation were investigated in NiTi shape memory alloys with DSC and TEM. Thermal cycling caused a ∼25 K decrease in Ms with a concomitant increase in dislocation density from ∼1012 m−2 to 5 × 1014 m−2 after 100 thermal cycles. Thermodynamic analysis is consistent with increasing elastic strain energy and irreversible frictional energy with cycling. The transformation-induced dislocations were determined to be shear loops with 〈0 1 0〉A{1 0 1}A slip system, corresponding to the twinning direction and plane in martensite. It is speculated that the loops form during the movement of the martensite interface and that repeated interfacial movement tends to create bands that consist of highly tangled sessile dislocations. These dislocation bands form along ( 0.756 ¯ , 0.383 ¯ , 0.192 ) A , which is 2.3° from the accepted ( 0.889 ¯ , 0.404 ¯ , 0.215 ) A lattice invariant plane. Furthermore, plastically deformed austenitic Nitinol exhibits slip on 〈0 1 0〉A{1 0 1}A slip system and forms {1 1 0} shear bands with several variants of the dislocations within a given region.

The charging of small particles for electrostatic precipitation

Abstract: CHARGING CONDITIONS and particle size are important factors in electrostatic gas cleaning. Particle mobility, the rate at which the particle moves in an electric field of unit strength, is a function of the charge and size of the particle. The minimum mobility and the particle size at which it occurs, are functions of the charging conditions.

On size effects in polycrystal plasticity

Abstract: Two cumulative ‘size’ effects are responsible for the increased strength of a polycrystalline aggregate above the single crystal strength at low temperatures : a ‘specimen size’ effect and a ‘grain size’ effect. The ‘specimen size’ effect occurs when few grains are present in a specimen cross-section (say less than twenty), and this effect is due mainly to the orientation dependence of crystal plastic flow. The ‘grain size’ effect occurs when many grains are in a specimen cross-section (say more than twenty), and this effect results because, in addition to the orientation dependence of plastic flow within grains, internal concentrations of stress are necessary at grain boundaries to cause bulk yielding and subsequent plastic flow of the polycrystalline aggregate.