Showing papers by "Wichita State University published in 1987"
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human thought processes used to discover scientific laws.
Abstract: Scientific discovery is often regarded as romantic and creative -- and hence unanalyzable -- whereas the everyday process of verifying discoveries is sober and more suited to analysis. Yet this fascinating exploration of how scientific work proceeds argues that however sudden the moment of discovery may seem, the discovery process can be described and modeled. Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human thought processes used to discover scientific laws. The programs -- BACON, DALTON, GLAUBER, and STAHL -- are all largely data-driven, that is, when presented with series of chemical or physical measurements they search for uniformities and linking elements, generating and checking hypotheses and creating new concepts as they go along. Scientific Discovery examines the nature of scientific research and reviews the arguments for and against a normative theory of discovery; describes the evolution of the BACON programs, which discover quantitative empirical laws and invent new concepts; presents programs that discover laws in qualitative and quantitative data; and ties the results together, suggesting how a combined and extended program might find research problems, invent new instruments, and invent appropriate problem representations. Numerous prominent historical examples of discoveries from physics and chemistry are used as tests for the programs and anchor the discussion concretely in the history of science.
900 citations
TL;DR: The Interpersonal Orientation Scale was developed to focus on four dimensions assumed to underlie affiliation motivation: social comparison, emotional support, positive stimulation, and attention, and evidence for the validity of the four dimensions was provided.
Abstract: The Interpersonal Orientation Scale was developed to focus on four dimensions assumed to underlie affiliation motivation: social comparison, emotional support, positive stimulation, and attention. Factor analyses basically supported the proposed multidimensional construct. Evidence for the validity of the four dimensions was provided by their correlations with measures of constructs conceptually related to affiliation motivation and their lack of correlation with measures conceptually unrelated to affiliation motivation. Moreover, in a laboratory study, each motivational subscale tended to correlate most highly with role-played responses in a situation affording the relevant incentive type. Future research on social motivation and interaction will profit from identifying the particular incentives that are salient in a giving setting.
362 citations
TL;DR: In this article, free-drift dissolution data and inverse time plots were used to evaluate the stabilities of synthetic and biogenic calcites in aqueous solutions at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure.
167 citations
TL;DR: Results indicated that a majority (65%) favored using the presymptomatic test and would encourage their adult children to use it as well and the need for outreach and prevention efforts to prepare the at risk and specialized programs of genetic counseling and follow up to accompany predictive testing.
Abstract: Huntington disease (HD) is a late-onset genetic disorder that is incurable and undetectable until the onset of symptoms. A marker for the gene that causes HD was recently discovered that will lead to a predictive test. The purpose of this research was to assess the attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions concerning the impending predictive test by those at risk for HD. Results from a sample of 56 at-risk individuals indicated that a majority (65%) favored using the presymptomatic test and would encourage their adult children to use it as well. Fewer but still a substantial percentage of respondents would use the prenatal test (42%) and would test at-risk minors (35%). Surprisingly, knowledge about predictive testing was quite low and a majority of those least knowledgeable about predictive testing intended to use the test. These findings emphasized the need for outreach and prevention efforts to prepare the at risk and specialized programs of genetic counseling and follow up to accompany predictive testing.
136 citations
TL;DR: The impact of religiosity on alcohol use is greatest among those denominations taking a strong stand against its consumption, mainly because religion constitutes a significant reference group for members.
Abstract: This article examines the use and misuse of alcohol across religious denominations. After controlling for standard sociodemographic variables, we find that the impact of religiosity on alcohol use ...
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effect that community setting, relative to other factors, has on victimization and fear of crime among the elderly, and found that the greater the age density of the community (greater concentration of elderly), the less crime and less fear.
Abstract: The central issue examined here is the effect that community setting, relative to other factors, has on victimization and fear of crime among the elderly. Findings are from 1,410 in-home interviews in two retirement communities (age homogeneous) and two age-heterogeneous communities. Victimization of elderly is low in all communities, and although nearly half of the respondents have some fear of crime, the percentage reporting great fear of crime is low. Victimization and fear of crime are only weakly related to one another, and the regression model for each does not account for much variance. But both are significantly related to the type of community, and fear of crime is also related to other variables. The greater the age density of the community (greater concentration of elderly), the less crime and less fear of crime. Living arrangements, sociodemographic variables, and health status of the elderly as indicators of personal vulnerability to crime are not related to victimization, but are related to fear of crime, and effects of community setting on fear of crime are reduced when these other variables are taken into account. Suggestions for other, unmeasured, sources of variations and implications for future research are presented.
97 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Dec 1987TL;DR: A processor self-scheduling scheme is proposed for general parallel nested loops in multiprocessor systems to allow processors to schedule loop iterations among themselves dynamically at run time without involving the operating system.
Abstract: A processor self-scheduling scheme is proposed for general parallel nested loops in multiprocessor systems. In this scheme, programs are instrumented to allow processors to schedule loop iterations among themselves dynamically at run time without involving the operating system. The scheme has two levels. At the low level, it uses simple fetch-and-op operations to take advantage of the regular structure in the innermost parallel loop nests; at the high level, the irregular structure of the outer loops (parallel or serial) and the IF-THEN-ELSE constructs are handled by using dynamic parallel linked lists. The larger granularity or the processes at the high level easily justifies the added overhead incurred from maintaining such dynamic data structures. The use of guided self-scheduling (GSS) and shortest-delay self-scheduling (SDSS) in this scheme is analyzed. >
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the differential effects of insiders and outsiders on corporate performance (as measured by profitability and stock price) and to discern actual CEO hiring practices, and find that insiders are more knowledgeable than outsiders about a firm's specific products, competitors, markets, customers, and employees.
Abstract: Each year, 10%-15% of major U.S. corporations change their chief executive officers. The majority of these corporations (80% -85%) select their new CEOs from outside their organizations. Why do they prefer outsiders? Do insiders make better CEOs than do outsiders? Some of the nation's most respected companies-including GE, GM, IBM, and CocaCola-seem to think so. In his book Theory Z, William Ouchi asserts that promoting executives from inside is a characteristic of well managed companies in both Japan and the United States; the policy provides employees with opportunities to advance within the company and thus creates a sense of loyalty and stability.' Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, in In Search of Excellence, echo this sentiment.2 According to them, successful American companies motivate their employees by providing job security and creating a "feeling of family." These organizations rarely hire managers from the outside. The most convincing argument for hiring insiders has been advanced by John Kotter.3 He asserts that successful managers acquire expertise through long tenure with one company (or companies in one industry). According to Kotter, insiders have advantage over outsiders for two reasons. First, insiders are more knowledgeable than outsiders about a firm's specific products, competitors, markets, customers, and employees. This knowledge helps managers understand a large, complex, and diverse sets of activities and make appropriate decisions. Second, insiders have established social networks-including superiors, subordinates, peers, and others-through which they gain the information and support needed to perform their job. Outsiders must devote a considerable amount of time to establishing such networks. While most companies replace their CEOs with insiders, a small number of companies hire insiders. Why? Researchers agree that troubled companies often need to hire outside CEOs because they are more likely than insiders to be able to alter existing strategies and values that caused the current problems.4 Outsiders are likely to take decisive action to turn around a bad situation, while insiders are likely to be slow in recognizing the urgency of current problems and may pursue the old strategies that are no longer effective. Chrysler and International Harvester recently replaced their CEOs with outsiders in the hope that the new CEO would turn aound their ailing operations. Given the above observations, experts generally suggest that troubled firms hire outsiders to turn around their operations and successful firms select insiders to sustain their superb performance. Although this view has been widely held in management literature, it has not been empirically tested. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to investigate the differential effects of outsiders and outsiders on corporate performance (as measured by profitability and stock price), and (2) to discern actual CEO hiring practices.
75 citations
TL;DR: Time-series analyses of individual improvement suggested that components combined in an additive rather than interactive manner, which differed from predictions derived from cognitive theory.
Abstract: A component and process analysis of cognitive therapy was conducted. Three components, distancing, cognitive restructuring, and behavioral homework, were presented in various sequential combinations during 12 wk. of treatment to 12 women between 22 and 64 yr. of age (M = 41.5 yr.). Time-series analyses of individual improvement suggested that components combined in an additive rather than interactive manner. The mechanisms through which components initiated therapeutic change were evaluated by measures assessing both cognitive and behavioral processes specific to depression. The results of the component and process analysis differed from predictions derived from cognitive theory. Replication with a larger sample is needed. Implications for the practice of and further research in cognitive therapy are discussed.
72 citations
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: This paper discusses a version of the discovery system FAHRENHEIT which uses search templates to represent a number of different searches in a homogeneous way and a search interpreter to run the system.
Abstract: Modeling scientific discovery requires combining a large variety of searches into one complex system. This causes conceptual difficulty and slows development of discovery systems. This paper discusses a version of the discovery system FAHRENHEIT which uses search templates to represent a number of different searches in a homogeneous way and a search interpreter to run the system. Search interpreter generates search instances and executes them, and takes care of interaction between searches. Practice shows that the clarity of control increases and that the changes to each search are much easier in the implementation that uses search templates and search interpreter.
69 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper clarifies the relationship of alienation to the period of adolescence by developing a portrait of the alienated and the at-risk adolescent.
Abstract: This paper clarifies the relationship of alienation to the period of adolescence by developing a portrait of the alienated and the at-risk adolescent. Current research on adolescent alienation follows two converging themes, the socio-psychological, where deviant behavior is viewed as evidence of adolescent estrangement from self and society, and the sociological, where alienation is divided into a series of dimensions for empirical assessment. These two perspectives converge to describe the alienated adolescent. The alienated adolescent is disruptive, rebukes authority, drops out of school or becomes a passive participant, is prone to suicide, abuses drugs and alcohol, and rejects the norms established by family, school, and society in general. Adolescence is a high-risk period wherein the adolescent experiences multiple environments which exacerbates higher levels of alienation. These environments include disorganized or disruptive families, schools that encourage students to become passive participants in the learning process, and a high-pressured pace of life. To lessen the at-risk nature of adolescents toward alienation, society can take steps to humanize their environment. These steps include the intergenerational integration of adolescents, their assimilation into responsible societal activities, providing them with a sense of meaning, and enfranchisement into the decision-making process.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Water tunnel tests have been conducted to study the flow associated with fin buffet for twin-fin fighter aircraft using 1/48th scale F/A-18 models as mentioned in this paper, showing that the LEX vortices burst just forward of the fin at about 25-deg angle-of-attack.
Abstract: Water tunnel tests have been conducted to study the flow associated with fin buffet for twin-fin fighter aircraft using 1/48th scale F/A-18 models. Flow visualization made use of colored dyes to determine vortex patterns, and surface hot-film anemometry was used to study the turbulent energy and the frequencies present in the flow. Configurations tested include the full aircraft, aircraft without fins, aircraft without leading-edge-extensions, and aircraft without wings. Test Reynolds number ranged from 4300 to 12,800, with corresponding Mach numbers less than 10 to the -6th. The flow studies show that the LEX vortices burst just forward of the fins at about 25-deg angle-of-attack. Hot film anemometer signals show that fin surface turbulence increases with angle of attack, and that dominant frequencies appear in the flow when bursting occurs. The dominant frequencies correspond to a Strouhal number of about 0.7 for all speeds tested, and for all angles of attack for which vortex bursting was present.
TL;DR: With efficient use of the inter-PE communication network, each PE requires only a small local memory, many unnecessary data transmissions are eliminated, and the time complexity is greatly reduced.
Abstract: This correspondence presents several parallel algorithms for image template matching on an SIMD array processor with a hypercube interconnection network. For an N by N image and an M by M window, the time complexity is reduced from O(N2M2) for the serial algorithm to O(M2/K2 + M * log2 N/K + log2 N * log2 K) for the N2K2-PE system (1 ? K ? M), or to O(N2M2/L2) for the L2-PE system (L ? N). With efficient use of the inter-PE communication network, each PE requires only a small local memory, many unnecessary data transmissions are eliminated, and the time complexity is greatly reduced.
TL;DR: In this article, a design technique is formulated by which the stabilizing controller can be formed through the controllers of the slow and fast subsystems, and sufficient conditions for stability of the closed-loop system under this composite controller are given.
Abstract: A class of linear shift-invariant discrete-time singularly perturbed systems with inaccessible states is considered. A design technique is formulated by which the stabilizing controller can be formed through the controllers of the slow and fast subsystems. Sufficient conditions for stability of the closed-loop system under this composite controller are given.
TL;DR: In this article, the ink suspension vascular casts were used to examine oviducal vascular changes and the greatest change occurred in the anterior uterus where incubation and egg shell secretion occur.
Abstract: Histologically derived estimates and ink suspension vascular casts were used to examine oviducal vascular changes. Vascularity peaked during gravidity and was correlated with maximal plasma progesterone concentrations. The vascular increase in the oviducal tissue was attributed exclusively to increased capillary densities. The greatest change occurred in the anterior uterus where incubation and egg shell secretion occur. Similar patterns of change in vascularity occurred in the infundibulum, although not as extreme as that seen in the anterior uterus, whereas no significant alterations were noted in the posterior uterus. These modifications mimic the pattern of vascular change occurring in viviparous lizards during simple placentation. We suggest that major changes in uterine vascularity may not be required for the evolution of simple chorioallantoic placentae in lizards.
TL;DR: In this paper, heat capacity measurements between 1.8 and 10K have been made on the superconductor GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+δ with δ ≥ 0.7 and T c ≥ 94.22K.
TL;DR: To determine those factors that predict the duration of breastfeeding in low income women 47 participants in the Women Infants and Children Program (WIC) who had breastfed an infant were interviewed.
Abstract: From 1971 to 1979 the number of women who breastfed doubled whereas the incidence of long-term breastfeeding (over 6 months) quadrupled. To determine those factors that predict the duration of breastfeeding in low income women 47 participants in the Women Infants and Children Program (WIC) who had breastfed an infant were interviewed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression. A combination of 4 variables--age of the infant in weeks at the time of introduction of solid foods maternal report of perceived success the mothers years of education and age of the infant in weeks at the time of introduction of the formula--explained 52% of the variance in the duration of breastfeeding. The best predictor the age of the infant at the time of introduction of solid foods accounted for 32% of the variance in the duration of breastfeeding. (Authors modified)
01 Nov 1987-Graphical Models \/graphical Models and Image Processing \/computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing
TL;DR: The paper approaches the nature of a feature recognition process through the description of image features in terms of the rough sets, whereby the rough approximation of shapes is resistant to accidental changes in the width of contours and lines and to small discontinuities and, in general, to possible positions or changes in shape of the same feature.
Abstract: The paper approaches the nature of a feature recognition process through the description of image features in terms of the rough sets. Since the basic condition for representing images must be satisfied by any recognition result, elementary features are defined as equivalence classes of possible occurrences of specific fragments existing in images. The names of the equivalence classes (defined through specific numbers of objects and numbers of background parts covered by a window) constitute the best lower approximation of window contents (i.e., names of recognized features). The best upper approximation is formed by the best lower approximation, its attributes, and parameters, all referenced to the object fragments situated in the window. The rough approximation of shapes is resistant to accidental changes in the width of contours and lines and to small discontinuities and, in general, to possible positions or changes in shape of the same feature. The rough sets are utilized also on the level of image processing for noiseless image quantization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the friction characteristics between an abrasive belt and a driver and driven pulley were studied and the normal and tangential forces were measured by separate force transducers.
TL;DR: The data suggest that in these two species, the corpora lutea secrete high amounts of progesterone immediately following ovulation and exhibit morphologically distinct stages of growth and regression.
Abstract: From ovulation to oviposition, the corpora lutea of the oviparous lizards Crotaphytus collaris and Eumeces obsoletus exhibit three stages of luteal development: (1) luteogenesis, (2) luteal maturity, and (3) luteal regression. Each stage exhibits distinct characteristics, involving changes in: (1) luteal volume, (2) nuclear diameter of cells within the luteal cell mass, and (3) thecal development. Plasma progesterone concentration is greatest during luteogenesis and is positively correlated with ovarian atresia, although atresia occurred throughout the period of gravidity. These data suggest that in these two species, the corpora lutea secrete high amounts of progesterone immediately following ovulation and exhibit morphologically distinct stages of growth and regression.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an efficient procedure for solving the jet problem numerically in the case of an arbitrary polygonal nozzle, where the geometry is two-dimensional, gravity and viscosity are ignored, and the moving fluid is a liquid.
Abstract: A jet is a stream of one fluid entering another at high speed. In the simplest classical model of jet flow, the geometry is two-dimensional, gravity and viscosity are ignored, the moving fluid is a liquid, and the stationary fluid is a gas whose influence is assumed negligible. The description of this idealized flow can be reduced to a problem of complex analysis, but, except for very simple nozzle geometries, that problem cannot be solved analytically. This paper presents an efficient procedure for solving the jet problem numerically in the case of an arbitrary polygonal nozzle.
TL;DR: This study compared the effectiveness of biofeedback on pubococcygeal muscle strengthening and simple urinary stress incontinence in older and younger women and found that the younger women required less pubococcegeal strength than the older women to controlincontinence.
Abstract: This study compared the effectiveness of biofeedback on pubococcygeal muscle strengthening and simple urinary stress incontinence in older and younger women. Women aged 55 years and older and women younger than 55 years of age were taught Kegel exercises, using biofeedback, for the treatment of simple urinary stress incontinence. Eighty percent of the younger group and 67% of the older group eliminated stress incontinence. Also, the younger women required less pubococcygeal strength than the older women to control incontinence.
TL;DR: Gaussian laser-beam-diameter measurements using triangular and sinusoidal rulings are analyzed and found to be more reliable than Ronchi rulings for the measurement of extremely small Gaussian beam diameter.
Abstract: Gaussian laser-beam-diameter measurements using triangular and sinusoidal rulings are analyzed. The effects of periodicity and contrast are considered. For the measurement of extremely small Gaussian beam diameter these rulings are found to be more reliable than Ronchi rulings.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that assessment of the alcoholic's DRIE scores may be useful in planning and monitoring the treatment of this disease.
Abstract: An alcoholic's relapse to drinking is thought to be related to various interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. Drinking-Related Locus of Control (DRIE) scores among alcoholics, recovering alcoholics, and non-alcoholics were compared in this investigation. Each group consisted of 22 males similar in age and other socioeconomic factors. Results indicated significant differences among the three groups. The non-alcoholic group scored more internally than the alcoholic or recovering alcoholic groups; the recovering alcoholic group scored more internally than the alcoholic group. The findings suggest that assessment of the alcoholic's DRIE scores may be useful in planning and monitoring the treatment of this disease.
TL;DR: The Senoi Semai of Malaysia have frequently been cited as examples in the debates over the wellsprings of human violence as mentioned in this paper, and they have been used as evidence in support of a variety of approaches whose common thread is a view of aggressiveness and violence as somehow innate in human beings.
Abstract: The Senoi Semai of Malaysia have frequently been cited as examples in the debates over the wellsprings of human violence. Numerous writers have employed selected Semai ethnographic material to support assertions that, their apparent peacefulness notwithstanding, Semai are in reality bloodthirsty killers. This assertion has in turn been used as evidence in support of a variety of approaches whose common thread is a view of aggressiveness and violence as somehow innate in human beings. The authors of this article, whose publications form the basis of most anthropological knowledge of Semai life and culture, draw on their own published and unpublished work as well as on documentation from other sources to refute these interpretations. We hold that Semai life is, as first-hand observers have described it, notably free of interpersonal violence, and we argue that misrepresentations rooted in particular theoretical or philosophical a priori assumptions are scientifically untenable and culturally slanderous.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors read short scenarios involving a conflict of whether to sell or lease a business that they inherited, and asked participants to rank points of arguments, for and against to selling or leasing as if they were personally involved in the conflict or were to support one or the other position taken by a protagonist(s).
Abstract: Subjects read short scenarios involving a conflict of whether to sell or lease a business that they inherited. They were asked to rank points of arguments, for and against to selling or leasing as if (1) they were personally involved in the conflict or (2) they were to support one or the other position taken by a protagonist(s). Some points of argument were responded to differently as a function of one or the other orientations.
TL;DR: A novel strategy, which utilizes a microcomputer to reinforce correspondences between subject guesses and responding, is proposed for the study of rule-following and related to previous methodological strategies in human operant research.
Abstract: A conceptual analysis of rule-governed behavior, emphasizing pliance and tracking as functional classes of rule-following, is provided and related to previous methodological strategies in human operant research. A novel strategy, which utilizes a microcomputer to reinforce correspondences between subject guesses and responding, is proposed for the study of rule-following. Results from a preliminary demonstration of the procedures are reported briefly, and possible applications to the further analysis of rule-following are discussed.