Showing papers by "Wichita State University published in 2001"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an opacity sampling model for brown dwarfs and very low mass stars in the following two limiting cases of dust grain formation: (1) Inefficient gravitational settling (i.e., the dust is distributed according to the chemical equilibrium predictions) and (2) efficient gravitational settling, where the dust forms and depletes refractory elements from the gas, but their opacity does not affect the thermal structure).
Abstract: We present opacity sampling model atmospheres, synthetic spectra, and colors for brown dwarfs and very low mass stars in the following two limiting cases of dust grain formation: (1) Inefficient gravitational settling (i.e., the dust is distributed according to the chemical equilibrium predictions) and (2) efficient gravitational settling (i.e., the dust forms and depletes refractory elements from the gas, but their opacity does not affect the thermal structure). The models include the formation of over 600 gas-phase species and 1000 liquids and crystals and the opacities of 30 different types of grains including corundum (Al2O3), the magnesium aluminum spinel MgAl2O4, iron, enstatite (MgSiO3), forsterite (Mg2SiO4), amorphous carbon, SiC, and a number of calcium silicates. The models extend from the beginning of the grain formation regime well into the condensation regime of water ice (Teff = 3000-100 K) and encompass the range of log g = 2.5-6.0 at solar metallicity. We find that silicate dust grains can form abundantly in the outer atmospheric layers of red and brown dwarfs with a spectral type later than M8. The greenhouse effects of dust opacities provide a natural explanation for the peculiarly red spectroscopic distribution of the latest M dwarfs and young brown dwarfs. The grainless (cond) models, on the other hand, correspond closely to methane brown dwarfs such as Gliese 229B. We also discover that the λλ5891, 5897 Na I D and λλ7687, 7701 K I resonance doublets play a critical role in T dwarfs, in which their red wings define the pseudocontinuum from the I to the Z bandpass.
1,090 citations
TL;DR: Changes in body composition can be accomplished in 70-y-old adults participating in a strength training program, as previously demonstrated in young adults, when HMB is supplemented daily.
Abstract: Studies in young adults have demonstrated that beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) can increase gains in strength and fat-free mass during a progressive resistance-training program. The purpose of this study was to determine whether HMB would similarly benefit 70-y-old adults undergoing a 5 d/wk exercise program. Thirty-one men (n = 15) and women (n = 16) (70 +/- 1 y) were randomly assigned in a double-blind study to receive either capsules containing a placebo or Ca-HMB (3 g/d) for the 8-wk study. Skin fold estimations of body composition as well as computerized tomography (CT) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were measured before the study and immediately after the 8-wk training program. HMB supplementation tended to increase fat-free mass gain (HMB, 0.8 +/- 0.4 kg; placebo, -0.2 +/- 0.3 kg; treatment x time, P = 0.08). Furthermore, HMB supplementation increased the percentage of body fat loss (skin fold: HMB, -0.66 +/- 0.23%; placebo, -0.03 +/- 0.21%; P = 0.05) compared with the placebo group. CT scans also indicated a greater decrease in the percentage of body fat with HMB supplementation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, changes in body composition can be accomplished in 70-y-old adults participating in a strength training program, as previously demonstrated in young adults, when HMB is supplemented daily.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, different measures of people's beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning are described along with the theories upon which they are based, and specific descriptive information is provided regarding selected measuring instruments to aid researchers in their choices.
Abstract: Different measures of people's beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning are described along with the theories upon which they are based. The initial theories tended to be unidimensional developmental theories and their measuring instruments lengthy, in-depth interviews. More recently, multidimensional theories have emerged that provide a more complex theory of epistemology. Recent measuring instruments are attempting to address these complexities using paper-and-pencil questionnaires that are easy to score. The measuring instruments differ considerably on what dimensions they measure and researchers are urged to select carefully the one that best matches their purpose. Specific descriptive information is provided regarding selected instruments to aid researchers in their choices. Both theory and psychometric properties are considered critical issues for the decision-making process.
208 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach of probing proximity effects in porphyrin-fullerene dyads by using an axial ligand coordination controlled "tailon" and "tail-off" binding mechanism is reported.
Abstract: A new approach of probing proximity effects in porphyrin-fullerene dyads by using an axial ligand coordination controlled "tail-on" and "tail-off" binding mechanism is reported. In the newly synthesized porphyrin-fullerene dyads for this purpose, the donor-acceptor proximity is controlled either by temperature variation or by an axial ligand replacement method. In o-dichlorobenzene, 0.1 M (TBA)ClO(4), the synthesized zincporphyrin-fullerene dyads exhibit seven one-electron reversible redox reactions within the accessible potential window of the solvent and the measured electrochemical redox potentials and UV-visible absorption spectra reveal little or no ground-state interactions between the C(60) spheroid and porphyrin pi-system. The proximity effects on the photoinduced charge separation and charge recombination are probed by both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. It is observed that in the "tail-off" form the charge-separation efficiency changes to some extent in comparison with the results obtained for the "tail-on" form, suggesting the presence of some through-space interactions between the singlet excited zinc porphyrin and the C(60) moiety in the "tail-off" form. The charge separation rates and efficiencies are evaluated from the fluorescence lifetime studies. The charge separation via the singlet excited states of zinc porphyrin in the studied dyads is also confirmed by the quick rise-decay of the anion radical of the C(60) moiety within 20 ns. Furthermore, a long-lived ion pair with lifetime of about 1000 ns is also observed in the investigated zinc porphyrin-C(60) dyads.
175 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined executive-level volunteers' multiple contributions of personal resources to a national health care advocacy organization and found that participants expected higher contributions when demands from volunteer roles do not exceed desired levels of contribution, interaction with other volunteers is higher, role investments are higher, and motives to join are consistent with organization's mission.
162 citations
31 Mar 2001
TL;DR: This study examined passages containing two serif and sans serif fonts at 12 and 14-point sizes for differences in legibility, reading time, and general preference when read by an older population to find a significant main effect of size.
Abstract: This study examined passages containing two serif and sans serif fonts at 12 and 14-point sizes for differences in legibility, reading time, and general preference when read by an older population. A significant main effect of size was found for font legibility in that 14-point fonts were more legible to read than 12-point fonts. A marginal interaction was also found for reading time in that participants read 12-point serif fonts significantly slower than 14-point serif or sans serif fonts. Moreover, participants significantly preferred the 14-point to the 12-point font size. Font recommendations are discussed.
160 citations
TL;DR: Rubinstein and Schatzman as discussed by the authors showed that the spectrum of the Neumann Laplacian on Me converges when e → 0 to the spectrum for an ODE problem on M. The results of this kind arise naturally in mesoscopic physics and other areas of physics and chemistry.
155 citations
06 Jun 2001
TL;DR: It is observed that in the " tail-off" form the charge-separation efficiency changes to some extent in comparison with the results obtained for the "tail-on" form, suggesting the presence of some through-space interactions between the singlet excited zinc porphyrin and the C(60) moiety in the 'tail-off' form.
Abstract: A new approach of probing proximity effects in porphyrin-fullerene dyads by using an axial ligand coordination controlled "tail-on" and "tail-off" binding mechanism is reported. In the newly synthesized porphyrin-fullerene dyads for this purpose, the donor-acceptor proximity is controlled either by temperature variation or by an axial ligand replacement method. In o-dichlorobenzene, 0.1 M (TBA)ClO(4), the synthesized zincporphyrin-fullerene dyads exhibit seven one-electron reversible redox reactions within the accessible potential window of the solvent and the measured electrochemical redox potentials and UV-visible absorption spectra reveal little or no ground-state interactions between the C(60) spheroid and porphyrin pi-system. The proximity effects on the photoinduced charge separation and charge recombination are probed by both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. It is observed that in the "tail-off" form the charge-separation efficiency changes to some extent in comparison with the results obtained for the "tail-on" form, suggesting the presence of some through-space interactions between the singlet excited zinc porphyrin and the C(60) moiety in the "tail-off" form. The charge separation rates and efficiencies are evaluated from the fluorescence lifetime studies. The charge separation via the singlet excited states of zinc porphyrin in the studied dyads is also confirmed by the quick rise-decay of the anion radical of the C(60) moiety within 20 ns. Furthermore, a long-lived ion pair with lifetime of about 1000 ns is also observed in the investigated zinc porphyrin-C(60) dyads.
125 citations
TL;DR: Most shallow marine sections described from the Lower Triassic formed in mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems as mentioned in this paper, and shallow marine limestones from an isolated carbonate platform, the Great Bank of Guizhou, in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China, provide a unique opportunity to examine a pure peritidal carbonate depositional system.
112 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested the hypothesis that perceptions of organizational politics are more strongly related to job dissatisfaction among individuals who perceive low levels of teamwork importance than among those who perceive high levels of importance.
Abstract: By using regression analyses on data from 355 full-time employees of a customer-service organization in the eastern United States, the authors tested the hypothesis that perceptions of organizational politics are more strongly related to job dissatisfaction among individuals who perceive low levels of teamwork importance than among those who perceive high levels of teamwork importance. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis of the data revealed that the moderating effect of teamwork importance was most relevant at average-to-high levels of perceived politics. That finding supports the assertion that one way to address the negative impact of organizational politics is to try to ensure that employees value teamwork.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the validity of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) in relation to its cultural relevance and examined relationships between career decision-making difficulties and career indecision.
Abstract: This study examines the validity of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) in relation to its cultural relevance. Relationships between career decision-making difficulties and career indecision are also examined in relation to the two cultural groups, American and Taiwanese university students. Structural equation modeling (SEM) shows that the taxonomy of career decision-making difficulties can be reliably measured for American college students. However, the data based on the Taiwanese students has a relatively poor fit of the factorial model. Compared to the America students, Taiwanese students report more difficulties in career decision making and tend to be more indecisive in their career decision making. Differences in career decision- making difficulties between American and Taiwanese college students are discussed in light of cultural differences.
TL;DR: The LATCH tool is a useful identifies the need for follow-up with breastfeeding mothers at risk for early weaning because of sore nipples, and positively correlated with duration of breastfeeding and to mothers' scores.
Abstract: The authors tested the validity of the LATCH breastfeeding assessment tool, controlling for intervening variables in 133 dyads. LATCH scores, mother's evaluation of an index feed, and intended duration of breastfeeding were assessed postpartum and followed 6 weeks. Women breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum had higher LATCH scores (mean +/- SD = 9.3 +/- 0.9) than those who weaned (mean +/- SD = 8.7 +/- 1.0), due to only one measure, breast/nipple comfort. Women who weaned before 6 weeks reported lower breast/nipple comfort (1.5 +/- 0.5) than those who were still breastfeeding at 6 weeks (1.7 +/- 0.5, P < .05). Total LATCH scores accounted for 7.3% of variance in breastfeeding duration. Total LATCH scores positively correlated with duration of breastfeeding (n = 128; r = .26, P = .003) and to mothers' scores (n = 132; r = .58, P = .001). Correlations among LATCH measures ranged from .02 to .51. The LATCH tool is a useful identifies the need for follow-up with breastfeeding mothers at risk for early weaning because of sore nipples.
TL;DR: The structure of precipitated Fe catalysts was determined by Mossbauer emission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies after use in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction in well-mixed autoclave reactors for various periods of time as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The structure of unpromoted precipitated Fe catalysts was determined by Mossbauer emission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies after use in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction in well-mixed autoclave reactors for various periods of time. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis, and Mossbauer spectroscopy showed consistent trends in the structural evolution of these catalysts during reaction. The nearly complete formation of Fe carbides during initial activation in CO was followed by their gradual re-oxidation to form Fe3O4 with increasing time-on-stream. Fe3O4 became the only detectable Fe compound after 450 h. The observed correlation between FTS rates and Fe carbide concentration, and the unexpected re-oxidation of the catalysts as CO conversion decreased, suggest that the deactivation of Fe catalysts in FTS reactions parallels the conversion of Fe carbides to Fe3O4. It appears that the CO activation steps responsible for replenishing carbidic surface species and for removing chemisorbed oxygen are selectively inhibited by deactivation of surface sites, leading to the oxidation of Fe carbide even in the presence of a reducing reactant mixture. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the aerobic fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents with and without mild mental retardation (MR) and found that children with MR tended to have lower exercise capacity, lower aerobic fitness, and higher BMIs than their peers without MR.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the aerobic fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents (8-18 yr) with and without mild mental retardation (MR). Sample size of participants with MR but without Down syndrome was 169 males and 99 females. Sample size of participants without MR was 289 males and 317 females. Analysis was made by gender and age: children (8-10 yr); early adolescents (11-14 yr); and late adolescents (15-18 yr). The 20-m shuttle run test (20 MST) was used to assess field test performance and predicted aerobic fitness. For all age groups, females and males without MR ran significantly more laps and had a significantly higher predicted aerobic fitness (VO2peak: ml $$ kg-1 $$ min-1) than their peers with MR. Additionally, participants with MR tended to have higher BMI than their peers without MR. The results of this study indicate that children and adolescents with MR have lower exercise capacity, lower aerobic fitness, and higher BMIs than their peers without MR.
Book•
02 Jan 2001TL;DR: Performance Based Budgeting as discussed by the authors is the next volume in the ASPA Classics series, which covers the most influential, paramount research articles published on public budgeting and finance and is of great interest and use to anyone concerned with public budget.
Abstract: Performance Based Budgetingis the next volume in the ASPA Classics series. It covers the most influential, paramount research articles published on public budgeting and finance. The book will surely be of great interest and use to anyone concerned with public budgeting, and anyone enrolled in, or teaching, a course on this topic in an MPA program or a doctoral program in public administration, public affairs, political science, or economics/public finance.
TL;DR: It is suggested that challenging the physiological systems involved in balance control while on the nonstable support surface of the exercise balls improves both static and dynamic balance in older adults and may reduce the risk for falling.
Abstract: Poor balance is one of the most common risk factors for falling, a common cause of work-related injury and death. To evaluate the effects of a 10-week intervention program on balance in older adults, 12 participants aged 61–77 years (age = 70.4 ± 5.4 years; mean ± SD) completed an exercise program (60 min, 2 days · week−1 for 10 weeks) performed while laying/sitting on large air-filled exercise balls (Thera-Band®). Several postural sway composite scores (determined while standing with feet apart and semitandem, eyes open and closed) improved (p ≤ 0.05) including medial–lateral amplitude and speed of sway (reduced by ∼9%), and instantaneous speed (reduced by ∼13%). Reductions in XY area approached (p = 0.06) statistical significance and anterior–posterior amplitude and speed of sway did not change. Functional reach also improved (20.3%). These results suggest that challenging the physiological systems involved in balance control while on the nonstable support surface of the exercise balls improves both static and dynamic balance in older adults and may reduce the risk for falling.
01 Dec 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a 10-week intervention program on balance in older adults were evaluated and the results suggest that challenging the physiological systems involved in balance control while on the nonstable support surface of the exercise balls may reduce the risk for falling.
Abstract: Poor balance is one of the most common risk factors for falling, a common cause of work-related injury and death. To evaluate the effects of a 10-week intervention program on balance in older adults, 12 participants aged 61–77 years (age = 70.4 ± 5.4 years; mean ± SD) completed an exercise program (60 min, 2 days · week−1 for 10 weeks) performed while laying/sitting on large air-filled exercise balls (Thera-Band®). Several postural sway composite scores (determined while standing with feet apart and semitandem, eyes open and closed) improved (p ≤ 0.05) including medial–lateral amplitude and speed of sway (reduced by ∼9%), and instantaneous speed (reduced by ∼13%). Reductions in XY area approached (p = 0.06) statistical significance and anterior–posterior amplitude and speed of sway did not change. Functional reach also improved (20.3%). These results suggest that challenging the physiological systems involved in balance control while on the nonstable support surface of the exercise balls improves both static and dynamic balance in older adults and may reduce the risk for falling.
01 Jul 2001
TL;DR: Some of the evidence supporting a move towards technology-based, studentcentered learning environments is presented, supporting a ‘pedagogy of learning’ as the most favorable context/style for the use of appropriate educational technologies.
Abstract: In considering those forms of teaching and learning that most favor the use of information and communication technologies, this article explores assumptions related to technology use and education;...
TL;DR: The effect of ascorbate on doxorubicin efficacy was concentration dependent; low doses were protective while high doses increased cell killing, suggesting tumoricidal concentrations may be achievable in vivo.
Abstract: Vitamin C (ascorbate) is toxic to tumour cells, and has been suggested as an adjuvant cancer treatment. Our goal was to determine if ascorbate, in combination with other antioxidants, could kill cells in the SW620 hollow fibre in vitro solid tumour model at clinically achievable concentrations. Ascorbate anti-cancer efficacy, alone or in combination with lipoic acid, vitamin K 3, phenyl ascorbate, or doxorubicin, was assessed using annexin V staining and standard survival assays. 2-day treatments with 10 mM ascorbate increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in SW620 hollow fibre tumours. Lipoic acid synergistically enhanced ascorbate cytotoxicity, reducing the 2-day LC 50 in hollow fibre tumours from 34 mM to 4 mM. Lipoic acid, unlike ascorbate, was equally effective against proliferating and non-proliferating cells. Ascorbate levels in human blood plasma were measured during and after intravenous ascorbate infusions. Infusions of 60 g produced peak plasma concentrations exceeding 20 mM with an area under the curve (24 h) of 76 mM h. Thus, tumoricidal concentrations may be achievable in vivo. Ascorbate efficacy was enhanced in an additive fashion by phenyl ascorbate or vitamin K 3. The effect of ascorbate on doxorubicin efficacy was concentration dependent; low doses were protective while high doses increased cell killing. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer.com
TL;DR: Results show that an exercise training regimen did not improve the cardiovascular fitness of young adults with Down syndrome but did improve exercise endurance and work capacity.
Abstract: Effects of a rowing exercise regimen on cardiovascular fitness of young adults with Down syndrome were examined. Sixteen young males with trisomy 21 (mean age 21.3, mean IQ 38.8) were randomly assigned to either a control or exercise group. All participants performed pre- and posttraining graded exercise tests on a treadmill and rowing ergometer. The exercise group performed a 16-week rowing ergometry training regimen. Following training, no changes in cardiovascular fitness had occurred for this group. However, they reached significantly higher levels of work performance for both treadmill and rowing ergometer posttraining tests. Results show that an exercise training regimen did not improve the cardiovascular fitness of young adults with Down syndrome but did improve exercise endurance and work capacity.
TL;DR: In this article, a nationally representative sample of college graduates (N =11,152) were surveyed regarding their job-seeking behaviors and outcomes and found significant race and sex differences in job search methods used.
Abstract: A nationally representative sample of college graduates (N =11,152) were surveyed regarding their job-seeking behaviors and outcomes. Race and sex differences among the job search strategies used, number of job interviews, number of job offers, annual salary, and job satisfaction were examined. Results indicated significant race and sex differences in job search methods used. There were significant differences in underemployment and job satisfaction as a function of race, and in underemployment and annual salary as a function of sex. There were no significant differences in number of job interviews or job offers regardless of race or sex.
01 Oct 2001
TL;DR: The results suggest that users do have definable expectations concerning the location of these web objects, and these expectations are generally created early in the users' experience with the Web.
Abstract: This study examined where individuals expect specific web-related objects to be located on a typical web page, as well as compared any schematic differences between novice (less than one year of web experience) and experienced (more than three years of web experience) users for the location of these objects. The web objects examined were: grouping of links that internally connect web pages within the same website, grouping of links that lead to web pages that are external to a website, link to the homepage, internal search engine, and advertisement banner(s). The results suggest that users do have definable expectations concerning the location of these web objects, and these expectations are generally created early (less than one year) in the users' experience with the Web.
TL;DR: Gender differences for a nationally representative sample of American college graduates obtained from the Baccalaureate and Beyond 1993-94 study were examined on the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the American College Test.
Abstract: Gender differences for a nationally representative sample of American college graduates obtained from the Baccalaureate and Beyond 1993-94 study were examined on the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the American College Test, taken at the age of approximately 18 years, and on grades obtained in college at the ages of approximately 18-22 years. It was found that males obtained significantly higher means on the two tests for college entrance and that females obtained significantly higher grades while in college.
TL;DR: A series of compounds of the type [(bpy) 2 Ru(3,3′-XX-2,2′-bpy)] 2+ or [(dmb) 2 as discussed by the authors, where X is CH 2 OH, COOH, COOC 2 H 5, and COOCH 2 C 6 H 5, have been synthesized.
TL;DR: The aim of this investigation was to determine the time course kinetics of HMB and to determine whether oral glucose ingestion alters the kinetics, and to ensure consistency in treatment and results.
Abstract: The dietary supplement, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), has been shown to decrease muscle proteolysis during the stress of exercise and disease. The aim of this investigation was to determine the time course kinetics of HMB and to determine whether oral glucose ingestion alters the kinetics. In Study 1, eight males (32 ± 10 yrs) participated in two randomize trials: 1) oral ingestion of 1g of HMB with water in capsule form (HMB), and 2) placebo. Blood samples were obtained prior to ingestion of treatment and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min for the measurement of plasma HMB. Additional blood samples were obtained at 6, 9, and 12 hr. Urine was collected prior to ingestion and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h for the measurement of urinary HMB. In Study 2, eight males (25 ± 6 yrs) followed the same study design and testing procedure as for Study 1. Treatments were 1) modified glucose tolerance test (75 g glucose) (GLU), 2) oral ingestion of 3 g of HMB with water (HMB), and 3) ingestion of 3 g of HMB with 75 g of glucose (HMB+GLU). Blood samples were analyzed for insulin, glucose, and HMB. Additional blood samples were obtained at 24h and 36h for the measurement of HMB. Additional urine samples were collected at 24h and 36h. In Study 1, plasma HMB peaked at 120 nmol/ml at 2.0 ± 0.4 hr in HMB trial. Half-life was 2.37 ± 0.1 hr. Following the consumption of 1g of HMB, ∼14% of the HMB consumed accumulated in the urine. In Study 2, plasma glucose and insulin levels were significantly greater in GLU and HMB+GLU treated subjects compared to HMB treated subject at minutes 30, 60 and 90. Plasma HMB peaked at 487.9 ± 19.0 nmol/ml at 1.0 ± 0.1 hr in the HMB treated subjects and at 352.1 ± 15.3 nmol/ml at 1.94 ± 0.2 hr when subjects consumed HMB+GLU. The time to reach peak was different (P
TL;DR: The results indicate that pituitary human FSH consists of two classes of molecules: those that possess a nonglycosylated β-subunit and those that possessing a glycosylation β- subunit.
Abstract: Human FSH consists of a mixture of isoforms that can be separated on the basis of differences in negative charge conferred by variations in the numbers of sialic acid residues that terminate oligosaccharide branches. Western analysis of human FSH isoforms separated by chromatofocusing revealed the presence of two human FSHβ isoforms that differed in size. A low mol wt human FSHβ isoform was associated with all FSH isoform fractions. A high mol wt human FSHβ isoform was associated with the more acidic fractions and increased in relative abundance as the pI decreased. Characterization of representative human FSHβ isoforms by mass spectrometry and automated Edman degradation revealed a low mol wt isoform that was not glycosylated. A high mol wt isoform was N-glycosylated at Asn residues 7 and 24. These results indicate that pituitary human FSH consists of two classes of molecules: those that possess a nonglycosylated β-subunit and those that possess a glycosylated β-subunit. Glycoprotein hormones are known t...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on maximal oxygen consumption and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in endurance-trained cyclists was investigated.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on maximal oxygen consumption (.V(O)(2)peak) and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in endurance-trained cyclists. Eight cyclists randomly (double blind) completed 3 2-week supplementation periods (HMB, 3g.day(-1); leucine [LEU], 3g.day(-1); placebo [CON], 3g.day(-1)) followed by a 2-week washout period. Testing consisted of a graded cycle ergometry test to measure .V(O)(2)peak and OBLA, the .V(O)(2) at 2 mM blood lactate. .V(O)(2)peak was unaffected by HMB (4.0 +/- 1.4%), LEU (-1.9 +/- 1.3%), and CON (-2.6 +/- 2.6%). HMB resulted in a greater time to reach .V(O)(2)peak, whereas LEU and CON did not affect this time (HMB, 3.6 +/- 1.5 min, LEU, -1.2 +/- 1.5 min; CON, -3.6 +/- 3.5 min). Lactate accumulation peak was unaffected by supplementation (HMB, 8.1 +/- 1.1 mM; LEU, 6.2 +/- 0.8 mM; CON, 7.5 +/- 1.3 mM). OBLA increased with HMB (9.1 +/- 2.4%) and LEU (2.1 +/- 1.5%), but not in the CON trial (0.75 +/- 2.1%). Blood glucose was significantly greater during the HMB trial compared with the LEU trial. It is concluded that HMB supplementation may have positive affects on performance by increasing the onset of blood lactate accumulation; however, the mechanism is unknown.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified companies' customer relationship-building objectives and practices, and identified specific practices used to build customer relationships, by inventorying the range of relationship building objectives, quantifying their priority levels, and identifying specific practices.
Abstract: A study of 205 US commercial service providers, representing 31 two‐digit SIC codes, identified companies’ customer relationship‐building objectives and practices. Of 42 possible relationship‐building objectives, the four rated as top priorities were: encouraging customers to think of the firm first when considering a purchase; providing better service; encouraging customers to speak favorably about the firm; and encouraging customers to trust the firm. Answers to open‐ended, exploratory questions revealed 18 categories of relationship‐building initiatives. The findings suggest that “customer relationship‐building” means different things to different people and that practices to build such relationships vary considerably. By inventorying the range of relationship‐building objectives, quantifying their priority levels, and identifying specific practices used to build customer relationships, a greater understanding of current practices was achieved. Thus, the findings promise to benefit researchers, practit...
TL;DR: X-ray structural and ab initio theoretical investigations of a non-covalently linked Pyrrolidine complex are reported in this paper, where N-methyl-2-pyrid-4′-yl)-3,4-fullero-poly(n)-pyrrolididine complex is investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the uniqueness of the term c(u,p) of partial differential equations with Dirichlet-to-Neumann map given on a part of the lateral boundary was proved.
Abstract: We prove uniqueness of the term c(u,p) of partial differential equations −Δu + c(u, ∇u) = 0 and ∂ t u − Δu + c(u, ∇u) = 0 with the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map given on a part of the lateral boundary. We use a linearization method and singular solutions in the boundary reconstruction of the linearized equations