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Institution

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

NonprofitFalmouth, Massachusetts, United States
About: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a nonprofit organization based out in Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Mantle (geology). The organization has 5685 authors who have published 18396 publications receiving 1202050 citations. The organization is also known as: WHOI.


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TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the oxidation state of altered ocean crust and estimate the magnitude of microbial biomass production that might be supported by oxidative and nonoxidative alteration, and estimate that 50% of Fe oxidation may be attributed to hydrolysis, producing 4.5 ± 3.0 × 1011 mol H2/yr.

350 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a nonlinear parametric model of a torque-controlled thruster is developed and experimentally confirmed, and three forms of compensation are tested, utilizing a hybrid simulation combining an instrumented thruster with a real-time mathematical vehicle model.
Abstract: A nonlinear parametric model of a torque-controlled thruster is developed and experimentally confirmed. The model shows that the thruster behaves like a sluggish nonlinear filter, where the speed of response depends on the commanded thrust level. A quasi-linear analysis which utilizes describing functions shows that the dynamics of the thruster produce a strong bandwidth constraint and a limit cycle, which are both commonly seen in practice. Three forms of compensation are tested, utilizing a hybrid simulation combining an instrumented thruster with a real-time mathematical vehicle model. The first compensator, a linear lead network, is easy to implement and greatly improves performance over the uncompensated system, but does not perform uniformly over the entire operating range. The second compensator, which attempts to cancel the nonlinear effect of the thruster, is effective over the entire operating range but depends on an accurate thruster model. The final compensator, an adaptive sliding controller, is effective over the entire operating range and can compensate for uncertainties or the degradation of the thruster. >

349 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is revealed that the majority of zebrafish CYP genes are expressed in embryos, with waves of expression of different sets of genes over the course of development, which provides a foundation for the use ofZebrafish as a model in toxicological, pharmacological and chemical disease research.
Abstract: Increasing use of zebrafish in drug discovery and mechanistic toxicology demands knowledge of cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene regulation and function. CYP enzymes catalyze oxidative transformation leading to activation or inactivation of many endogenous and exogenous chemicals, with consequences for normal physiology and disease processes. Many CYPs potentially have roles in developmental specification, and many chemicals that cause developmental abnormalities are substrates for CYPs. Here we identify and annotate the full suite of CYP genes in zebrafish, compare these to the human CYP gene complement, and determine the expression of CYP genes during normal development. Zebrafish have a total of 94 CYP genes, distributed among 18 gene families found also in mammals. There are 32 genes in CYP families 5 to 51, most of which are direct orthologs of human CYPs that are involved in endogenous functions including synthesis or inactivation of regulatory molecules. The high degree of sequence similarity suggests conservation of enzyme activities for these CYPs, confirmed in reports for some steroidogenic enzymes (e.g. CYP19, aromatase; CYP11A, P450scc; CYP17, steroid 17a-hydroxylase), and the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Complexity is much greater in gene families 1, 2, and 3, which include CYPs prominent in metabolism of drugs and pollutants, as well as of endogenous substrates. There are orthologous relationships for some CYP1 s and some CYP3 s between zebrafish and human. In contrast, zebrafish have 47 CYP2 genes, compared to 16 in human, with only two (CYP2R1 and CYP2U1) recognized as orthologous based on sequence. Analysis of shared synteny identified CYP2 gene clusters evolutionarily related to mammalian CYP2 s, as well as unique clusters. Transcript profiling by microarray and quantitative PCR revealed that the majority of zebrafish CYP genes are expressed in embryos, with waves of expression of different sets of genes over the course of development. Transcripts of some CYP occur also in oocytes. The results provide a foundation for the use of zebrafish as a model in toxicological, pharmacological and chemical disease research.

349 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a volumetric census of the temperature-salinity characteristics of the North Atlantic by Wright and Worthington (1970) shows that waters characterized by certain segments of the T-S relationships have large volumes compared to those of other segments: the mode waters appear as layers with increased vertical separation between isopycnals-pycnostads.
Abstract: The warm waters of the subtropical and subpolar basins of the North Atlantic have tight regional temperature-salinity relationships, and are conventionally called the regional “Central Waters.” A volumetric census of the temperature-salinity characteristics of the North Atlantic by Wright and Worthington (1970) shows that waters characterized by certain segments of the T-S relationships have large volumes compared to those of other segments: volumetric “Mode Waters.” Such Mode Waters appear as layers with increased vertical separation between isopycnals-pycnostads. The present study reports on the existence of pycnostads in the central and eastern North Atlantic. These Subpolar Mode Waters are formed by deep winter convection in the subpolar North Atlantic, and participate in the upper water circulation of the northern North Atlantic. The seasonal outcropping of the pycnostads occurs within and adjacent to the North Atlantic Current, the Irminger Current, the East and West Greenland Currents, and...

349 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds satellite data were validated by comparing with wind and wave data from ocean buoys, and the effects of oceanographic and atmospheric environment on scatterometer measurements were also assessed using the buoy data.
Abstract: Wind vectors observed by the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds satellite mission are validated by comparing with wind and wave data from ocean buoys. Effects of oceanographic and atmospheric environment on scatterometer measurements are also assessed using the buoy data. Three versions of QuikSCAT/SeaWinds wind data were collocated with buoy observations operated by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO), and Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) projects, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Only buoys located offshore and in deep water were analyzed. The temporal and spatial differences between the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds and buoy observations were limited to less than 30 min and 25 km. The buoy wind speeds were converted to equivalent neutral winds at a height of 10 m above the sea surface. The comparisons show that the wind speeds and directions observed by QuikSCAT/SeaWinds agree well with the buoy data. The root-mean-squared differences of the wind speed and direction for the standard wind data products are 1.01 m s - 1 and 23°, respectively, while no significant dependencies on the wind speed or cross-track cell location are discernible. Inaddition, the dependencies of wind speed residuals on oceanographic and atmospheric parameters observed by buoys are examined using the collocated data. A weak positive correlation of the wind speed residuals with the significant wave height is found, while dependencies on the sea surface temperature or atmospheric stability are not physically significant.

347 citations


Authors

Showing all 5752 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Roberto Romero1511516108321
Jerry M. Melillo13438368894
Timothy J. Mitchison13340466418
Xiaoou Tang13255394555
Jillian F. Banfield12756260687
Matthew Jones125116196909
Rodolfo R. Llinás12038652828
Ronald D. Vale11734249020
Scott C. Doney11140659218
Alan G. Marshall107106046904
Peter K. Smith10785549174
Donald E. Canfield10529843270
Edward F. DeLong10226242794
Eric A. Davidson10128145511
Gary G. Borisy10124838195
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202357
2022126
2021712
2020701
2019737
2018612