Institution
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Nonprofit•Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States•
About: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a nonprofit organization based out in Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Mantle (geology). The organization has 5685 authors who have published 18396 publications receiving 1202050 citations. The organization is also known as: WHOI.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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TL;DR: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk algorithm was published in 1996, and it has become one of the most frequently used algorithms in the air-sea interaction community.
Abstract: In 1996, version 2.5 of the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk algorithm was published, and it has become one of the most frequently used algorithms in the air–sea interaction community. This paper describes steps taken to improve the algorithm in several ways. The number of iterations to solve for stability has been shortened from 20 to 3, and adjustments have been made to the basic profile stability functions. The scalar transfer coefficients have been redefined in terms of the mixing ratio, which is the fundamentally conserved quantity, rather than the measured water vapor mass concentration. Both the velocity and scalar roughness lengths have been changed. For the velocity roughness, the original fixed value of the Charnock parameter has been replaced by one that increases with wind speeds of between 10 and 18 m s−1. The scalar roughness length parameterization has been simplified to fit both an early set of NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) experiments and...
2,097 citations
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TL;DR: The Cariaco Basin record exhibits strong correlations with climate records from distant regions, including the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, providing evidence for global teleconnections among regional climates.
Abstract: Titanium and iron concentration data from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, off the Venezuelan coast, can be used to infer variations in the hydrological cycle over northern South America during the past 14,000 years with subdecadal resolution. Following a dry Younger Dryas, a period of increased precipitation and riverine discharge occurred during the Holocene “thermal maximum.” Since ∼5400 years ago, a trend toward drier conditions is evident from the data, with high-amplitude fluctuations and precipitation minima during the time interval 3800 to 2800 years ago and during the “Little Ice Age.” These regional changes in precipitation are best explained by shifts in the mean latitude of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), potentially driven by Pacific-based climate variability. The Cariaco Basin record exhibits strong correlations with climate records from distant regions, including the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, providing evidence for global teleconnections among regional climates.
2,032 citations
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University of Washington1, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee2, École Normale Supérieure3, University of British Columbia4, University of Wisconsin-Madison5, Princeton University6, Martek Biosciences Corporation7, University of California, Santa Barbara8, University of Melbourne9, University of California, San Diego10, Sandia National Laboratories11, University of California, Santa Cruz12, University of Regensburg13, Oak Ridge National Laboratory14, University of Hull15, Joint Genome Institute16, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic17, University of Massachusetts Medical School18, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution19, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research20, San Francisco State University21, University of California, Berkeley22
TL;DR: The 34 million-base-pair draft nuclear genome of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and its 129 thousand-base pair plastid and 44 thousand base-pair mitochondrial genomes were reported in this article.
Abstract: Diatoms are unicellular algae with plastids acquired by secondary endosymbiosis. They are responsible for approximately 20% of global carbon fixation. We report the 34 million-base pair draft nuclear genome of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and its 129 thousand-base pair plastid and 44 thousand-base pair mitochondrial genomes. Sequence and optical restriction mapping revealed 24 diploid nuclear chromosomes. We identified novel genes for silicic acid transport and formation of silica-based cell walls, high-affinity iron uptake, biosynthetic enzymes for several types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, use of a range of nitrogenous compounds, and a complete urea cycle, all attributes that allow diatoms to prosper in aquatic environments.
1,945 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the various physical processes relating near-surface atmospheric and oceanographic bulk variables ; their relationship to the surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat ; and their expression in a bulk flux algorithm.
Abstract: This paper describes the various physical processes relating near-surface atmospheric and oceanographic bulk variables ; their relationship to the surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat ; and their expression in a bulk flux algorithm. The algorithm follows the standard Monin-Obukhov similarity approach for near-surface meteorological measurements but includes separate models for the ocean's cool skin and the diurnal warm layer, which are used to derive true skin temperature from the bulk temperature measured at some depth near the surface. The basic structure is an outgrowth of the Liu-Katsaros-Businger [Liu et al., 1979] method, with modifications to include a different specification of the roughness/stress relationship, a gustiness velocity to account for the additional flux induced by boundary layer scale variability, and profile functions obeying the convective limit. Additionally, we have considered the contributions of the sensible heat carried by precipitation and the requirement that the net dry mass flux be zero (the so-called Webb correction [Webb et al., 1980]). The algorithm has been tuned to fit measurements made on the R/V Moana Wave in the three different cruise legs made during the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. These measurements yielded 1622 fifty-min averages of fluxes and bulk variables in the wind speed range from 0.5 to 10 m s -1 . The analysis gives statistically reliable values for the Charnock [1955] constant (a = 0.011) and the gustiness parameter (β = 1.25). An overall mean value for the latent heat flux, neutral bulk-transfer coefficient was 1.11 x 10 -3 , declining slightly with increasing wind speed. Mean values for the sensible and latent heat fluxes were 9.1 and 103.5 W m -2 ; mean values for the Webb and rain heat fluxes were 2.5 and 4.5 W m -2 . Accounting for all factors, the net surface heat transfer to the ocean was 17.9 ± 10 W m -2 .
1,924 citations
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University of East Anglia1, British Antarctic Survey2, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation3, Oak Ridge National Laboratory4, Centre national de la recherche scientifique5, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration6, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution7, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory8, University of Bristol9, Purdue University10, University of Sheffield11, Princeton University12, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University13, National Institute for Space Research14, University of Oslo15, University of California, Irvine16, University of Montana17, University of Leeds18, Columbia University19, VU University Amsterdam20
TL;DR: In the past 50 years, the fraction of CO2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere each year has likely increased, from about 40% to 45%, and models suggest that this trend was caused by a decrease in the uptake of CO 2 by the carbon sinks in response to climate change and variability as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Efforts to control climate change require the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This can only be achieved through a drastic reduction of global CO2 emissions. Yet fossil fuel emissions increased by 29% between 2000 and 2008, in conjunction with increased contributions from emerging economies, from the production and international trade of goods and services, and from the use of coal as a fuel source. In contrast, emissions from land-use changes were nearly constant. Between 1959 and 2008, 43% of each year's CO2 emissions remained in the atmosphere on average; the rest was absorbed by carbon sinks on land and in the oceans. In the past 50 years, the fraction of CO2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere each year has likely increased, from about 40% to 45%, and models suggest that this trend was caused by a decrease in the uptake of CO2 by the carbon sinks in response to climate change and variability. Changes in the CO2 sinks are highly uncertain, but they could have a significant influence on future atmospheric CO2 levels. It is therefore crucial to reduce the uncertainties.
1,909 citations
Authors
Showing all 5752 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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Roberto Romero | 151 | 1516 | 108321 |
Jerry M. Melillo | 134 | 383 | 68894 |
Timothy J. Mitchison | 133 | 404 | 66418 |
Xiaoou Tang | 132 | 553 | 94555 |
Jillian F. Banfield | 127 | 562 | 60687 |
Matthew Jones | 125 | 1161 | 96909 |
Rodolfo R. Llinás | 120 | 386 | 52828 |
Ronald D. Vale | 117 | 342 | 49020 |
Scott C. Doney | 111 | 406 | 59218 |
Alan G. Marshall | 107 | 1060 | 46904 |
Peter K. Smith | 107 | 855 | 49174 |
Donald E. Canfield | 105 | 298 | 43270 |
Edward F. DeLong | 102 | 262 | 42794 |
Eric A. Davidson | 101 | 281 | 45511 |
Gary G. Borisy | 101 | 248 | 38195 |