Showing papers by "World Health Organization published in 1982"
286 citations
TL;DR: Cold-recombinant strains of influenza virus were derived at 25 C using an attenuated cold-adapted and temperature-sensitive (ts) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) strain and wild-type (wt) strains of epidemic relevance to characterize the cold recombinants in ferrets.
Abstract: Cold-recombinant strains of influenza virus were derived at 25 C using an attenuated cold-adapted (ca) and temperature-sensitive (ts) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) strain and wild-type (wt) strains of epidemic relevance. The cold recombinants were characterized in ferrets in terms of clinical manifestations, viral titers, and histopathologic lesions in turbinates and lungs. The data in ferrets showed that cold recombinants with six genes derived from the ca "master" strain and the two surface antigens of the wt parent strain were predictably attenuated and genetically stable. Attenuation of recombinants with an additional gene derived from the wt parent was less predictable. Recombinants possessing the nonstructural gene of the wt parent showed some reactogenicity at high doses, whereas cold recombinants with RNA 2 from the wt parent did not. A recombinant strain possessing RNA 7 of the wt parent showed reversion to the ts+ phenotype but remained attenuated. Similar results were obtained from testing the recombinants in humans.
114 citations
TL;DR: The morphometric indices revealed significant differences among all 48-hour secretory phase periods except days LH +7 to LH +10, and the glandular diameter was positively correlated with proliferative phase E 2 levels and withsecretory phase P levels; the latter were negatively correlated with stromal mitoses.
103 citations
TL;DR: CMOA, although absent in normal CSF, can appear in CSF during acute bacterial meningitis, particularly in patients who recover completely, and is correlated with protein concentrations and microorganisms in the sample of CSF collected at the time of admission.
Abstract: A local defense mechanism in bacterial meningitis was evaluated in humans by measuring complement-mediated opsonic activity (CMOA) in normal and infected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with a complement-dependent phagocytic bactericidal assay. CMOA was absent in normal untreated CSF and remained undetectable in 20 samples of CSF from patients with viral meningitis and five samples from patients with acute meningococcemia. In contrast, 15 of 27 samples of CSF from patients with acute bacterial meningitis had a measurable CMOA, which was correlated with protein concentrations (P less than 0.01) and C4 hemolytic activity (P less than 0.001) in the CSF. A favorable outcome of bacterial meningitis was associated with the presence of CMOA in CSF (P less than 0.005). Recovery was also correlated with higher levels of C4 (P less than 0.01) and C3 (P less than 0.05) in CSF and with lower concentrations of microorganisms in the sample of CSF collected at the time of admission (P less than 0.01). Thus, CMOA, although absent in normal CSF, can appear in CSF during acute bacterial meningitis, particularly in patients who recover completely.
101 citations
TL;DR: There was a significant naloxone-associated reduction in overall physician-rated symptoms in schizophrenic patients concurrently treated with neuroleptic medication but not in medication-free schizophrenics, while self-ratings of auditory hallucinations showed improvement only in Neuroleptic-treated schizophrenics.
Abstract: • A double-blind study of the behavioral effects of short-term naloxone hydrochloride administration was performed in 32 schizophrenic and 26 manic patients in a World Health Organization collaborative project. There was a significant naloxoneassociated reduction in overall physician-rated symptoms in schizophrenic patients concurrently treated with neuroleptic medication (N = 19) but not in medication-free schizophrenics (N = 13). Physician ratings of auditory hallucinations showed significant naloxone-associated improvement for the total schizophrenic population, while self-ratings of auditory hallucinations showed improvement only in neuroleptic-treated schizophrenics. While further studies are needed to delineate these effects as to clinical significance, they may bear etiological implications for the psychobiology of schizophrenia, including the possibility of synergistic effects of dopamine and endorphin blockade. Naloxone produced no significant behavioral effects in manic patients. These findings are discussed with relationship to the hypotheses of endorphin involvement in schizophrenia and mania.
99 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that there was good agreement in the patterns and mean concentrations of metabolites between the centres and estrone-3-glucuronide should be the estrogen glucuronide selected for further study and the analysis of EMU provided information that was as useful as the corresponding measurements on pooled collections for 24 h.
80 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that serotype cannot be deduced from RNA migration patterns, anddegrees of polymorphism have been observed within each of three known human rotavirus serotypes.
Abstract: The genome of human rotaviruses is composed of 11 segments of double stranded RNA. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the genomic RNA from a number of strains of the same serotype has demonstrated a significant polymorphism in the migration pattern. However, two strains differing from each other in serotype were found to have apparently identical RNA migration patterns. It is concluded that serotype cannot be deduced from RNA migration patterns. Degrees of polymorphism have been observed within each of three known human rotavirus serotypes.
72 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that greater consideration be given to the benefits and risks of including progestogen-only oral contraceptives in the family planning programmes of some countries.
64 citations
TL;DR: A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing six combined oral contraceptives with 50 micrograms or less of ethinyl estradiol demonstrated equivalent efficiency with one-year pregnancy rates of one to six percent but discontinuation rates for medical reasons differed significantly between the treatment groups.
40 citations
TL;DR: Host responses to A. lumbricoides are brisk during the larval migratory stage in which hypersensitivity reactions may become clinically manifest, whereas people are rather tolerant of intestinal infections with adult worms.
Abstract: Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans. Daily global contamination of the soil by A. lumbricoides eggs is enormous (approximately 9 x 10(14) eggs/day). Physical factors, particularly temperature and moisture, are critical in determining the maturation of eggs to the infective stage and their survival. Transmission of the infection to humans, on the other hand, depends more on various socioeconomic factors. In theory, ascariasis is preventable; it is indeed on the way to disappearing completely in developed societies where there is a high standard of sanitation. Ascariasis remains a problem in developing countries, however, where methods of disposal of human excreta are inadequate. The intensity of invasion is regulated by specific and nonspecific responses of the host to migrating A. lumbricoides larvae. Whether or not ascariasis becomes symptomatic depends on the intensity of the infection, the nutritional and immunologic status of the host, and the possible complications that may arise. Host responses to A. lumbricoides are brisk during the larval migratory stage in which hypersensitivity reactions may become clinically manifest, whereas people are rather tolerant of intestinal infections with adult worms. The role of ascariasis in the prevalence of allergic asthma still remains unclear. Complications due to migration of adult worms into the biliary duct system and to intestinal obstructions are the major causes of acute morbidity and mortality in ascariasis.
39 citations
TL;DR: A comparative pharmacological pilot study of the monthly injectable contraceptive CycloProvera was carried out in 11 women in four centres, with no significant differences in the results between the centres except that the injection-bleeding interval appeared to be shorter in Swedish women than in those in Havana and Mexico.
TL;DR: It is suggested that, in addition to the previously described effects of prolactin on Leydig cell responsiveness to LH and on androgen metabolism, this hormone could also modify peripheral LH and androgen levels as well as the androgen receptor content in the rat prostate gland.
Abstract: Five groups of immature (30-day-old) intact male rats were injected daily for ten days with different doses of ovine prolactin (5, 10, 25, 50, or 500 μg per rat per day). At the end of the treatment period, the animals were killed, serum was collected for LH and androgens measurements and weights of testes, prostates, and epididymides were recorded. Available and exchangeable cytoplasmic and total nuclear KC1-extractable androgen binding sites in the prostate gland were determined using the synthetic androgen R1881 as radioligand.
A significant increase in the weights of testes and accessory reproductive glands was observed with the highest dose injected (500 μg per rat per day) as follows: testes, 583 ± 21 (SEM) versus 448 ± 38 mg (P <0.05); prostate, 80.0 ± 4.0 versus 64.7 ± 3.1 mg (P <0.05); epididymis, 72.1 ± 5.0 versus 58.2 ± 4.0 mg (P <0.05). Serum levels of LH were significantly higher in prolactin-treated animals. Maximal values of serum LH were attained with the dose of 50 μg (99.0 ± 11.2 versus 32.0 ± 4.6 ng/ml; P < 0.05).
Increasing doses of prolactin produced a concomitant rise in serum 3α-androstanediol (2.21 ± 0.45 versus 6.63 ± 0.42 ng/ml in the group treated with 50 μg), whereas testosterone plus dihydrotestosterone levels remained unchanged.
A decrease in the concentration of exchangeable cytosolic androgen binding sites in the prostate (fmoleslmg protein) was observed in prolactin injected animals (88.2 ± 0.8 in the control group versus 80.6 ± 0.3 and 74.9 ± 0.3 for doses of 5 and 50 μg, respectively; P <0.05). No changes in androgen binding sites were detected in the group treated with 500 μg per rat per day. On the other hand, prolactin treatment did not alter the number of available androgen binding sites in the prostate gland. Increasing doses of prolactin induced a dose-related increase in the total number of nuclear KC1-extractable receptors, expressed per mg DNA or per organ. In addition, the total content of androgen receptors (cytosolic plus nuclear binding sites) was significantly higher in animals treated with 500 μg of prolactin (385 ± 34 versus 228 ± 37 fmoles per organ; P < 0.05).
These results suggest that, in addition to the previously described effects of prolactin on Leydig cell responsiveness to LH and on androgen metabolism, this hormone could also modify peripheral LH and androgen levels as well as the androgen receptor content in the rat prostate gland.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine with its type 9N does not induce a satisfactory anti-type 9V response and should contain additional components in order to achieve greater protection against group 9 organisms.
Abstract: Group 9 organisms (types 9N, 9A, 9L, and 9V) account for about 3 to 4% of pneumococcal disease isolates throughout the world. Types 9N and 9V comprise about 90% of the group 9 disease isolates. Type 9N is more common than type 9V in adults, and type 9V predominates in infants and children. In the United States there have been eight reported cases due to group 9 pneumococci in individuals previously vaccinated; six were type 9V and two were type 9N. To ascertain the cross-immunogenicity of group 9 polysaccharides, volunteers were injected with vaccines of monovalent types 9N, 9A, 9V, or 9L, or bivalent (9N and 9A) or trivalent (9N, 9A, and 9V) polysaccharide vaccines. Monovalent types 9N, 9V, and 9L each stimulated a 5.8- to 7.5-fold geometric mean rise, and at least 80% of the volunteers responded with a twofold or greater homologous antibody rise. Type 9V induced a 5.8-fold geometric mean rise, but only 66% of the volunteers responded with a twofold or greater homologous antibody rise. Type 9N induced only a 2.1-fold geometric increase, and only 54% of the volunteers responded with a twofold or greater rise in anti 9V antibodies. Types 9L and 9A were the most cross-immunogenic. The trivalent preparation (9N, 9A, and 9V) gave the highest geometric mean titer and seroconversion rate to each of the group 9 polysaccharides. These results suggest that the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine with its type 9N does not induce a satisfactory anti-type 9V response and should contain additional components in order to achieve greater protection against group 9 organisms.
TL;DR: Two doses of the prostaglandin analogue 16‐phenoxy‐ω‐17,18,19,20‐tetranor‐PGE2 methyl sulphonylamide were compared in a randomized multicentre trial in 6 centres for the termination of second trimester pregnancy and the 1‐mg dose was more effective in inducing an abortion than the lower dose but the difference was not statistically significant.
TL;DR: Human rotavirus particles of density 1.38 g/ml were shown to be non-infectious for LLC-MK2 tissue culture cells and the preparations were pure enough to use in the production of type-specific antisera and in viral polypeptide analysis.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The family is the greatest single source of support, and the center of activity, for most elderly persons.
Abstract: The family is the greatest single source of support, and the center of activity, for most elderly persons The family may be considered with regard to the elderly couple alone, or the elderly couple or person in relation to parents, children, siblings, and other relatives
TL;DR: The histological and ultrastructural features of the human amniochorionic membrane are consistent with continued functional activity throughout pregnancy, and SP 1 and PP 5 could be demonstrated in the amniotic epithelium and chorionic trophoblast in both early and late pregnancy.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors depart from the general plan of exposition by omitting a section on "Policies and programs today" as these are closely intertwined with "The main problems today" affecting payment for services.
Abstract: This chapter departs from the general plan of exposition by omitting a section on “Policies and programs today”, as these are closely intertwined with “The main problems today” affecting payment for services.
TL;DR: It is concluded that sterilization in the immediate postpartum period through a mini-incision adjacent to the umbilicus is a safe procedure which can be simply and rapidly performed under regional or local anesthesia.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the vaginal approach cannot be recommended except for surgeons experienced in vaginal surgery.
TL;DR: There is a need for the type of objective and dispassionate control exercised by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee to counter the occurrence of iatrogenic complications.
Abstract: An analysis of restrictive measures taken by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) over the period of 27 months (from March, 1976, to June, 1978) was made by two non-Australian observers. During this period, the ADEC took 32 useful restrictive measures (a little more than one a month). The analysis was limited only to cases in which ADEC took substantial action; if less comprehensive measures were included, the number of valid actions to counter the occurrence of iatrogenic complications would be much greater. It is concluded that, although it is an undisputed fact that many pharmaceutical companies maintain the highest ethical standards, there is a need for the type of objective and dispassionate control exercised by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee.
TL;DR: This overview of ethics committees for biomedical and behavioral research considers principal issues in the role and operation of these committees in various countries and suggests general guidelines derived from a literature review and a survey of existing committees by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences.
TL;DR: It is shown how a multicompartmental infectious disease model can be systematically examined for reduction of structural complexity.
Abstract: It is shown how a multicompartmental infectious disease model can be systematically examined for reduction of structural complexity. For steadystate situations, four basic rules are proposed for eliminating components of flow-lines, whole flow-lines, and compartments, plus combining compartments. An application to a typhoid fever model allows calculations to be done on a pocket calculator. The approach could be particularly important in developing countries.
Oregon Health & Science University1, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research2, Wake Forest University3, National Institutes of Health4, Chulalongkorn University5, University of Oxford6, Flinders University7, Sichuan University8, University of California, Los Angeles9, World Health Organization10, Wayne State University11, University of New Mexico12
TL;DR: In response to enquiries received by the World Health Organization from several countries, the WHO Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction convened a meeting of experts in Geneva during August 1981 to review the available animal, clinical, and epidemiological data on vasectomy.
TL;DR: The number of blind in the world is not known, but estimates have been made based on the differing definitions of blindness used by various authorities — a fact that complicates the analysis of available data.
Abstract: The number of blind in the world is not known, but estimates have been made based on the differing definitions of blindness used by various authorities — a fact that complicates the analysis of available data. There are also possible sources of error, such as unreliable population figures and a frequent lack of data from rural areas. ‘Blindness’ has varying meanings and consequences from the medical, social and economic points of view; the term usually connotes a severe loss of vision resulting in visual disability, constituting a considerable handicap in the daily life of the community.
TL;DR: The first International Reference Preparation of Tobramycin has been established and its potency is based on a collaborative assay by five laboratories in three countries.
TL;DR: A number of major therapeutic trials in mild hypertension were conducted from 1972 to 1980, with one exception, there was little or no coordination between the trials, although they were dealing with the same problem.
Abstract: Summary 1. A number of major therapeutic trials in mild hypertension were conducted from 1972 to 1980. With one exception, there was little or no coordination between the trials, although they were dealing with the same problem. 2. A Joint WHO/ISH Mild Hypertension Liaison Committee was set up after most of the trials had started. The objective of the Committee, to promote information exchange and comparisons among the trials, was attained. Certain similarities and disparities between the trials were also identified. 3. Some of the disparities proved useful because they made it possible to analyse the problem from different points of view. Others did not introduce any new elements but, on the contrary, hampered inter-trial comparability. 4. Early standardization of methodological details in such trials is essential, particularly if several studies are to investigate the same problem. This would be possible only if prior agreement were reached concerning research policy, especially in rapidly developing fields of hypertension research.