Institution
World Health Organization
Government•Islamabad, Pakistan•
About: World Health Organization is a government organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Public health. The organization has 13330 authors who have published 22232 publications receiving 1322023 citations. The organization is also known as: World Health Organisation & WHO.
Topics: Population, Public health, Health care, Health policy, Global health
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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University of Gondar1, Simon Fraser University2, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention3, McMaster University4, Critical Path Institute5, National Institutes of Health6, World Health Organization7, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics8, Chinese Academy of Sciences9, Stellenbosch University10, Public Health England11, John Radcliffe Hospital12, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute13, University of Basel14, Karolinska Institutet15, Public Health Agency of Sweden16, Spanish National Research Council17, Translational Genomics Research Institute18, Harvard University19, Rutgers University20, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp21, University of Cape Town22, Aga Khan University23, Indian Council of Medical Research24, University of Cambridge25, University of California, San Diego26
TL;DR: This study provides a standardised and comprehensive approach for the interpretation of mutations as predictors of M. tuberculosis drug- resistant phenotypes and has implications for the clinical interpretation of molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing as well as efficient individualised therapy for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Abstract: A clear understanding of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required to accelerate the development of rapid drug susceptibility testing methods based on genetic sequence.Raw genotype-phenotype correlation data were extracted as part of a comprehensive systematic review to develop a standardised analytical approach for interpreting resistance associated mutations for rifampicin, isoniazid, ofloxacin/levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin, streptomycin, ethionamide/prothionamide and pyrazinamide. Mutation frequencies in resistant and susceptible isolates were calculated, together with novel statistical measures to classify mutations as high, moderate, minimal or indeterminate confidence for predicting resistance.We identified 286 confidence-graded mutations associated with resistance. Compared to phenotypic methods, sensitivity (95% CI) for rifampicin was 90.3% (89.6-90.9%), while for isoniazid it was 78.2% (77.4-79.0%) and their specificities were 96.3% (95.7-96.8%) and 94.4% (93.1-95.5%), respectively. For second-line drugs, sensitivity varied from 67.4% (64.1-70.6%) for capreomycin to 88.2% (85.1-90.9%) for moxifloxacin, with specificity ranging from 90.0% (87.1-92.5%) for moxifloxacin to 99.5% (99.0-99.8%) for amikacin.This study provides a standardised and comprehensive approach for the interpretation of mutations as predictors of M. tuberculosis drug-resistant phenotypes. These data have implications for the clinical interpretation of molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing as well as efficient individualised therapy for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis.
266 citations
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01 Jan 1976TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of seasonal variations of the contact rate on the incidence of infectious diseases was investigated, and it was shown that the length of the latent period has to be within a small range for the occurrence of biennial outbreaks.
Abstract: The present paper is concerned with the effect of seasonal variations of the contact rate on the incidence of infectious diseases. The regular oscillations of the number of cases around the average endemic level has attracted the attention of epidemiologists and mathematicians alike, In particular, the two-year period of measles in some large communities has been the object of many attempts of explanation in terms of deterministic and stochastic models, Soper’s [1] deterministic approach produced damped oscillations in contrast to the observations, Bartlett [2] suggested that a stochastic version of Soper’s model was more realistic, (See also Bailey [3], Chap, 7.) London and Yorke [4] however were able to obtain undamped oscillations with periods of one and two years using a deterministic model which includes a latent period between the time of infection and the beginning of the infectious period, From their simulations they conclude that the length of the latent period has to be within a small range for the occurrence of biennial outbreaks, Recently, Stirzaker [5] treated this problem from the point of view of the theory of nonlinear oscillations according to which the biennial cycles of measles epidemics could be understood as subharmonic parametric resonance.
265 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the principle of substantial equivalence to guide the hazard identification and hazard characterisation of macronutrients and whole foods in a case-by-case basis and cannot follow a routine assessment protocol.
265 citations
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TL;DR: The results suggest that offline eLearning is equivalent and possibly superior to traditional learning regarding knowledge, skills, attitudes and satisfaction, and justify further investment into offline e learning to address the global health care workforce shortage.
Abstract: Background Health systems worldwide are facing shortages in health professional workforce. Several studies have demonstrated the direct correlation between the availability of health workers, coverage of health services, and population health outcomes. To address this shortage, online eLearning is increasingly being adopted in health professionals’ education. To inform policy–making, in online eLearning, we need to determine its effectiveness. Methods We performed a systematic review of the effectiveness of online eLearning through a comprehensive search of the major databases for randomised controlled trials that compared online eLearning to traditional learning or alternative learning methods. The search period was from January 2000 to August 2013. We included articles which primarily focused on students' knowledge, skills, satisfaction and attitudes toward eLearning and cost-effectiveness and adverse effects as secondary outcomes. Two reviewers independently extracted data from the included studies. Due to significant heterogeneity among the included studies, we presented our results as a narrative synthesis. Findings Fifty–nine studies, including 6750 students enrolled in medicine, dentistry, nursing, physical therapy and pharmacy studies, met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of the 50 studies testing knowledge gains found significantly higher gains in the online eLearning intervention groups compared to traditional learning, whereas 27 did not detect significant differences or found mixed results. Eleven studies did not test for differences. Six studies detected significantly higher skill gains in the online eLearning intervention groups, whilst 3 other studies testing skill gains did not detect differences between groups and 1 study showed mixed results. Twelve studies tested students' attitudes, of which 8 studies showed no differences in attitudes or preferences for online eLearning. Students' satisfaction was measured in 29 studies, 4 studies showed higher satisfaction for online eLearning and 20 studies showed no difference in satisfaction between online eLearning and traditional learning. Risk of bias was high for several of the included studies. Conclusion The current evidence base suggests that online eLearning is equivalent, possibly superior to traditional learning. These findings present a potential incentive for policy makers to cautiously encourage its adoption, while respecting the heterogeneity among the studies.
265 citations
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TL;DR: This report describes the first reported outbreak of human monkeypox in the Republic of Congo, with up to six sequential transmissions of monkeypox virus from person to person hypothesized to have occurred, making this the longest uninterrupted chain of humanmonkeypox fully documented to date.
Abstract: This report describes the first reported outbreak of human monkeypox in the Republic of Congo. Eleven confirmed and probable monkeypox cases were observed during this outbreak, all were less than 18 years old, and most resided on the grounds of the Government Hospital in Impfondo. Molecular, virologic, and serologic, and diagnostic assays were used to detect evidence of monkeypox (or orthopox) virus infection in individuals with striking dermatologic and other clinical manifestations. The majority of cases in this outbreak experienced significant, symptomatic illnesses; there was one death, possibly involving secondary complications, and one instance of profound sequelae. Up to six sequential transmissions of monkeypox virus from person to person are hypothesized to have occurred, making this the longest uninterrupted chain of human monkeypox fully documented to date. The pattern of sustained human-to-human transmission observed during this outbreak may influence our current perception of the capacity for this zoonotic virus to adapt to humans.
264 citations
Authors
Showing all 13385 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Christopher J L Murray | 209 | 754 | 310329 |
Michael Marmot | 193 | 1147 | 170338 |
Didier Raoult | 173 | 3267 | 153016 |
Alan D. Lopez | 172 | 863 | 259291 |
Zulfiqar A Bhutta | 165 | 1231 | 169329 |
Simon I. Hay | 165 | 557 | 153307 |
Robert G. Webster | 158 | 843 | 90776 |
Ali H. Mokdad | 156 | 634 | 160599 |
Matthias Egger | 152 | 901 | 184176 |
Paolo Boffetta | 148 | 1455 | 93876 |
Jean Bousquet | 145 | 1288 | 96769 |
Igor Rudan | 142 | 658 | 103659 |
Holger J. Schünemann | 141 | 810 | 113169 |
Richard M. Myers | 134 | 496 | 137791 |
Majid Ezzati | 133 | 443 | 137171 |