Showing papers by "Yale University published in 1975"
TL;DR: The Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) as discussed by the authors was developed to diagnose existing jobs to determine if (and how) they might be redesigned to improve employee motivation and productivity, and to evaluate the effects of job changes on employees.
Abstract: The properties and uses of the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) are described The JDS is intended (a) to diagnose existing jobs to determine if (and how) they might be redesigned to improve employee motivation and productivity, and (b) to evaluate the effects of job changes on employees The instrument is based on a specific theory of how job design affects work motivation, and provides measures of (a) objective job dimensions, (b) individual psychological states resulting from these dimensions, (c) affective reactions of employees to the job and work setting, and (d) individual growth need strength (interpreted as the readiness of individuals to respond to "enriched" jobs) Reliability and validity data are summarized for 6S& employees on 62 different jobs in 7 organizations who have responded to a revised version of the instrument
6,555 citations
3,499 citations
TL;DR: The title of the Nobel Lecture of George Palade (1 August, p. 347) should have been "Intracellular aspects of the process of protein secretion."
Abstract: The title of the Nobel Lecture of George Palade (1 August, p. 347) should have been "Intracellular aspects of the process of protein secretion."
3,129 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an exact solution to the nonlinear field equations which describe a classical excitation possessing magnetic and electric charge was presented, which has finite energy and exhibits explicitly those properties which have previously been found by numerical analysis.
Abstract: We present an exact solution to the nonlinear field equations which describe a classical excitation possessing magnetic and electric charge. This solution has finite energy and exhibits explicitly those properties which have previously been found by numerical analysis.
1,420 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of existing research and thought on the role of group interaction in task-oriented groups, and a set of strategies for influencing group interaction and group performance by alteration of input factors has been proposed within the new framework.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews existing research and thought on the role of group interaction in task-oriented groups, and provides suggestion that part of the difficulty in understanding the relationship between group interaction and group effectiveness has to do with the nature of existing methodological and conceptual tools. It proposes an alternative framework for research on group effectiveness. The major functions group interaction serves in enhancing and depressing group effectiveness have been explored in the chapter and a set of strategies for influencing group interaction and group performance by alteration of “input” factors has been proposed within the new framework. The chapter presents an argument for a return to action-oriented research as a way to improve simultaneously the understanding of the determinants of group effectiveness and the capability to change and improve it. Implications for research and for action have been drawn and explored.
1,357 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that systemically administered clonidine inhibits the firing of brain NE neurons by acting directly upon adrenergic receptors located on or near the soma of these neurons but that the concomitant inhibition of 5-HT neurons is an indirect effect (possibly secondary to an impairment in noracrenergic transmission).
900 citations
TL;DR: Four experiments are reported which demonstrate the ability of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) presentation following extinction to partially reinstate the conditioned response.
Abstract: Four experiments are reported which demonstrate the ability of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) presentation following extinction to partially reinstate the conditioned response. These experiments are interpreted in terms of the strengthening of an extinction-reduced UCS representation. The first two experiments address alternative interpretations in terms of sensitization, reinstating the stimulus conditions of acquisition, conditioning of background cues, and stimulus generalization. Experiment 3 suggests that reinstatement is possible with a UCS qualitatively different from that used in conditioning. Experiment 4 explores an alternative extinction procedure which especially preserves the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association while encouraging modification of the UCS representation. The results are discussed both in terms of related empirical phenomena, such as spontaneous recovery and sensory preconditioning, and in relation to the general role of the UCS representation in conditioning.
733 citations
TL;DR: The seeded precipitation of aragonite and calcite from sea water, magnesium-depleted sea water and magnesium-free sea water has been studied by means of the steady-state disequilibrium initial rate method.
731 citations
TL;DR: The analysis is extended to consider several important factors which have previously been neglected--a more generalized approach to the job search process, the possibility of underemployment in the so-called urban "murky sector," preferential treatment by employers of the better educated, and consideration of labor turnover--and demonstrate that the resulting framework gives predictions closer to actual experience.
725 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between market structure and the incidence of corrupt dealings in the government contracting process is investigated and the extent to which various criminal sanctions will deter corruption and the degree to which criminal incentives can be reduced by revising contracting procedures and reorganizing market structures.
720 citations
TL;DR: A sufficient “local” optimality condition for (VP) is given and this result is used to derive relations between ( VP) and the linear program (VLP) obtained by deleting the integrality restrictions in (VP).
Abstract: We consider a binary integer programming formulation (VP) for the weighted vertex packing problem in a simple graph. A sufficient “local” optimality condition for (VP) is given and this result is used to derive relations between (VP) and the linear program (VLP) obtained by deleting the integrality restrictions in (VP). Our most striking result is that those variables which assume binary values in an optimum (VLP) solution retain the same values in an optimum (VP) solution. This result is of interest because variables are (0, 1/2, 1). valued in basic feasible solutions to (VLP) and (VLP) can be solved by a “good” algorithm. This relationship and other optimality conditions are incorporated into an implicit enumeration algorithm for solving (VP). Some computational experience is reported.
TL;DR: Correctness proofs of a parallel system can often be greatly simplified because the assumption that a statement is indivisible can be relaxed and still preserve properties such as halting.
Abstract: When proving that a parallel program has a given property it is often convenient to assume that a statement is indivisible, i.e. that the statement cannot be interleaved with the rest of the program. Here sufficient conditions are obtained to show that the assumption that a statement is indivisible can be relaxed and still preserve properties such as halting. Thus correctness proofs of a parallel system can often be greatly simplified.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the effectiveness of two stress-reducing strategies in a field setting, which consists of a coping device which entails the cognitive reappraisal of anxiety-provoking events, calming self-talk, and cognitive control through selective attention.
Proceedings Article•
03 Sep 1975TL;DR: A theoretical system intended to facilitate the use of knowledge in an understanding system and the notion of script is introduced to account for knowledge about mundane situations.
Abstract: We describe a theoretical system intended to facilitate the use of knowledge In an understanding system. The notion of script is introduced to account for knowledge about mundane situations. A program, SAM, is capable of using scripts to understand. The notion of plans is introduced to account for general knowledge about novel situations.
TL;DR: Black into White as mentioned in this paper is a broad-ranging study of what the leading Brazilian intellectuals thought and propounded about race relations between 1870 and 1930, and it has become a classic in the field.
Abstract: Published to wide acclaim in 1974, Thomas E. Skidmore's intellectual history of Brazilian racial ideology has become a classic in the field. Available for the first time in paperback, this edition has been updated to include a new preface and bibliography that surveys recent scholarship in the field. Black into White is a broad-ranging study of what the leading Brazilian intellectuals thought and propounded about race relations between 1870 and 1930. In an effort to reconcile social realities with the doctrines of scientific racism, the Brazilian ideal of "whitening"—the theory that the Brazilian population was becoming whiter as race mixing continued—was used to justify the recruiting of European immigrants and to falsely claim that Brazil had harmoniously combined a multiracial society of Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples.
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analyses of E. coli Membrane Lipids and its role in the regulation of temperature-induced alterations in fatty acids, and the role of membrane liquidity in this process.
Abstract: Introduction..................................................................... 232 Pertinent Properties of the Cell Envelope ......... ............................. 233 E. coli Fatty Acid Auxotrophs .............. ................................... 233 Specific inhibitors of Fatty Acid Synthesis ......... ............................ 234 LIPID BILAYER PHASE PROPERTIES ........ ............................ 234 Empirical Rules Deduced from Model Systems ........ ......................... 234 Physical Properties of the E. coli Membrane Lipids ....... ..................... 236 Phase transitions............................................................ 236 (i) X-ray diffraction ......................................................... 236 (ii) DSC ..................................................................... 237 (iii) Fluorescent probes ..................................................... 237 (iv) Spin labeling .............. ............................................. 237 Phase separations. (i) Physical studies ......... .............................. 237 (ii) Freeze-fracture electron microscopy ...................................... 239 Lateral movement of lipids ............... ................................... 240 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED PHYSIOLOGY AND LIPID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ........ ............................ 240 General Physiology ............................................................ 240 Lactose Transport System ................ ..................................... 240 Relevant properties of lactose transport system ....... ....................... 240 Transport system induction and lipid synthesis ....... ........................ 241 Transport and lipid phase changes ........... ................................ 241 Other Transport Systems .................. .................................... 243 Sugar transport systems ................ ..................................... 243 Amino acid transport systems ............. .................................. 243 Other Physiological Processes ................................................ 243 Lipid requirement for alkaline phosphatase derepression ...... .............. 243 Chemotaxis ............. . .................................................... 244 Initiation of DNA synthesis ............... ................................... 244 Methylgalactoside permease induction ......... .............................. 244 Cell integrity ................. ............................................... 244 Enzymatic activity ........................................................... 244 Requirement for Lipids with Specific Physical Properties ...... ................ 245 Requirement for membrane liquidity ......................................... 245 Minimum UFA content...................................................... 246 Minimum saturated fatty acid content ......... ............................... 246 Significance of temperature-induced alterations in fatty acids ..... ........... 247 REGULATION OF LIPID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ........................... 247 Possible Lipid Alterations Producing Altered Phase Transitions ..... ........... 247 Sites of Control ................................................................ 247 In Vitro Studies ............................................................... 247 (i) Acyltransferase specificity ............. ................................... 248 (ii) Fatty acid synthetase ................ .................................... 249 In Vivo Studies ................................................................ 249 (i) Determination of fatty acid chain length ........ ........................... 249 (ii) Regulation of the saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acid ratio ..... ........... 250 (iii) Temperature control of fatty acid composition ....... ..................... 250 CONCLUSION.................................................................. 251 LITERATURE CITED .............. ............................................ 252
TL;DR: In this paper, the current status of research on structure of metallic glasses is reviewed in this chapter, which is largely limited to metallic glasses which can be retained at room temperature, but their metastability depends critically on impurity content.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Metallic glasses are solids that have electronic properties normally associated with metals, but with atomic arrangements that are not spatially periodic. Noncrystalline and amorphous are equivalent terms used to describe the atomic scale structure of such materials. The term glass has often been reserved for amorphous solids formed by continuous solidification of a liquid, but is used in this review to refer to amorphous solids produced in a variety of ways. These include evaporation, sputtering, and electro- and chemical deposition, as well as quenching from the liquid state. The current status of research on structure of metallic glasses is reviewed in this chapter. Discussion is largely limited to metallic glasses which can be retained at room temperature. All of these contain at least two atomic components. Nominally pure, elemental metallic glasses have been prepared, but their metastability depends critically on impurity content; most of these crystallize well below room temperature.
TL;DR: In this paper, first and second-order conditioning based upon a food unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was used to reduce the value of food, satiation, or pairing of food with high-speed rotation.
Abstract: Rats received first- and second-order conditioning based upon a food unconditioned stimulus (UCS). They then received one of two manipulations designed to reduce the value of that food, satiation, or pairing of food with high-speed rotation. The effects of these manipulations were assessed during extinction tests of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). Compared with controls, both manipulations reduced the activity produced by the first-order CS but did not affect that produced by a second-order CS. The results are interpreted as consistent with those from aversive UCSs in implying the involvement of a UCS representation in first- but not in second-order conditioning. They also suggest that a major effect of satiation is to reduce the value of the UCS.
TL;DR: The enzymatic iodination technique has been utilized in a study of the externally disposed membrane proteins of the mouse L cell with no loss of cell viability under the conditions employed, less than 3% lipid labeling, and more than 90% of the labeled species identifiable as monoiodotyrosine.
Abstract: The enzymatic iodination technique has been utilized in a study of the externally disposed membrane proteins of the mouse L cell. Iodination of cells in suspension results in lactoperoxidase-specific iodide incorporation with no loss of cell viability under the conditions employed, less than 3% lipid labeling, and more than 90% of the labeled species identifiable as monoiodotyrosine. 90% of the incorporated label is localized to the cell surface by electron microscope autoradiography, with 5-10% in the centrosphere region and postulated to represent pinocytic vesicles. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gels of solubilized L-cell proteins reveals five to six labeled peaks ranging from 50,000 to 200,000 daltons. Increased resolution by use of gradient slab gels reveals 15-20 radioactive bands. Over 60% of the label resides in approximately nine polypeptides of 80,000 to 150,000 daltons. Various controls indicate that the labeling pattern reflects endogenous membrane proteins, not serum components. The incorporated 125-I, cholesterol, and one plasma membrane enzyme marker, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, are purified in parallel when plasma membranes are isolated from intact, iodinated L cells. The labeled components present in a plasma membrane-rich fraction from iodinated cells are identical to those of the total cell, with a 10- to 20-fold enrichment in specific activity of each radioactive peak in the membrane.
TL;DR: The model simulates population dynamics and gross physiology of phytoplankton species in the epilimnion of a lake where algal growth is subject to temperature, light, and nutrient constraints and includes luxury consumption, end-product inhibition of both carbon fixation and nutrient uptake, and species-specific differential efficiencies of nutrient assimilation.
Abstract: Predictions of phytoplankton growth dynamics and nutrient assimilation by a computer simulation model are consistent with studies of field and laboratory populations. The model simulates population dynamics and gross physiology of phytoplankton species in the epilimnion of a lake where algal growth is subject to temperature, light, and nutrient constraints and includes luxury consumption, end-product inhibition of both carbon fixation and nutrient uptake, and species-specific differential efficiencies of nutrient assimilation. C : P, C : N, and N : P ratios of the algal cells respond to changes in external nutrient conditions, and nutrient storage by the cells permits biological effects of nutrient pulses to be evident long after assimilation of dissolved nutrients forces the pulses to decline. Species succession results when abundances of specific taxa decline due to such factors as sinking or grazing, which assume overriding importance when cell division rates arc slowed by chemical or physical limitations. The physiological tenets and limiting assumptions of the model have been used to formulate patterns of competition among
TL;DR: A new hypothesis is proposed whereby fathers are seen as playing a vitally important role in socialization, yet one which is qualitatively different from that played by mothers.
Abstract: Theoretical and research literature on the role of fathers in child development is reviewed. The first section points out that there is little known about father-infant interaction, and the impact of the father on infant social development, though diverse theoretical perspectives all assume that the father’s role is minimal, and, at best, indirect. It is suggested that this assumption is unsubstantiated. Fathers are believed to play an influential role in later child development, though the theoretical assumptions, again, are inadequately validated by research. A new hypothesis is proposed whereby fathers are seen as playing a vitally important role in socialization, yet one which is qualitatively different from that played by mothers. Various research designs are suggested whereby this hypothesis can be subject to empirical validation.
TL;DR: A short survey of the role played by graded Lie algebras in mathematics and review in some detail the recent applications of supersymmetry in the physics of particles and fields can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Graded Lie algebras have recently become a topic of interest in physics in the context of "supersymmetries," relating particles of differing statistics. In mathematics, graded Lie algebras have been known for some time in the context of deformation theory. In this paper we discuss basic properties of graded Lie algebras and present various new constructs for producing examples of such algebras. In addition we present a short survey of the role played by graded Lie algebras in mathematics and review in some detail the recent applications of supersymmetry in the physics of particles and fields.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Rydberg series is used to predict three selection rules for dipole excitation and autoionization processes in the helium isoelectronic sequence, which agree with experiment.
Abstract: For comparison with our recent group-theoretical predictions of configuration-mixing coefficients, we report extensive configuration-interaction calculations for doubly excited states in the helium isoelectronic sequence below the $N=2$ ($S, P, D$ states), $N=3$ ($S, P, D, F, G$ states), $N=4$ ($S, P, D$ states), and $N=5$ ($^{1}P^{\mathrm{o}}$ states) ionization thresholds. Two new quantum numbers label the Rydberg series, and are used to predict three "selection rules" for dipole excitation and autoionization processes which agree with experiment. New autoionization widths are reported for the helium states and confirm our group-theoretically predicted selection rules. Our width of 0.151 eV for the $^{1}P^{\mathrm{o}}$ state at 62.92 eV is in agreement with the recent experimental value 0.132 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.014 eV. Calculations of helium energies and autoionization widths are strongly affected by "avoided crossings" of the doubly excited states as $Z$ is varied continuously. The new quantum numbers project out states in ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ which correspond to observed $^{1}P^{\mathrm{o}}$ shape resonances above the $N=2 \mathrm{and} 3$ ionization thresholds.
TL;DR: Quantitative procedures were developed for relating CF to the position of a unit within either nucleus and account for 79% and 89% of the frequency variance found within NM and NL, respectively, and predict the CF of a neuron by its position within each nucleus.
Abstract: Extracellular recordings of responses to tone-burst stimulation were used to determine the tonotopic organization of n. magnocellularis (NM) and n. laminaris (NL) in hatching chickens. NM cells show "primary-like" response patterns to ipsilateral stimulation, and are arranged in dorso-ventral isofrequency columns. Units responding to the highest frequency tones (about 4,100 Hz) are situated at the rostromedial pole of the medial division. Units with lower characteristic frequencies (CF's) are found at successively caudal and lateral sites, until extremely low CF's ( less than 500 Hz) are represented dorsoventrally in the daudolateral tail of the lateral division. No evidence was found of auditory input to the region which receives projections from the macula lagena. NL receives polarized, binaural, excitatory input. Units have similar CF's and thresholds to tones presented to either ear. The tonotopic organization in NL matches that found in NM--high CF's rostromedially and low CF's caudal and lateral. Quantitative procedures were developed for relating CF to the position of a unit within either nucleus. These analyses account for 79% and 89% of the frequency variance found within NM and NL, respectively, and predict the CF of a neuron by its position within each nucleus.
TL;DR: People of either sex who said that they drove a car were more likely to develop an acute herniated lumbar disc than those who did not drive at all and these associations could not be attributed to any confounding variables considered in this study.
Abstract: In a case-control study of the epidemiology of acute herniated lumbar intervertebral disc in the New Haven, Connecticut, area, it was found that driving of motor vehicles was associated with an increased risk for developing this disease. It was estimated that men who spend half or more of their time on their job driving a motor vehicle are about three times as likely to develop an acute herniated lumbar disc as those who do not hold such jobs. Persons of either sex who said that they drove a car (either away from work or at work) were more likely to develop an acute herniated lumbar disc than those who did not drive at all. These associations between driving and acute herniated lumbar disc could not be attributed to any confounding variables considered in this study.
TL;DR: The results demonstrated that children who received condition one showed significantly less upset and more cooperation and their parents reported significantly greater satisfaction and less anxiety than did children or parents in the other groups.
Abstract: This clinical experiment tested variations of psychological preparation and supportive care designed to increase the adjustment of children (and their parents) hospitalized for elective surgery. Eighty-four children, aged 3 to 12, admitted for tonsillectomies were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions or to a control group: (1) a combination of systematic preparation, rehearsal, and supportive care conducted prior to each stressful procedure; (2) a single-session preparation conducted after admission; and (3) consistent supportive care given by one nurse at the same points as in the first condition, but including no systematic preparation or rehearsal. The children9s hospital adjustment was measured by blind ratings of behavioral upset and cooperation during the blood test, medication injection, transport to surgery, induction, and postoperative fluid intake and by recovery room medications and pulse rates and time to first voiding. Post-hospital adjustment was assessed with Vernon et al.9s Post Hospital Behavior Inventory. Parent outcome measures included self-ratings for anxiety and satisfaction with information and care. As hypothesized, the results demonstrated that children who received condition one showed significantly less upset and more cooperation and their parents reported significantly greater satisfaction and less anxiety than did children or parents in the other groups. Younger children were significantly more upset and less cooperative than older children.
TL;DR: Fluctuations in several measures based on a 2 week health diary, as well as in other indicators, were analyzed as men went through the various phases of anticipation, plant closing, unemployment and re‐employment.
Abstract: Changes in health and in behavior related to health-illness were described in men whose jobs were abolished because of a permanent plant closing. Fluctuations in several measures based on a 2 week health diary (Days Complaint, Days Disability, Percent Days Complaint That Are Also Days Disability, Days Saw Doctor, Days Used Drugs), as well as in other indicators (Symptoms, Depression, Dissatisfaction with Social Support) were analyzed as the men went through the various phases of anticipation, plant closing, unemployment and re-employment. Differences in the objective and subjective severity of the experience, in the social setting of the plant closing (urban vs. rural) and in selected personal characteristics were also examined for their influence on the changes in the various health-related measures.