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Showing papers by "Yale University published in 1980"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study was made to determine whether differences in behavior between farmers of different wealth levels are the consequence of different attitudes towards risk or of different constraint sets such as limitations on credit or on access to modern inputs.
Abstract: A study was made to determine whether differences in behavior between farmers of different wealth levels are the consequence of different attitudes towards risk or of different constraint sets such as limitations on credit or on access to modern inputs. Attitudes towards risk were measured in 240 households using two methods: an interview method eliciting certainty equivalents and an experimental gambling approach with real payoffs which, at their maximum, exceeded monthly incomes of unskilled laborers. The interview method is subject to interviewer bias and its results were totally inconsistent with the experimental measures of risk aversion. Experimental measures indicate that, at high payoff levels, virtually all individuals are moderately risk-averse with little variation according to personal characteristics. Wealth tends to reduce risk aversion slightly, but its effect is not statistically significant.

1,494 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Previously used models of sepsis such as the administration of endotoxin, intravenous infusion of live organisms, theadministration of fecal material into the peritoneal cavity, the placement of infected foreignMaterial into the soft tissues of the extremity, and surgical operations that partially destroy the normal barriers of the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed.

1,414 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1980-Cell
TL;DR: A model for the involvement of short direct repeat sequences in the generation of deletions in the noncoding and coding regions of B-like globin genes during evolution is described.

1,097 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
10 Jan 1980-Nature
TL;DR: Several lines of evidence are presented that suggest a direct involvement of snRNPs in the splicing of hnRNA molecules, including the observation that the nucleotide sequence at the 5′ end of U1 RNA exhibits extensive complementarity to those across splice junctions in hn RNA molecules.
Abstract: Discrete, stable small RNA molecules are found in the nuclei of cells1 from a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms2. Many of these small nuclear RNA (snRNA) species, which range in size from about 90 to 220 nucleotides, have been well-characterised biochemically3–6, and some sequenced7,8. However, their function has remained obscure. The most abundant snRNA species exist as a closely related set of RNA–protein complexes called small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)9. snRNPs are the antigens recognised by antibodies from some patients with lupus erythematosus (LE), an autoimmune rheumatic disease10,11. Anti-RNP antibodies from lupus sera selectively precipitate snRNP species containing Ula7 and Ulb9 RNAs from mouse Ehrlich ascites cell nuclei, whereas anti-Sm antibodies bind these snRNPs and four others containing U2 (ref. 8), U4, US and U6 (ref. 9) RNAs. Both antibody systems precipitate the same seven prominent nuclear proteins (molecular weight 12,000–32,000). All molecules of the snRNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 appear to exist in the form of antigenic snRNPs9. The particles sediment at about 10S and each probably contains a single snRNA molecule. Indirect immunofluorescence studies (refs 12, 13, and unpublished observations) using anti-RNP and anti-Sm sera confirm the nuclear (but non-nucleolar) location of the antigenic snRNPs. Here we present several lines of evidence that suggest a direct involvement of snRNPs in the splicing of hnRNA. Most intriguing is the observation that the nucleotide sequence at the 5′ end of U1 RNA exhibits extensive complementarity to those across splice junctions in hnRNA molecules.

1,058 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relationship between children's responses about themselves and mothers' responses about their children, on symptom and social functioning scales was examined, and agreement was good across the scales used when the information was derived from the same informant.
Abstract: This paper reports on the testing of self-report scales, in a pilot study of 28 children with a psychiatrically ill parent. We examined the relationship between children's responses about themselves and mothers' responses about their children, on symptom and social functioning scales. The self-report scales administered to the children included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Children's Depression Inventory, and the Social Adjustment Scale. The mothers completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, the Conners Parent Questionnaire, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale about their children. Agreement between mothers and children on the assessment of the child was poor. Agreement was good across the scales used when the information was derived from the same informant. The implication of these results for epidemiological studies, particularly concerning dual informants, is discussed.

804 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A modest relationship between self-reported symptoms of depression and the diagnosis of a major or minor depression is indicated and symptom scales are only rough indicators of clinical depression in the community.
Abstract: The authors gave the CES-D, a self-report depression symptom scale, to 515 people drawn from a longitudinal community survey. The subjects were also interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). From the information collected on the SADS, the subjects were given diagnoses based on Research Diagnostic Criteria. The results indicate a modest relationship between self-reported symptoms of depression and the diagnosis of a major or minor depression. However, the groups defined as "cases" by such reports also include many people with other diagnoses or with no diagnoses at all. Thus, symptom scales are useful for the screening of depressed persons in research studies but are only rough indicators of clinical depression in the community.

779 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Fred J. Sigworth1
TL;DR: Series resistance compensation was employed and single myelinated nerve fibres from Rana temporaria and Rana pipiens were voltage clamped at 2‐5 °C to study potassium currents blocked by internal Cs+ and external tetraethylammonium ion.
Abstract: 1. Single myelinated nerve fibres 12-17 mum in diameter from Rana temporaria and Rana pipiens were voltage clamped at 2-5 degrees C. Potassium currents were blocked by internal Cs(+) and external tetraethylammonium ion. Series resistance compensation was employed.2. Sets of 80-512 identical, 20 ms depolarizations were applied, with the pulses repeated at intervals of 300-600 ms. The resulting membrane current records, filtered at 5 kHz, showed record-to-record variations of the current on the order of 1%. From each set of records the time course of the mean current and the time course of the variance were calculated.3. The variance was assumed to arise primarily from two independent sources of current fluctuations: the stochastic gating of sodium channels and the thermal noise background in the voltage clamp. Measurement of the passive properties of the nerve preparation allowed the thermal noise variance to be estimated, and these estimates accounted for the variance observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin and at the reversal potential.4. After the variance sigma(2) was corrected for the contribution from the background, its relationship to the mean current I could be fitted by the function sigma(2) = iI-I(2)/N expected for N independent channels having one non-zero conductance level. The single channel currents i corresponded to a single-channel chord conductance gamma = 6.4 +/- 0.9 pS (S.D.; n = 14). No significant difference in gamma was observed between the two species of frogs. The size of the total population of channels ranged from 20,000 to 46,000.5. The voltage dependence of i corresponded closely to the form of the instantaneous current-voltage relationship of the sodium conductance, except at the smallest depolarizations. The small values of i at small depolarizations may have resulted from the filtering of high-frequency components of the fluctuations.6. It is concluded that sodium channels have only two primary levels of conductance, corresponding to ;open' and ;closed' states of the channel.7. The fraction p(max) of channels open at the time of the peak conductance was found to be 0.59 +/- 0.08 (S.D.; n = 5) and 0.9 +/- 0.1 (S.D.; n = 3) for depolarizations to -5 and +125 mV, respectively. (50 ms hyperpolarizations to -105 mV preceded the depolarizations in each case.) These values are similar to those predicted by Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics.8. Fluctuations in the firing threshold of neurones are expected from the stochastic gating of sodium channels. A prediction of the size of these fluctuations based on the measured properties of the channels gives a value of about 1% for the relative spread, which agrees with experimental values in the literature.

735 citations


ReportDOI
TL;DR: The most familiar interpretation for the large and unpredictable swings that characterize common stock price indices is that price changes represent the efficient discounting of "new information" as discussed by the authors. But it is remarkable given the popularity of this interpretation that it has never been established what this information is about.
Abstract: The most familiar interpretation for the large and unpredictable swings that characterize common stock price indices is that price changes represent the efficient discounting of "new information." It is remarkable given the popularity of this interpretation that it has never been established what this information is about. Recent work by Shiller, and Stephen LeRoy and Richard Porter, has shown evidence that the variability of stock price indices cannot be accounted for by information regarding future dividends since dividends just do not seem to vary enough to justify the price

729 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Pat Levitt1, Pasko Rakic1
TL;DR: PAP immunohistochemical staining, utilizing a specific antibody to the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA), was employed to analyze gliogenesis in the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys ranging in age from embryonic day 38 to birth and through the second postnatal month.
Abstract: Peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical staining, utilizing a specific antibody to the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA), was employed to analyze gliogenesis in the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys ranging in age from embryonic day 38 (E38) to birth (E165) and through the second postnatal month. All major subdivisions of the brain contain glial cells, recognized by the presence of dark brown horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction product. Neuronal elements are not stained with this immunocytochemical technique. The first class of glial cells to appear during development are the radial glial cells; the radial fibers fan out from the ventricular and subventricular zones, where their cell bodies reside, to the pial surface where they terminate with conical endfeet. These glial cells appear within the first third of gestation, being present in the spinal cord and brainstem by E41; in the diencephalon by E45; and in the telencephalon and cerebellum by E47. The next class of glia to appear is the Bergmann glial cell of the cerebellar cortex, which can be stained by E54. Bergmann glial cells located below the Purkinje cell layer issue parallel processes which extend up to the pial surface. Within each major subdivision of the brain, massive numbers of elongated glial fibers continually alter their distinctive patterns to maintain constant ventricular-pial surface relationships during the major tectogenetic changes which occur throughout embryonic development. In Nissl-counterstained sections columns of migrating neurons are observed juxtaposed to GFA-positive radial and Bergmann glial fibers. Radial glial cells assume a variety of transitional forms during the process of their transformation into maturea astrocytes. This transformation occurs in each structure at specific embryonic ages and is initiated after neuronal migration has begun to subside. The number of astroglial cells increases at an accelerated pace after neurogenesis is complete. The immunohistochemical localization of radial fibers at relatively early stages of embryonic development indicates that glial cells are present concomitantly with neurons, raising the possibility that at least two distinct populations of cell precursors compose the proliferative zones. Furthermore, the demonstration of large numbers of radial glial cells in all brain regions during the peak of neuronal migration and a close structural relationship between elongated glial fibers and migrating neurons support the concept that glia play a significant role in the guidance and compartmentalization of neuronal elements during development.

706 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a scaling theory based on the conductivity of a system of random elastic scatterers in terms of its scattering properties at a fixed energy was proposed. But it was shown that scaling leads to a wellbehaved probability distribution of this variable and to a simple scaling law not previously given in the literature.
Abstract: We base a scaling theory of localization on an expression for conductivity of a system of random elastic scatterers in terms of its scattering properties at a fixed energy. This expression, proposed by Landauer, is first derived and generalized to a system of indefinite size and number of scattering channels (a "wire"), and then an exact scaling theory for the one-dimensional chain is given. It is shown that the appropriate scaling variable is $f(\ensuremath{\rho})=\mathrm{ln}(1+\ensuremath{\rho})$ where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the dimensionless resistance, which has the property of "additive mean," and that scaling leads to a well-behaved probability distribution of this variable and to a very simple scaling law not previously given in the literature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that removal of heparan sulfate (but not other GAG) leads to a dramatic increase in the permeability of the GBM to NF.
Abstract: Glomerular basement membranes (GBM's) were subjected to digestion in situ with glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes to assess the effect of removing glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on the permeability of the GBM to native ferritin (NF). Kidneys were digested by perfusion with enzyme solutions followed by perfusion with NF. In controls treated with buffer alone, NF was seen in high concentration in the capillary lumina, but the tracer did not penetrate to any extent beyond the lamina rara interna (LRI) of the GBM, and litte or no NF reached the urinary spaces. Findings in kidneys perfused with Streptomyces hyaluronidase (removes hyaluronic acid) and chondroitinase-ABC (removes hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates, and dermatan sulfate, but not heparan sulfate) were the same as in controls. In kidneys digested with heparinase (which removes most GAG including heparan sulfate), NF penetrated the GBM in large amounts and reached the urinary spaces. Increased numbers of tracer molecules were found in the lamina densa (LD) and lamina rara externa (LRE) of the GBM. In control kidneys perfused with cationized ferritin (CF), CF bound to heparan-sulfate rich sites demonstrated previously in the laminae rarae; however, no CF binding was seen in heparinase-digested GBM's, confirming that the sites had been removed by the enzyme treatment. The results demonstrated that removal of heparan sulfate (but not other GAG) leads to a dramatic increase in the permeability of the GBM to NF.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the output of the plant is shown to be bounded by expressing the plant feedback loop as an exponentially stable system with a time-varying gain in the feedback path.
Abstract: The paper presents a proof of stability of model reference adaptive control systems using direct control. The structure of the adaptive system is similar to that considered by Monopoli [1] and Narendra and Valavani [2] but contains an additional feedback term which ensures that the time derivative of the parameter error vector belongs to the L2space. The output of the plant is shown to be bounded by expressing the plant feedback loop as an exponentially stable system with a time-varying gain \dot{\phi}(\cdot)\in L^{2} in the feedback path.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that if Π is nontrivial and hereditary on induced subgraphs, then the node-deletion problem forΠ is NP-complete for both undirected and directed graphs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of epinephrine on tissue sensitivity to insulin, and the relative contributions of peripheral vs. hepatic resistance to impaired insulin action, have not been defined.
Abstract: Endogenous release of epinephrine after stress as well as exogenous epinephrine infusion are known to result in impaired glucose tolerance. Previous studies of man and animals have demonstrated that this effect of epinephrine results from inhibition of insulin secretion and augmentation of hepatic glucose production. However, the effect of epinephrine on tissue sensitivity to insulin, and the relative contributions of peripheral vs. hepatic resistance to impaired insulin action, have not been defined. Nine young normal-weight subjects were studied with the insulin clamp technique. Plasma insulin was raised by approximately 100 muU/ml while plasma glucose concentration was maintained at basal levels by a variable glucose infusion. Under these conditions of euglycemia, the amount of glucose metabolized equals the glucose infusion rate and is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin. Subjects received four studies: (a) insulin (42.6 mU/m(2).min), (b) insulin plus epinephrine (0.05 mug/kg.min), (c) insulin plus epinephrine plus propranolol (1.43 mug/kg.min), and (d) insulin plus propranolol. During insulin administration alone, glucose metabolism averaged 5.49+/-0.58 mg/kg.min. When epinephrine was infused with insulin, glucose metabolism fell by 41% to 3.26 mg/kg.min (P 100 muU/ml. When propranolol was administered with epinephrine, total glucose metabolism was restored to control values and hepatic glucose production suppressed normally. Propranolol alone had no effect on insulin-mediated glucose metabolism. These results indicate that epinephrine, acting primarily through a beta-adrenergic receptor, markedly impairs tissue sensitivity to an increase in plasma insulin levels, and that this effect results from both peripheral and hepatic resistance to the action of insulin.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, a solution method and an estimation method for nonlinear rational expectations models are presented, which can be used in forecasting and policy applications and can handle models with serial correlation and multiple viewpoint dates.
Abstract: A solution method and an estimation method for nonlinear rational expectations models are presented in this paper. The solution method can be used in forecasting and policy applications and can handle models with serial correlation and multiple viewpoint dates. When applied to linear models, the solution method yields the same results as those obtained from currently available methods that are designed specifically for linear models. It is, however, more flexible and general than these methods. For large nonlinear models the results in this paper indicate that the method works quite well. The estimation method is based on the maximum likelihood principal. It is, as far as we know, the only method available for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates for nonlinear rational expectations models. The method has the advantage of being applicable to a wide range of models, including, as a special case, linear ,models. The method can also handle different assumptions about the expectations of the exogenous variables, something which is not true of currently available approaches to linear models.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Autoradiographic analysis of postnatal monkeys exposed to [3H]TdR at various embryonic (E) and early postnatal days indicates that interstitial neurons are produced at the end of the first third of the 165-day gestation in the rhesus monkey concomitantly with the generation of neurons destined for the deep neocortical layers.
Abstract: The fine structure, synaptic relationships, distribution and time of origin of interstitial neurons situated within the white matter subjacent to the visual, somatosensory and motor cortices were studied in the human and monkey telencephalon. The analysis was carried out on Nissl-stained serial sections, rapid Golgi impregnations, by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, electron microscopy and [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) autoradiography. Interstitial neurons have a similar distribution, morphology and histochemistry in both human and monkey telencephalon. Their highest density and the most extensive distribution is found in the neonatal period in both species. The number of interstitial neurons decreases during infancy, but numerous cells remain in the adult.

Journal ArticleDOI
Steven Detweiler1
TL;DR: In this paper, the Klein-Gordon equation for a scalar field of mass in the geometry of a rotating black hole was analyzed and it was shown that in the limit of the particle Compton wavelength much larger than the size of the black hole, the scalar fields is unstable with an $e$-folding time of
Abstract: The Klein-Gordon equation for a scalar field of mass $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is analyzed in the geometry of a rotating black hole. It is shown that in the limit $\ensuremath{\mu}M\ensuremath{\ll}1$, i.e., particle Compton wavelength much larger than the size of the black hole, the scalar field is unstable with an $e$-folding time of $\ensuremath{\tau}={(\frac{a}{M})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}24{(\ensuremath{\mu}M)}^{\ensuremath{-}8}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1980-Cell
TL;DR: Serial sectioning indicated that tubular structures in Golgi-lysosome regions were often interconnected to the larger vesicles, but that tubules in the peripheral cytoplasm were only occasionally connected to larger structures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A wide variety of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, such as WB-4101, phentolamine and dihydroergocryptine, were found to suppress 5-HT cell firing when applied iontophoretically as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple solution to the vacuum field equations of general relativity in 4 + 1 space-time dimensions leads to a cosmology which at the present epoch has 3 + 1 observable dimensions in which the Einstein-Maxwell equations are obeyed.
Abstract: We show that a simple solution to the vacuum field equations of general relativity in 4 + 1 space-time dimensions leads to a cosmology which at the present epoch has 3 + 1 observable dimensions in which the Einstein-Maxwell equations are obeyed. The large ratio of the electromagnetic to gravitational forces is a consequence of the age of the Universe, in agreement with Dirac's large-number hypothesis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the problems which arise when available data are restricted to the distribution of factor incomes between groups of families defined by their total income level, and the results obtained required exploration of the alternative concepts and measurements which are possible when individual family data are available.
Abstract: This paper furthers the discussion of income inequality decomposition by focusing attention on the problems which arise in this context when available data are restricted to the distribution of factor incomes between groups of families defined by their total income level. First, it sets out the Rao (1969) decomposition of the Gini coefficient for total income in terms of factor shares and factor concentration ratios. Further decomposition of concentration ratios into rank correlation ratios and factor Ginis is recommended when individual data are available. Second, interpretation of concentration ratios as Gini coefficients is shown to be misleading. An analogue in economic theory is required. The results obtained required exploration of the alternative concepts and measurements which are possible when individual family data are available. In turn, these had to be related to the more limited set of concepts which can be calibrated when available data are taken from a secondary source. Caution is advised in interpreting results based on secondary sources of income inequality by factor components.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of identifying and controlling when plant output is corrupted with disturbance and when plant parameters vary with time is considered, and the error model can be described by a non-homogeneous differential equation.
Abstract: Identification and control when plant output is corrupted with disturbance and when plant parameters vary with time are considered. It is shown how the error model can be described by a non-homogeneous differential equation. Subject to bounded disturbance and parameter variation and sufficiently rich input the parameter error vector remains bounded and explicit bounds are derived. For inputs that are not sufficiently rich some sufficient conditions for stability and some examples of instability are given. Finally, a non-linear adaptation algorithm is presented for the control problem that insures the boundedness of the parameter error vector and all signals in the system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The internal structure of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in several hundred rat brains with a variety of methods including several types of Golgi impregnations, Nissl stains, horseradish peroxidase application, and electron microscopy.
Abstract: The internal structure of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in several hundred rat brains with a variety of methods including several types of Golgi impregnations, Nissl stains, horseradish peroxidase application, and electron microscopy. One suprachiasmatic nucleus has a volume of about 0.068 mm3 and contains close to 8,000 neurons. Dorsomedially, cells tend to be smaller and more tightly packed than ventrolaterally; significantly more somatic appositions occur in the dorsomedial SCN than in other parts of the nucleus. Two neurons with an extended region of somatic apposition may have no intercellular specializations, or they may be held together with various attachment plaques. Chains of neurons with long regions of somatosomatic apposition are found in the dorsomedial SCN with Nissl and silver stains, and with EM. The length of these chains is generally oriented in an antero-posterior direction. Interspersed with the neurons are astroglia. Astroglia studied with Golgi impregnations, Cajal's gold sublimate stain, and EM in SCN may have a rich cytoplasm falling in between the organelle-rich cytoplasm of some large neurons and the organelle-poor cytoplasm of some of the smaller SCN neurons. Nuclei of SCN glia and neurons are often invaginated and multiple nucleoli are a prominent feature of a large number of SCN neurons. With Golgi impregnations a number of relatively simple dendritic arbors exist. These include the simple bipolar cell, curly bipolar cell, radial neuron, monopolar neuron, and spinous cell. At the borders of the nucleus some dendrites may travel into the adjacent anterior hypothalamus; similarly, dendrites from cells outside SCN may enter into the nucleus boundaries. Compared with the rest of the hypothalamus, axons in SCN stain very poorly with conventional histological methods including Luxol blue, Bodian, Sevier-Munger, Loyez, and Golgi, in part because of the fine caliber of the fibers. Golgi impregnated and silver-stained axon fascicles composed primarily of unmyelinated axons may divide up within the nucleus or may pass through without maintaining local collaterals. Several different types of Golgi-impregnated axonal arborizations terminate within SCN. Some have an extensive number of boutons ending on SCN somata, dendrites, and dendritic appendages. Other single axons pass through SCN without leaving any collaterals, or terminals in the nucleus. The majority of Golgi-impregnated axons arising from SCN neurons maintain locally terminating collaterals, with boutons en passant and termineaux; these axons originate with equal frequency from the perikaryon or from a proximal dendrite. Golgi, horseradish peroxidase, and silver staining methods reveal axons connecting left and right SCN. The SCN is a complex nucleus with recognizable subdivisions that contain neurons with several types of relatively simple dendritic arbors. Within any area of SCN, ultrastructural differences can be found between neighboring cells, suggesting a heterogenous population of neurons. Combining the results of the present study with previously reported data, neurons of the SCN have a large number of possibilities for intercellular communication between cells within the nucleus. These include a few presynaptic dendrites and somata, frequent local circuit axons, and possibly ephaptic interaction between closely apposed cells.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The adsorption of dissolved phosphate in anoxic marine sediments has been investigated in samples of mud from two locations in Long Island Sound kept under strictly anoxic conditions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The adsorption of dissolved phosphate in anoxic marine sediments has been investigated in samples of mud from two locations in Long Island Sound kept under strictly anoxic conditions. Kinetic cxpcriments showed that dcsorption is more rapid than adsorption, but that hot11 reach equilibrillm within 24 h. The process of adsorption of phosphate can bc described 1)~ a simple linear isotherm: the dimcnsionlcss in situ adsorption coefficient (K) determined from four separate rIIns on mud from the FOAM site was 1.7 + 0.2; for sediment from the NWC site it was 1.9. Diffusion measurements provide independent cxpcrirnental confirmation of this value for K. These values of K arc much lower than those in oxic sediments because the iron oxyhydroxides which are important in the adsorption of phosphate in oxic sediments are converted to iron sulfides in anoxic muds.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider volatility measures in the efficient markets models to clarify the basic smoothing properties of the models to allow an understanding of the assumptions which are implicit in the notion of market efficiency.
Abstract: My initial motivation for considering volatility measures in the efficient markets models was to clarify the basic smoothing properties of the models to allow an understanding of the assumptions which are implicit in the notion of market efficiency. The efficient markets models, which are described in section II below ,relate a price today to the expected present value of a path of future variables. Since present values are long weighted moving averages, it would seem that price data should be very stable and smooth. These impressions can be formalized in terms of inequalities describing certain variances (section III). The results ought to be of interest whether or not the data satisfy these inequalities, and the procedures ought not to be regarded as just "another test" of market efficiency. Our confidence of our understanding of empirical phenomena is enhanced when we learn how such an obvious property of data as its "smoothness" relates to the model, and to alternative models (section IV below).On further examination of the volatility inequalities, it became clear that the inequalities may also suggest formal tests of market efficiency that have distinct advantages over conventional tests. These advantages take the form of greater power in certain circumstances of robustness to data errors such as misalignment and of simplicity and understandability. An interpretation of volatility tests versus regression tests in terms of the likelihood principle is offered in section V.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1980-Topology
TL;DR: In this article, the simplicial homotopy category of a model category M is defined as the hummock localization L (M, W) (for short LHM) of [2].

Journal ArticleDOI
Ronald B. Smith1
01 Aug 1980-Tellus A
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the stratified hydrostatic flow over a bell-shaped isolated mountain using linear theory and obtained solutions for various parts of the flow field using analytical and numerical Fourier analysis.
Abstract: The stratified hydrostatic flow over a bell-shaped isolated mountain is examined using linear theory. Solutions for various parts of the flow field are obtained using analytical and numerical Fourier analysis. The flow aloft is composed of vertically propagating mountain waves. The maximum amplitude of these waves occurs directly over the mountain but there is also considerable wave energy trailing downstream along the parabolas y 2 = Nzax/U Near the ground, the asymmetric pressure field causes the incoming streamlines to split to avoid the mountain and this lateral deflection persists downstream. The horizontal divergence associated with this lateral deflection is balanced by the descent of potentially warmer air from aloft. The relationship of linear theory to other three-dimensional models is discussed. The approach to the two-dimensional infinite ridge limit and non-hydrostatic effects are also discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00962.x

Journal ArticleDOI
Blair Wheaton1
TL;DR: Comparisons of two contrasting versions of the attributional model show that a simple, linear interpretation of the intervening effects offatalism may be the most adequate and suggestions for elaborations of the basic theory are made.
Abstract: Before social causation explanations of psychological disorder can be considered plausible, the process by which socialfactors may affect the development of disorder must be made explicit in terms of a given theory. This paper formulates an attributional theory intended primarily to explain social status effects, although other applications are possible. The point of departure for this model is the socializing influence of SES on causal attribution tendencies (i.e., fatalism) and the resulting variation in vulnerability to psychological disorder. Data from two panel studies suggest that causal attribution styles could in fact play a central role in the mediation of social causation of disorder. Comparisons of two contrasting versions of the attributional model show that a simple, linear interpretation of the intervening effects offatalism may be the most adequate. The paper concludes with suggestions for elaborations of the basic theory.