Showing papers by "Yale University published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine properties of daily stock returns and how the particular characteristics of these data affect event study methodologies and show that recognition of autocorrelation in daily excess returns and changes in their variance conditional on an event can sometimes be advantageous.
6,651 citations
TL;DR: The presence of traders with superior information leads to a positive bid-ask spread even when the specialist is risk-neutral and makes zero expected profits as discussed by the authors, and the expectation of the average spread squared times volume is bounded by a number that is independent of insider activity.
5,902 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that every protocol for this problem has the possibility of nontermination, even with only one faulty process.
Abstract: The consensus problem involves an asynchronous system of processes, some of which may be unreliable The problem is for the reliable processes to agree on a binary value In this paper, it is shown that every protocol for this problem has the possibility of nontermination, even with only one faulty process By way of contrast, solutions are known for the synchronous case, the “Byzantine Generals” problem
4,389 citations
TL;DR: This work is particularly concerned with implementation of the dynamic global name space that the generative communication model requires, and its implications for systems programming in distributed settings generally and on integrated network computers in particular.
Abstract: Generative communication is the basis of a new distributed programming langauge that is intended for systems programming in distributed settings generally and on integrated network computers in particular. It differs from previous interprocess communication models in specifying that messages be added in tuple-structured form to the computation environment, where they exist as named, independent entities until some process chooses to receive them. Generative communication results in a number of distinguishing properties in the new language, Linda, that is built around it. Linda is fully distributed in space and distributed in time; it allows distributed sharing, continuation passing, and structured naming. We discuss these properties and their implications, then give a series of examples. Linda presents novel implementation problems that we discuss in Part II. We are particularly concerned with implementation of the dynamic global name space that the generative communication model requires.
2,584 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is reported for the coexistence of three types of Ca channel in sensory neurones of the chick dorsal root ganglion and the dihydropyridine Ca agonist Bay K 8644 strongly increases the opening probability of L-, but not T- or N-type channels.
Abstract: How many types of calcium channels exist in neurones? This question is fundamental to understanding how calcium entry contributes to diverse neuronal functions such as transmitter release, neurite extension, spike initiation and rhythmic firing. There is considerable evidence for the presence of more than one type of Ca conductance in neurones and other cells. However, little is known about single-channel properties of diverse neuronal Ca channels, or their responsiveness to dihydropyridines, compounds widely used as labels in Ca channel purification. Here we report evidence for the coexistence of three types of Ca channel in sensory neurones of the chick dorsal root ganglion. In addition to a large conductance channel that contributes long-lasting current at strong depolarizations (L), and a relatively tiny conductance that underlies a transient current activated at weak depolarizations (T), we find a third type of unitary activity (N) that is neither T nor L. N-type Ca channels require strongly negative potentials for complete removal of inactivation (unlike L) and strong depolarizations for activation (unlike T). The dihydropyridine Ca agonist Bay K 8644 strongly increases the opening probability of L-, but not T- or N-type channels.
2,204 citations
TL;DR: The West Haven‐Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory was developed in order to fill a widely recognized void in the assessment of clinical pain and is recommended for use in conjunction with behavioral and psychophysiological assessment strategies in the evaluation of chronic pain patients in clinical settings.
Abstract: The complexity of chronic pain has represented a major dilemma for clinical researchers interested in the reliable and valid assessment of the problem and the evaluation of treatment approaches. The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI) was developed in order to fill a widely recognized void in the assessment of clinical pain. Assets of the inventory are its brevity and clarity, its foundation in contemporary psychological theory, its multidimensional focus, and its strong psychometric properties. Three parts of the inventory, comprised of 12 scales, examine the impact of pain on the patients' lives, the responses of others to the patients' communications of pain, and the extent to which patients participate in common daily activities. The instrument is recommended for use in conjunction with behavioral and psychophysiological assessment strategies in the evaluation of chronic pain patients in clinical settings. The utility of the WHYMPI in empirical investigations of chronic pain is also discussed.
2,039 citations
TL;DR: A novel potential cell surface receptor of the tyrosine kinase gene family has been identified and characterized by molecular cloning and its primary sequence is very similar to that of the human epidermal growth factor receptor and the v-erbB oncogene product.
Abstract: A novel potential cell surface receptor of the tyrosine kinase gene family has been identified and characterized by molecular cloning. Its primary sequence is very similar to that of the human epidermal growth factor receptor and the v-erbB oncogene product; the chromosomal location of the gene for this protein is coincident with the neu oncogene, which suggests that the two genes may be identical.
1,919 citations
TL;DR: Using potential distributions generated by dipole sources in spherical volume conductor models, it is demonstrated that highly significant interactions involving electrode location can be obtained between scalp distributions with identical shapes generated by the same source.
1,807 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985TL;DR: In this article, an introduction to artificial intelligence is presented, including reasoning under uncertainty, robot plans, language understanding, and learning, and the history of the field as well as intellectual ties to related disciplines are presented.
Abstract: This book is an introduction on artificial intelligence. Topics include reasoning under uncertainty, robot plans, language understanding, and learning. The history of the field as well as intellectual ties to related disciplines are presented.
1,588 citations
TL;DR: The results emphasize the importance of the peripheral tissues in the disposal of infused glucose and indicate that muscle is the most important site of the insulin resistance in NIDD.
Abstract: The mechanism(s) and site(s) of the insulin resistance were examined in nine normal-weight noninsulin-dependent diabetic (NIDD) subjects. The euglycemic insulin clamp technique (insulin concentration approximately 100 microU/ml) was employed in combination with hepatic and femoral venous catheterization and measurement of endogenous glucose production using infusion of tritiated glucose. Total body glucose metabolism in the NIDD subjects (4.37 +/- 0.45 mg/kg per min) was 38% (P less than 0.01) lower than in controls (7.04 +/- 0.63 mg/kg per min). Quantitatively, the most important site of the insulin resistance was found to be in peripheral tissues. Leg glucose uptake in the diabetic group was reduced by 45% as compared with that in controls (6.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 11.0 +/- 0.1 mg/kg leg wt per min; P less than 0.01). A strong positive correlation was observed between leg and total body glucose uptake (r = 0.70, P less than 0.001). Assuming that muscle is the primary leg tissue responsible for glucose uptake, it could be estimated that 90 and 87% of the infused glucose was disposed of by peripheral tissues in the control and NIDD subjects, respectively. Net splanchnic glucose balance during insulin stimulation was slightly more positive in the control than in the diabetic subjects (0.31 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.05 +/- 0.19 mg/kg per min; P less than 0.07). The difference (0.26 mg/kg per min) in net splanchnic glucose balance in NIDD represented only 10% of the reduction (2.67 mg/kg per min) in total body glucose uptake in the NIDD group and thus contributed very little to the insulin resistance. The results emphasize the importance of the peripheral tissues in the disposal of infused glucose and indicate that muscle is the most important site of the insulin resistance in NIDD.
1,150 citations
TL;DR: A prestudy and four experiments were conducted in order to understand the nature and use of people's implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom as mentioned in this paper, and a brief questionnaire was sent out to professors in each of the fields of art, business, philosophy, and physics, and was a
Abstract: A prestudy and four experiments were conducted in order to understand the nature and use of people's implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. In the prestudy, a brief questionnaire was sent out to professors in each of the fields of art, business, philosophy, and physics, and was a
TL;DR: It is speculated that the Notch locus may be involved in a cell-cell interaction mechanism that is essential for the differentiation of the ectoderm into neural and epidermal precursors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed and tested a model relating complexity of self-representation to affective and evaluative responses and found that the less complex a person's cognitive representation of the self, the more extreme will be the person's swings in affect and self-appraisal.
Abstract: This research develops and tests a model relating complexity of self-representation to affective and evaluative responses. The basic hypothesis is that the less complex a person's cognitive representation of the self, the more extreme will be the person's swings in affect and self-appraisal. Experiment 1 showed that those lower in self-complexity experienced greater swings in affect and self-appraisal following a failure or success experience. Experiment 2 showed that those lower in self-complexity experienced greater variability in affect over a 2-week period. The results are discussed, first, in terms of self-complexity as a buffer against the negative effects of stressful life events, particularly depression; and, second, in terms of the thought patterns of depressed persons. The results reported here suggest that level of self-complexity may provide a promising cognitive marker for vulnerability to depression.
TL;DR: This study was performed to examine the relationships between portal pressure measurements and the presence of esophagogastric varices, the size of varices and the occurrence of hemorrhage from varices in 93 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, using standardized measurements of portal pressure by hepatic vein catheterization.
TL;DR: The 3.3-Å resolution crystal structure of the large proteolytic fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I complexed with deoxythymidine monophosphate consists of two domains, the smaller of which binds zinc-deoxythmidine monophile and the most striking feature of the larger domain is a deep crevice of the appropriate size and shape for binding double-stranded B-DNA.
Abstract: The 33-A resolution crystal structure of the large proteolytic fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I complexed with deoxythymidine monophosphate consists of two domains, the smaller of which binds zinc-deoxythymidine monophosphate The most striking feature of the larger domain is a deep crevice of the appropriate size and shape for binding double-stranded B-DNA A flexible subdomain may allow the enzyme to surround completely the DNA substrate, thereby allowing processive nucleotide polymerization without enzyme dissociation
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that percent variance explanation is a misleading index of the influence of systematic factors in cases where there are processes by which individually tiny influences cumulate to produce meaningful outcomes.
Abstract: Concerning a single major league at bat, the percentage of variance in batting performance attributable to skill differentials among major league baseball players can be calculated statistically. The statistically appropriate calculation is seriously discrepant with intuitions about the influence of skill in batting performance. This paradoxical discrepancy is discussed in terms of habits of thought about the concept of variance explanation. It is argued that percent variance explanation is a misleading index of the influence of systematic factors in cases where there are processes by which individually tiny influences cumulate to produce meaningful outcomes. It is generally accepted that percentage of variance explained is a good measure of the importance of potential explanatory factors. Correlation coefficients of .30 or less are often poor-mouthed as accounting for less than 10% of the variance, a rather feeble performance for the influence of a putatively systematic factor. In analysis of variance contexts, the percentage of variance explanation is embodied in the omega-squared ratio of the systematic variance component to the total of the systematic and chance variance components. It, too, is often small; when it is, this is a source of discouragement for the thoughtful investigator.
TL;DR: ERPs were recorded during a lexical decision task in order to investigate electrophysiological concomitants of semantic priming and P300, N200, and N400 differences were observed at locations over both hemispheres and were maximal in the centroparietal region.
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TL;DR: The authors used a simple instrumental variables scheme to deal with well known estimation biases which arise from the fact that tenure is likely to be related to unobserved individual and job characteristics affecting the wage.
Abstract: The extent to which wages rise with the accumulation of seniority(tenure) in a firm after one controls for total labor market experience is a fundamental question about the structure of earnings. A variety of studies have found a large, positive partial effect of tenure on wages. This paper re-examines the evidence using a simple instrumental variables scheme to deal with well known estimation biases which arise from the fact that tenure is likely to be related to unobserved individual and job characteristics affecting the wage. We use the variation of tenure over a given job match as the principal instrumental variable for tenure. The variation intenure over the job, in contrast to variation in tenure across individuals and jobs, is uncorrelated by construction with the fixed individual specific and job match specific components of the error term of the wage equation. Our main findingis that the partial effect of tenure on wages is small, and that general labor market experience and job shopping in the labor market account for most wage growth over a career. The strong cross section relationship between tenure and wages is due primarily to heterogeneity bias.
TL;DR: A novel type of cardiac Ca channel with several properties that distinguish it from the hitherto-identified Ca channel in heart cells is described, which activates and inactivates at relatively negative potentials and remains functional long after patch excision.
Abstract: Calcium influx is vital for several aspects of cardiac activity, so it is important to ask if heart cells possess a single or multiple types of Ca channel. Only one Ca channel type has been identified in patch-clamp studies of unitary current, despite suggestions to the contrary from whole-cell recordings in heart cells and unitary recordings from other cells. Here we describe a novel type of cardiac Ca channel with several properties that distinguish it from the hitherto-identified Ca channel in heart cells. Its conductance in isotonic Ba is small (8 pS), and is no larger in Ba than in Ca. It activates and inactivates at relatively negative potentials and remains functional long after patch excision. It is insensitive to dihydropyridines such as nimodipine and the Ca agonist Bay K 8644, and is more resistant to block by external Cd than the previously described type of cardiac Ca channel.
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimization problem of firm and market organization in which both production cost and transaction cost differences are expressed as a function of asset specificity is examined, and a unified framework is employed to assess the choice of organization form.
Book•
01 Jan 1985TL;DR: Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.
Abstract: (1958). Schizophrenia and the Family. Psychiatry: Vol. 21, Dedicated to the Memory of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, pp. 21-27.
TL;DR: The widespread cortical targets of MD neurons together with evidence for multiple thalamic inputs to prefrontal areas support a revision of the classical hodological definition of prefrontal cortex as the exclusive cortical recipient of MD projections.
Abstract: The frontal lobe projections of the mediodorsal (MD) nucleus of the thalamus were examined in rhesus monkey by transport of retrograde markers injected into one of nine cytoarchitectonic regions (Walker's areas 6, 8A, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 46, and Brodmann's area 4) located in the rostral third of the cerebrum. Each area of prefrontal, premotor, or motor cortex injected was found to receive a topographically unique thalamic input from clusters of cells in specific subdivisions within MD. All of the prefrontal areas examined also receive topographically organized inputs from other thalamic nuclei including, most prominently, the ventral anterior (VA) and medial pulvinar nuclei. Conversely, and in agreement with previous findings, MD projects to areas of the frontal lobe beyond the traditional borders of prefrontal cortex, such as the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor cortex. The topography of thalamocortical neurons revealed in coronal sections through VA, MD, and pulvinar is circumferential. In the medial part of MD, for example, thalamocortical neurons shift from a dorsal to a ventral position for cortical targets lying medial to lateral along the ventral surface of the lobe; neurons in the lateral MD move from a ventral to a dorsal position, for cortical areas situated lateral to medial on the convexity of the hemisphere. The aggregate evidence for topographic specificity is supported further by experiments in which different fluorescent dyes were placed in multiple areas of the frontal lobe in each of three cases. The results show that very few, if any, thalamic neurons project to more than one area of cortex. The widespread cortical targets of MD neurons together with evidence for multiple thalamic inputs to prefrontal areas support a revision of the classical hodological definition of prefrontal cortex as the exclusive cortical recipient of MD projections. Rather, the prefrontal cortex is defined by multiple specific relationships with the thalamus.
TL;DR: Using the notion of “distributional” strategies, this work proves four main theorems: (i) a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium existence theorem, (ii) a pure-str strategy equilibrium existenceorem, (iii) apure-strategic (epsilon-equilibrium existence theorem), and (iv) a theorem describing how the set of equilibria of a game varies with the parameters of the game.
Abstract: We study games with incomplete information from a point of view which emphasizes the empirical predictions arising from game-theoretic models. Using the notion of “distributional” strategies, we prove four main theorems: (i) a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium existence theorem, (ii) a pure-strategy equilibrium existence theorem, (iii) a pure-strategy ϵ-equilibrium existence theorem, and (iv) a theorem describing how the set of equilibria of a game varies with the parameters of the game.
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TL;DR: In this paper, power functions of tests of the random walk hypothesis versus stationary first order autoregressive alternatives were tabulated for samples of fixed span but various frequencies of observation, and the power function of random walk hypotheses versus first order auto-regressive alternatives were compared.
Abstract: Power functions of tests of the random walk hypothesis versus stationary first order autoregressive alternatives are tabulated for samples of fixed span but various frequencies of observation.
TL;DR: AB provides an index of the ability to carry out an intention based on stored information despite a conflicting habitual tendency, and errors disappeared when delays were reduced by 2-3 sec, and reaching became random or severely perseverative when delays are increased 2- 3 sec above the level producing AB error.
Abstract: 25 infants were tested every 2 weeks on the AB Object Permanence Task devised by Piaget, from the age when they first reached for a hidden object until they were 12 months. The delay between hiding and retrieval necessary to produce the AB error increased continuously throughout this period at an average rate of 2 sec/month, from under 2 sec at 7 1/2 months to over 10 sec by 12 months. All children displayed the AB error repeatedly over the months of testing. Large between-children differences in delay needed for the AB error were found at each age. Girls tolerated longer delays than boys. The characteristic pattern to the AB error did not vary over age or sex. Range of delay producing the AB error in any child was small. Errors disappeared when delays were reduced by 2-3 sec, and reaching became random or severely perseverative when delays were increased 2-3 sec above the level producing AB error. AB provides an index of the ability to carry out an intention based on stored information despite a conflicting habitual tendency.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the problem of failure of established corporations to develop and manage new ventures is due to failing to differentiate between the requirements of administrative management (geared to managing existing activities and holding things in place to ensure continuation of already-developed activities) and the requirement of entrepreneurial management (designed to create change by developing something new) and that every established organization needs both in order to get both innovation and efficiency.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that alpha-adrenergic systems contribute to cognitive function and a new strategy for treating memory disorders in aged humans is suggested.
Abstract: This study provides evidence that the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine ameliorates the cognitive deficits exhibited by aged nonhuman primates through drug actions at alpha 2 receptors. Furthermore, pharmacological profiles in animals with lesions restricted to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicate that this area may be the site of action for some of clonidine's beneficial effects. These results demonstrate that alpha-adrenergic systems contribute to cognitive function and suggest a new strategy for treating memory disorders in aged humans.
TL;DR: The effects of ionizing radiation on DNA is discussed, which focuses on the effects produced by irradiation in the presence of oxygen, on the products formed by the action of ionized radiations on water.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA. It focuses on the effects produced by irradiation in the presence of oxygen. The radiations whose effects are covered in the chapter—X rays, γ rays, and high energy electrons—interact with matter by transferring energy to the electrons in the irradiated sample. Usually, radiation effects on particular molecules, such as DNA, are ascribed to the sum of two processes: direct action and indirect action. By direct action, the effects of energy are deposited directly in the target molecule. By indirect action, the effects of reactive species are formed in the surroundings that diffuse to the target molecule and react with it. For DNA in dilute aqueous solution, the effects of irradiation are caused by the products formed by the action of ionizing radiations on water: the OH radical, the hydrated electron, the H atom, H2O2, and H2. OH radicals are the only reactive species in oxygenated solutions that react with any efficiency with the sugar. H atoms attached to each of the five carbon atoms can be extracted by OH. In oxygenated solution, oxygen reacts rapidly and irreversibly with each of the carbon radicals so formed. Extraction of an H atom from the 4´-C or the 5´-C of the sugar, then addition of O2, leads to strand breaks. H atom extraction from the 3'-C leads to unknown products. Extraction from C-1´ or C´-2 leads to alkali-labile bonds, which differ from the AP (apurinic or apyrimidinic) site formed by the depurination of DNA.
TL;DR: During a 3-month sampling period 42% of patients with clinical diagnosis of CHF referred to the nuclear cardiology laboratory were found to have intact syStolic function; thus, intact systolic function is not uncommon in patients withclinical CHF.
Abstract: Clinical congestive heart failure (CHF) is traditionally associated wtih significant left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Over a 1-year period, 58 patients with CHF and intact systolic function (LV ejection fraction [EF] 62 +/- 11%) were identified. An objective clinical-radiographic CHF score was used to document the clinical impression. Based on radionuclide evaluation of peak filling rate, 38% of these patients were found to have a significant abnormality in diastolic function as measured by peak filling rate (less than 2.50 end-diastolic volume/s). An additional 24% of the patients had probable diastolic dysfunction with borderline abnormal peak filling rate measurements (2.5 to 3.0 end-diastolic volume/s). The disease states most frequently associated with CHF and intact systolic function were coronary artery disease and systemic hypertension. During a 3-month sampling period 42% of patients with clinical diagnosis of CHF referred to the nuclear cardiology laboratory were found to have intact systolic function; thus, intact systolic function is not uncommon in patients with clinical CHF. Abnormal diastolic function is the most frequently encountered mechanism for the occurrence of CHF. Definition of systolic and diastolic function appears relevant for development of optimal therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with CHF.
TL;DR: An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a limited number of axons in the nucleus.