Showing papers by "Yonsei University published in 1968"

Ultrastructure of the integument of adult Clonorchis sinensis

Abstract: Ultrastructural studies on the integument of digenetic trematodes were investigated by several workers (Senft et al., 1961; Bjorkman and Thorsell, 1964; Burton, l966; Erasmus, l968; Morris and Threadgold, 1967, l968). Clonorchis sinensis is a common parasite of human beings in the Far East. But as far little has been written on ultrastructure of the integument of this parasite. This study was carried out systematically to elucidate the ultrastructure of the integument of adult C. sinensis, and the results are summarized as follows: 1)The integument of C. sinensis was organized in two parts; the epidermis and the muscular layer. 2)The apical surface and basal surface of the epidermis were covered with typical plasma membrane and irregularly invaginated from the surface. Plasma membrane at perisuckers was extremely folded and appeared as if the epidermis might be divided with the layer. 3)The syncytial epidermis contained mitochondria and numerous secretory bodies, and which was connected by cytoplasmic processes to nucleated epidermal cells lying in the parenchyma. 4)The mitochondriae, the secretory bodies, the granular endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi bodies and the free ribosomes were present in the perinuclear cytoplasm of epidermal cells, but no organelle was observed in processes of epidermal cell except some secretory bodies. 5)The fibrous layer consists of argentophile fiber and collagenous fiber, in which the circular muscle bundles and longitudinal muscle bundles were embedded. Bundles of muscle fiber are well developed at the perisucker, and mitochondriae in this portion contain many cristae as compared with any other parts of C. sinensis.

The Influence Of Ultraviolet Irradiation Upon The Development And Infectivity Of Hookworm Larvae

Abstract: The eggs and rhabditoid larvae of canine hookworm were irradiated with ultraviolet rays for one hour at a distance of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm. The infective stage larvae of the same parasites were irradiated for l, 3, 5 and 14 hours from the same distances. The infective larvae were also exposed under direct sunlight for l, 2, 3 and 4 hours. PARASITES: Ancylostoma caninum was used. Eggs were collected in vitro from female adult worms. The worms were kept at 37 degrees C in petri-dish filled with Kreb's Ringer solution. There was an average of two cell stages, and they were used as early as possible before the morula stage. Rhabditoid larvae were obtained by culture of the above eggs for twenty-four hours in 25 degrees C incubator. The larvae reached the infective stage in seven days culture at the same condition. IRRADIATION OF ULTRAVIOLET RAY: Kingston ultraviolet light (100 volt, 10 watt, 50 cycles, 0.230 ampere) was used. The potential U.V.R. power was 1.8 watts. The distances between the material and the light were 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm at a temperature of 25 degrees C in each case. The samples were smeared on the tile in order to keep them in saturated moisture. Fully wetted ten ply gauze was laid underneath the tile. The tile was surrounded by 2 x 5 cm rectangular piece of glass in order to prevent the spread of the larvae to the outside. All of the samples received irradiation for one hour and were cultured for a period of seven days. The hatching of the egg and the development of the larvae were observed. For the purpose of the study, the infectivity and pathogenicity of the irradiated samples, were inoculated into mice orally. The lungs, livers and carcass were examined three days after the infection. A routine pathological examination of the organs was also carried out. In order to study the eggs productivity, the larvae were given to the proper host, dog. The eggs in the feces were examined from three to 6 weeks after infection, both quantitatively and qualitatively. As a supplementary experiment, the infective larvae of canine hookworm were exposed four hours under direct sunlight (September 25), and the infectivity and pathogenicity of the host were examined. HATCHING, DEVELOPMENT AND INFECTIVITY OF IRRADIATED EGGS: Hatchability of the irradiated group for one hour according to the distance from the light to the sample were 48.0 % at 10 cm, 60.3 % at 20 cm, 85.2 % at 30 cm and 88. 2 % at 40 cm respectively. None of them developed to the infective stage. They remained rhabitoid for several days and were destroyed. None was found alive in the host. 93.0 % of the control group hatched and developed to the infective stage. DEVELOPMENT AND INFECTIVITY OF IRRADIATED RHABDITOID LARVAE: None of the irradiated group reached the infective stage. Under irradiation they coiled and died soon after straightening out again. Only the group irradiated at the distance of 40cm survived for six days. They finally granulated. There was no manifestion of irradiated larvae alive in the host tissue. LIFE SPAN, INFECTIVITY, PATHOGENICITY AND EGG-PRODUCTIVITY OF THE IRRADIATED INFECTVE STAGE LARVAE: All were destroyed in the group of fourteen hours irradiation at 40 cm distance. Thirteen precent survived in the five hours irradiation group at the same distance. The survivability of larvae was reduced by the period of irradiation and at the shortest distance. The infectivity to mice was only 0.8 % at 30 cm, and 8.2 % at 40 cm in the three hour irradiation group. The recovery of the infected larvae from the host tissues was reduced as the irradiation period was increased and the distance shortened. The pathogenicity was paralleled with the vitality of the irradiated larvae. From the groups of one hour irradiation and ten cm distance, three hour irradiation and ten to thirty cm distance, the egg-productivity was all negative. But as the irradiation period decreased and the distance lengthened the egg-productivity tended closer to normal. The infective stage larvae which were exposed to direct sunlight were destroyed within three hours, but survived 81 % in the one hour exposure group and 20 % in the two hour exposure group. The summary of the results is as follows: 1. The hatching of eggs was reduced to half for one hour irradiation at the ten cm distance. Even hatched larvae did not develop to infective stage. 2. Infectivity was inhibited by the irradiation to at the ten cm distance for one hour. About ten percent of the irradiated infective stage larvae were recovered from the infected animal among the group of 40 cm distance for one hour. The egg-productivity became lower in the group of one hour irradiation at 40 cm distance. 3. The pathogenicity of the irradiated group was mild compared to the control group. 4. The direct sunlight destroyed the infective stage larvae within three hours. In general, the ultraviolet ray showed the inhibitory action in the hatching, development, pathogenicity and egg-productivity of the hookworm. The grade was paralleled with the period of irradiation and reversed to the distance between the light and samples.

Medullary sodium and urea gradient of the dog kidney in hypothermia.

Abstract: SummaryThe kidneys were removed from 11 euthermic and 8 hypothermic (average rectal temp. 25°C) dogs and four slices of the tissue from papilla to cortex were taken from each kidney. The Na, K, and urea concentrations of the slice were then determined in slice extracts. Although urine osmolality was significantly reduced in hypothermia, the papillary Na and urea concentrations at a given urine osmolality were markedly higher in hypothermic kidneys than in euthermic, suggesting that the impairment of renal concentrating ability in hypothermia is partly attributable to a failure of the collecting duct urine to osmotically equilibrate with the surrounding media. On the basis of the latter finding, it is postulated that the action of ADH is less effective in hypothermia.

Conformal change in einstein’s{}^ * g^{\lambda \nu - } -unified field theory. — I-unified field theory. — I

Abstract: Chung gave the complete set of the general solutions of Einstein’s equations in the Einstei’ns\({}^ * g^{\lambda u - } \)-unified field theory for all classes and all possible indices of inertia In the present paper we shall investigate how the conformal change enforces the connection and give the complete relations between connections inEinstein’s\({}^ * g^{\lambda u - } \)-unified field theory These topics will be studied for all classes and all possible indices of inertia

[Studies On The Transmissibility Of Pathogenic-Organisms To Liver By Migrating Larvae Of Liver Fluke And Hookworm]

Abstract: In order to confirm whether the migrating larvae of parasites could carry pathogenic organisms into liver and cause hepatitis, a series of experiments has been carried out. A. Clonorchis sinensis: Recovery rate of larvae in the abdominal cavity of rabbits: One to seven days after the administration adolescariae were recovered from the abdominal cavity in less than l % of the total number of metacercariae given. Generally, 1~6 larvae were found from each animal which was given 900~1,000 metacercariae, though many larvae were already found in the common bile ducts or remained still in intestine. Fate of Clonorchis sinensis in abdominal cavity: The young or mature worms which were introduced directly into the abdominal cavity were examined l5, 32, 40 and 42 days after the inoculation. Several larvae were found on the surface of liver in four animals. All the worms on the surface of the liver were dead and the biopsied liver tissues on the area where the worms were attached showed no pathological changes. Two of them were between bile duct and liver tissue but pus cell infiltration surrounding them was observed. In every case, pus cell infiltration was found in the peripheral portion of the liver and pus nodules on the surface of intestine and mesentery. The nodule in the intestinal wall contained the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis. Two worms in the abdominal cavity were still alive. From the above results it is suggested that the larvae of Clonorchis sinensis were capable of penetrating the intestinal wall and reaching the organs in the abdominal cavity and surviving for l5~42 days, but they were unable to penetrate the organs. No bacterial flora appeared from the lesion by culture method. Fate of Clonorchis sinensis which was inoculated into the peripheral region of liver: Small abscess was observed at the same area. Microscopically, the area became edematous and the vessels in the peripheral region were dilated. The parasites became necrotic and amorphous. Pathologically the lesions appeared as eosinophilic masses and neutrophile leukocytes were infiltrated surrounding the masses. In some cases, the dead worms were found apart from the original place of inoculation but no leukocyte infiltration was found. There was linear infiltration between the original site and the portion where the dead worm was found. The distance from the capsule varied from 0 to 4 mm. Sometimes, the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis were also found. In all cases, there were no living worms in liver tissues and hepatic ducts. In all case,. the bacteriological examination was negative. Do clonorchis sinensis transfer the microorganism? Five adult worms of clonorchis sinensis were incubated in the saline solution containing Staphylococcus aureus. The intestinal contents of these worms were cultured in the Nutient-agar plate and examined by Methylene Blue and Gram's stain. The area of liver tissue where the Clonorchis sinensis were inoculated showed no inflammatory changes after the 3 days of inoculation but no living Staphylococcus aureus was found in the culture media with which the pieces of liver tissues were smeared. B. Hookworm: Cutaneous infection: Four to eight days after the cutaneous infection of Ancylostoma caninum, the mice were sacrificed. Grossly, there was no abnormal finding in liver. The pieces of liver tissues were smeared on the Nutrient-agar plate, and cocci were found in four out of six examined. The microorganism were confirmed as the same species of Diplococcus pneumoniae which were grown in the hookworm culture media. Oral infection: 1,000 filariform larvae of Ancylostoma caninum were given orally. 24 hours later, the mice were sacrificed and the pieces of liver tissue were smeared on the Nutrient-agar plate. After 50 hours at 36 C, the bacterial colonies were examined bacteriologically. Staphylococcus albus was found from two out of four samples. Grossly there was no abnormality on the surface of liver, but microscopically there were spots like microabscesses which were infiltrated by leukocytes. The larvae were also found from other portions of liver tissues and they were surrounded by yellow colored material. In another experiment, a combination of Ancylostoma duodenale and Staphylococcus aureus was fed to mice. The mice sacrificed five days after the oral administration of Ancylostoma duodenale cultivated in the media containing Staphylococcus aureus. The liver pieces were examined routinely. The larvae cultivated in normal tap water which contained no Staphylococcus aureus was used as control. In the experimental mouse, the cocci appeared in the liver. Pathologically, microabscesses infiltrated with neutrophile leukocytes were found, but there was no manifestation of inflammatory change due to Staphylococcus aureus. There was only mechanical trauma due to the larvae penetration. Haemorrhage appeared only where the larvae were found.