Showing papers by "York University published in 1979"
Kitt Peak National Observatory1, University of Southern California2, Planetary Science Institute3, Jet Propulsion Laboratory4, University of Michigan5, Johns Hopkins University6, Centre national de la recherche scientifique7, United States Naval Research Laboratory8, York University9, Harvard University10
TL;DR: The observed resonance scattering of solar hydrogen Lyman α by the atmosphere of Jupiter and the solar occultation experiment suggest a hot thermosphere (≥ 1000 K) wvith a large atomic hydrogen abundance.
Abstract: The global hydrogen Lyman alpha, helium (584 angstroms), and molecular hydrogen band emissions from Saturn are qualitatively similar to those of Jupiter, but the Saturn observations emphasize that the H(2) band excitation mechanism is closely related to the solar flux. Auroras occur near 80 degrees latitude, suggesting Earth-like magnetotail activity, quite different from the dominant Io plasma torus mechanism at Jupiter. No ion emissions have been detected from the magnetosphere of Saturn, but the rings have a hydrogen atmosphere; atomic hydrogen is also present in a torus between 8 and 25 Saturn radii. Nitrogen emission excited by particles has been detected in the Titan dayglow and bright limb scans. Enhancement of the nitrogen emission is observed in the region of interaction between Titan's atmosphere and the corotating plasma in Saturn's plasmasphere. No particle-excited emission has been detected from the dark atmosphere of Titan. The absorption profile of the atmosphere determined by the solar occultation experiment, combined with constraints from the dayglow observations and temperature information, indicate that N(2) is the dominant species. A double layer structure has been detected above Titan's limb. One of the layers may be related to visible layers in the images of Titan.
755 citations
399 citations
352 citations
TL;DR: Behaviorism represents a logical development of Wundt's central concepts of voluntarism, value, and psychic causality, which were rejected as metaphysical by younger psychologists.
Abstract: Near the turn of the century, younger psychologists like Kulpe, Titchener, and Ebbinghaus began to base their definition of psychology on the positivist philosophy of science represented by Mach and Avenarius, a development that was strongly opposed by Wundt. Psychology was redefined as a natural science concerned with phenomena in their dependence on a physical organism. Wundt's central concepts of voluntarism, value, and psychic causality were rejected as metaphysical. For psychological theory this resulted in a turn away from Wundt's emphasis on the dynamic and central nature of psychological processes toward sensationalism and processes anchored in the observable periphery of the organism. Behaviorism represents a logical development of this point of view.
237 citations
TL;DR: The author notes that pre- and post-interview meetings of clinicians and interpreters have been found useful in minimizing distortions in clinically relevant interpreter-related distortions.
Abstract: Non-English-speaking patients in need of psychiatric services are usually evaluated with the help of an interpreter. Discussions with psychiatrists and lay hospital interpreters who had experience in these interviews and content analysis of eight audiotaped interpreter-mediated psychiatric interviews suggested that clinically relevant interpreter-related distortions could lead to misevaluation of the patient's mental status. The author notes that pre- and post-interview meetings of clinicians and interpreters have been found useful in minimizing these distortions.
205 citations
183 citations
TL;DR: The theory of constructive operators (TCO) as mentioned in this paper was originally designed to explicate Piaget's metatheoretical notions of stages and of equilibration, and it has been used in many different types of tasks.
Abstract: An organismic process-structural approach to the classic and modern issues of intelligence and experience is outlined. A Theory of Constructive Operators (TCO) originally designed to explicate Piaget's metatheoretical notions of stages and of equilibration is presented. The theory describes a psychological organism which is a very active semantic-pragmatic system geared to assimilatory praxis. Its organization is bilevel: a situation-bound level of subjective operators (schemes) and a situation-free level constituted either by silent operators (mental effort, learning operators, field factors, affective factors, etc.) or by basic principles which describe the dynamic articulation of subjective and silent operators (the central articulation is a principle of schematic overdetermination of performance). The presentation emphasizes the TCO's epistemological foundations and Piagetian roots. The rules governing its main constructs are given. The presentation is therefore detailed enough to make possible the theory's use and its evaluation. Some of the theory's constructs as well as the illustration of mathematical models derivable from the theory in order to make quantitative predictions in many different types of tasks are however omitted. Experimental-developmental work supporting the TCO is not presented but reference to relevant papers and unpublished dissertations is provided. Relations of the TCO to some recent information-processing models of artificial intelligence and to task analysis are explained. Five basic aspects or conceptions of intelligence are recognized: genotypic (Hebb's intelligence A), phenotypic (Hebb's intelligence B), psychometric (Vernon's intelligence C), developmental (intelligence D) and computer-simulation (i.e., CS) intelligence. All five are briefly discussed and their relations with the TCO's explication of intelligence are briefly mentioned. In this manner we tacitly suggest how the understanding of these various aspects of the complex notion of intelligence can be advanced by means of the TCO. Detailed discussion of this last issue is however beyond the scope of the paper.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of some of the works related to the Algiers conference of the Non-Aligned countries in 1973 and which has been pursued with the backing of these countries in the United Nations and other international instances, leading to a reconsideration of world political economy among all the principal interests.
Abstract: mally dated from the Algiers conference of the Non-Aligned countries in 1973 and which has been pursued with the backing of these countries in the United Nations and other international instances, has precipitated a reconsideration of the structure and processes of world political economy among all the principal interests. This has resulted in a large and growing literature that to date, if it has not entirely clarified the problems and issues besetting the world political economy, has at least made it possible to identify certain salient currents of thought about them, each setting forth a mode of analysis and a strategy of action. This review article attempts to survey some of this literature. I take my stand not in some conception of objective science from which to allocate merits and demerits to particular authors, but rather as an observer of the confrontations of ideas, considering the role of ideas in relation to the positions of conflicting forces. The survey cannot claim to be comprehensive, though it does aim to be representative of different perspectives. A list of the books and documents covered is appended at the end, and references will be made by principal author and page number in the body of the text. Ideological analysis is, of course, a critic's weapon and one most effectively used against the prevailing orthodoxies which, when stripped of their putative universality, become seen as special pleading for historically transient but presently entrenched interests. Social science is never neutral. It is,
143 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that juvenile sexual assaulters suffered from neuropsychiatric problems similar to those of other violent juveniles, had committed violent acts other than sexual assault, and had had seriously aberrant behavior since early childhood.
Abstract: This study compares the psychiatric, neurological, and psychoeducational status of sexually assaultive male juveniles and other violent juveniles. The authors found that juvenile sexual assaulters suffered from neuropsychiatric problems similar to those of other violent juveniles, had committed violent acts other than sexual assault, and had had seriously aberrant behavior since early childhood. The findings contradict prevailing assumptions that sexual assaults by juveniles are rare occurrences and that juvenile sex offenders have low rates of recidivism. Theoretical and treatment implications are discussed.
137 citations
TL;DR: The study supports the findings of investigations which concluded that autistic children have suffered a high rate of obstetrical events which may have caused brain damage.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Unfavourable pre-, peri- and neonatal events in the birth records of autistic children were examined. The rate of those factors was compared with the expected rate in the general population and the rate in their non-autistic siblings. Several potentially neuropathogenic factors occurred at a significantly high rate in the autistic group, including breech delivery, the presence of amniotic meconium, low birth weight, low Apgar score, elevated serum bilirubin, haemolytic disease and Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The autistic children had significantly more unfavourable factors than did their siblings. The study supports the findings of investigations which concluded that autistic children have suffered a high rate of obstetrical events which may have caused brain damage.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the role of denitrification in relation to the nitrogen budget of Duffin Creek near Toronto, Ontario, and reported that the removal of nitrate-N by denitification in the downstream reaches of the river represents 5-6% of the annual export of total nitrogen from this river basin.
Abstract: Recent studies indicate that bacterial denitrification in anaerobic sediments may play a major part in removing nitrogen from water during river transport1,2. As this reaction reduces nitrate-N primarily to gaseous nitrogen, it represents a potentially significant pathway for the permanent removal of nitrogen from aquatic environments. However, no detailed assessments have been made of the quantitative importance of denitrification in relation to river nitrogen budgets. I have investigated this problem by studying the role of denitrification in relation to the nitrogen budget of Duffin Creek near Toronto, Ontario, and report here that the removal of nitrate-N by denitrification in the downstream reaches of the river represents 5–6% of the annual export of total nitrogen from this river basin.
TL;DR: It is suggested that these low CO(2) compensation points are maintained by an active bicarbonate uptake by algae especially at alkaline pH, which is characteristic of C(4) plants.
Abstract: A technique is described for the measurement of total dissolved inorganic carbon by acid release as CO2 followed by its conversion to methane and detection by flame ionization in a modified gas chromatograph. This method was used to determine the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration reached at compensation point when algae were allowed to photosynthesize in a closed system in a buffer at known pH, and the CO2 compensation point was calculated from this concentration. The CO2 compensation points of 16 freshwater algae were measured at acid and alkaline pH in air-saturated medium: at acid pH the CO2 compensation points ranged from 4.8 to 41.5 microliters per liter while at alkaline pH they ranged from 0.2 to 7.2 microliters per liter. Removal of O2 from the medium caused a slight lowering of compensation point at acid pH but had little effect at alkaline pH. These low, O2-insensitive compensation points are characteristic of C4 plants. It is suggested that these low CO2 compensation points are maintained by an active bicarbonate uptake by algae especially at alkaline pH.
TL;DR: An attempt was made to identify the best method of locating the egocenter by comparing the predictive validity and reliability of the four methods introduced by Fry (1950), Funaishi (1926), Howard and Templeton (1966), and Roelofs (1959).
Abstract: An attempt was made to identify the best method of locating the egocenter by comparing the predictive validity and reliability of the four methods introduced by Fry (1950), Funaishi (1926), Howard and Templeton (1966), and Roelofs (1959). To determine predictive validity, egocenters located by these methods were used to predict the responses of 14 subjects on three visual direction tasks; the correlation between the predicted and the actual responses on each task was computed. To determine reliability, the test-retest stability and the internal consistency were estimated for each method. All of the methods were reliable, but only the Howard and Templeton method predicted the results on all three of the visual direction tasks. The high reliability and predictive validity of the Howard and Templeton method is attributed to its high precision.
01 Jun 1979
TL;DR: Three methods of obtaining attribute importance—conjoint measurement, self (questionnaire) report, and information display board—are compared and found to yield contrasting results.
Abstract: Three methods of obtaining attribute importance—conjoint measurement, self (questionnaire) report, and information display board—are compared and found to yield contrasting results. The results of ...
TL;DR: The implications of the bilingual experience for the process of dynamic psychotherapy are described, and recommendations to psychotherapists treating the bilingual population are presented.
Abstract: Bilingualism is known to affect the communicative behavior of the individual. This paper describes the implications of the bilingual experience for the process of dynamic psychotherapy, and present...
TL;DR: Another effect of AKH on locust metabolism is reported, the direct inhibition of protein synthesis by the fat-body, which may function in the locusts' overall adaptation to flight.
Abstract: The adipokinetic hormone (AKH) of the locust has been isolated, characterised and synthesised1,2. In this insect, its function is to mobilise diglycerides from the fat body to provide energy for sustained flight3. In addition, it modifies the metabolic activity of the flight muscles so as to oxidise fatty acids preferentially4. We report here another effect of AKH on locust metabolism, the direct inhibition of protein synthesis by the fat-body. This inhibitory activity may function in the locusts' overall adaptation to flight and it may also account for the presence of AKH both in larval locusts5 and in other species which do not fly for prolonged periods6.
TL;DR: The data suggest the possibility that rplJ is by itself in an operon situated between the other two, and the following genetic structure for the region: rplK and rplA are in one operon; rplL, rpoB and rpoC are in a second.
Abstract: Fragments of λdrif
d 18 DNA with different end-points within the set of structural genes of ribosomal proteins L11 (rplK), L1 (rplA), L10 (rplJ) and L12 (rplL) as well as the β (rpoB) and β′ (rpoC) subunits of RNA polymerase have been cloned on plasmids. These plasmids were transformed in host cells which were mutant for each of the genes, enabling expression of both wild-type (plasmid-borne) and mutant (chromosomal) genes to be differentiated. On the basis of these results we propose the following genetic structure for the region: rplK and rplA are in one operon; rplL, rpoB and rpoC are in a second. Our data suggest the possibility that rplJ is by itself in an operon situated between the other two.
TL;DR: In this article, money, land and lineage: The big bourgeoisie of Hanoverian London were discussed. But they did not discuss the role of women in the big bourgeoisie's economic success.
Abstract: (1979). Money, land and lineage: The big bourgeoisie of Hanoverian London. Social History: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 437-454.
TL;DR: In cultures of cells from an individual with Bloom's syndrome who had two populations of lymphocytes circulating in his blood—‘low’ cells having normal spontaneous frequencies of SCEs and ‘high” cells having elevated frequencies—only the high cells showed the increased sensitivity to ethyl methanesulfonate.
Abstract: Ethyl methanesulfonate induced several times as many sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in lymphocytes from individuals affected with Bloom's syndrome as in lymphocytes from controls or heterozygotes. In cultures of cells from an individual with Bloom's syndrome who had two populations of lymphocytes circulating in his blood—‘low’ cells having normal spontaneous frequencies of SCEs and ‘high’ cells having elevated frequencies—only the high cells showed the increased sensitivity to ethyl methanesulfonate.
TL;DR: In this article, a non-separable model hamiltonian, which describes the normal vibrations of a pair of coupled oscillators, has been solved by a number of approximation procedures, and approximate solutions compared with the "exact" solutions.
TL;DR: The dTMP-dependent growth of respiratory-competent grande auxotrophs was found to be markedly affected by media composition and carbon source and in the absence of dT MP thymineless death occurred in both mutant classes.
Abstract: Mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic for deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) were isolated and characterized. Two distinct classes of auxotrophs were obtained. One class had a simple requirement for dTMP and was analogous to thymine-requiring bacteria. The second class required dTMP, adenine, histidine and methionine and this complex nutritional phenotype was due to defects in folate metabolism. The dTMP-dependent growth of respiratory-competent grande auxotrophs was found to be markedly affected by media composition and carbon source. In the absence of dTMP thymineless death occurred in both mutant classes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theory-based method of task analysis which predicts the developmental difficulty (the mental attention or load requirements-the M demand) of formal tasks.
Abstract: The authors present a theory-based method of task analysis which predicts the developmental difficulty (the mental “attention” or “load” requirements-the M demand) of formal tasks.
TL;DR: The use of Management Science techniques to batch orders in a semi-automated order-picking system of a Canadian provincial liquor board is discussed.
Abstract: As the materials handling revolution continues, the techniques of Management Science are finding more and varied application in the design and operation of production and distribution systems. This paper discusses the use of these techniques to batch orders in a semi-automated order-picking system of a Canadian provincial liquor board. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer programming problem with the objective of arranging orders into batches so that the processing time is minimised. A sample problem is presented and solved, and computational aspects are discussed. Other possible application areas are outlined.
TL;DR: The rate constant obtained from the fluorescence experiments is (3.3 ± 0.4) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K, in agreement with that deduced from the chemiluminescence signal as discussed by the authors.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The authors found that the degree of generality in children's altruistic behavior depended strongly on whether such activity was directed toward peers or teachers, and on whether the peer was a friend.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used interviews with over 700 players and nonplayers to test the violent subculture hypothesis as an explanation of violence in Canadian amateur ice-hockey and found that those who professed values and attitudes supportive of violence were significantly more violent than those who did not.
Abstract: The fundamental tenet of the violent subculture hypothesis, in its generic form, is that violent behavior results from a set of proviolence values and attitudes. The present research was to test this hypothesis as an explanation of violence in Canadian amateur ice-hockey. Interviews with over 700 players and nonplayers yielded data on values and attitudes; self-reports of fighting and official records of major hockey penalties were used as measures of violent behavior. The results support the violent subculture hypothesis. Individuals who professed values and attitudes supportive of violence were significantly more violent than those who did not. The data do not support the societal version of the hypothesis, described by Wolfgang and Ferracuti and other theorists in the criminological tradition; values and attitudes were poor predictors of off-ice fighting and bore no relationship to social class. What the findings do point to is an occupational subculture, composed mainly of older players in highly competitive select and junior leagues, where professional criteria regarding the use of violence prevail. Compared to younger, house-league boys and to nonplayers, these performers endorsed values and attitudes of violence.