Showing papers by "York University published in 1981"

Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory

Abstract: Academic conventions divide up the seamless web of the real social world into separate spheres, each with its own theorising; this is a necessary and practical way of gaining understanding. Subdivisions of social knowledge thus may roughly correspond to the ways in which human affairs are organised in particular times and places. E. H. Carr and Eric Hobsbawm have both been sensitive to the continuities between social forces, the changing nature of the state and global relationships. Critical theory is directed to the social and political complex as a whole rather than to the separate parts. Critical theory allows for a normative choice in favour of a social and political order different from the prevailing order, but it limits the range of choice to alternative orders which are feasible transformations of the existing world. The "common rationality" of neo-realism arises from its polemic with liberal internationalism.

A Theory of the Ethnically Homogeneous Middleman Group: An Institutional Alternative to Contract Law

Abstract: Central to the economics of property rights-public choice theory1 is the recognition that laws and institutions are important in promoting the efficiency of an economy. One of these institutions is the law of contracts.

Mammalian in vivo and in vitro cytogenetic assays: a report of the U.S. EPA's gene-tox program.

Abstract: This report presents an assessment made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program's Work Group on mammalian cytogenetics of the clastogenic effects of chemicals in in vivo and in vitro mammalian cell assays. This assessment is based on information provided by the Environmental Mutagen Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with the proviso that the experimental protocol used in these papers was adjudged to be acceptable by standards outlined by the Work Group. Some data were accepted as "qualitative only" because the protocol used was fairly close to that proposed as suitable. Using these criteria, 177 papers were selected for review. 6 assays were reviewed: bone marrow (32 papers, 31 chemicals), spermatogonial (10 papers, 10 chemicals), spermatocyte (25 papers, 25 chemicals), oocyte or early embryo (18 papers, 19 chemicals), in vitro cell culture (30 papers, 66 chemicals), and leukocyte (66 papers, 53 chemicals). Each assay was considered separately, and comparisons were then made between them for their similarities or differences in producing a positive or negative clastogenic effect of a particular chemical or chemical class. A large proportion of the available cytogenetic data was not suitable for inclusion in the final data base because of poor experimental design or unsatisfactory reporting of the information. It was not possible to recommend any one assay for determining potential clastogenicity because each had its own particular advantages and limitations and provided unique information. For demonstrating in vivo effects, the bone-marrow assay is probably the simplest and most economical. If only in vitro exposures were considered, leukocytes or cultured mammalian cell lines would be suitable. However, there are advantages to using leukocytes because they are a synchronous population, at least through their cell division, and because of the ready availability of human cells. In general, there was good agreement between clastogenicity and carcinogenicity.

Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England

Abstract: Part I. Servants and labourers: 1. Servants: the problems 2. Incidence and understanding Part II. Form and practice: 3. Life and work 4. Hiring and mobility 5. Entry into and exit from service Part III. Change: 6. Cycles: 1540-1790 7. Extinction.

Profit Maximizing Perceptual Positions: An Integrated Theory for the Selection of Product Features and Price

Abstract: An important component of marketing strategy is to "position" a product in perceptual space. But to realize a perceptual position we must model the link from physical characteristics to perceptual dimensions and we must use this model to maximize profit. This paper integrates psychological theories on how consumers process information with economic models and psychometric measurement, and it develops a theory for selecting physical features and price to achieve a profit maximizing perceptual position. The theory begins with a Lancaster-like transformation from goods space to characteristics space and investigates the implications of a mapping to a third space, perceptual space. We show that all products efficient in perceptual space must be efficient in characteristics space but not conversely. But consumers vary in their preference and the way they perceive products. Thus we introduce distributional components to the theory and derive both geometric and analytic methods to incorporate this consumer heterogeneity. Next, we investigate costs and derive a perceptual expansion path along which a profit maximizing position must exist. Conjoint analysis and quantal choice models provide the measurements to implement the theory. The theory is illustrated with a hypothetical example from the analgesics market and some of the potential psychometric measurements are illustrated with an empirical application in the communications market.

Inorganic Carbon Accumulation and Photosynthesis in a Blue-green Alga as a Function of External pH

Abstract: The blue-green alga Coccochloris peniocystis photosynthesizes optimally over the pH range of 7.0 to 10.0, but the O2-evolution rate is inhibited below pH 7.0 and ceases below pH 5.25. Measurement of the inorganic carbon pool in this alga in the light, using the silicone-fluid filtration technique demonstrated that the rate of accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon remained relatively constant over a wide pH range. At external dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations of 0.56 to 0.89 millimolar the internal concentration after 30 seconds illumination was greater than 3.5 millimolar over the entire pH range. Intracellular pH measured in the light using [14C]5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione and [14C]methylamine dropped from pH 7.6 at an external pH of 7.0 to pH 6.6 at an external pH of 5.25. Above an external pH of 7.0 the intracellular pH rose gradually to pH 7.9 at an external pH 10.0. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity of cell-free algal extracts exhibited optimal activity at pH 7.5 to 7.8 but was inactive below pH 6.5. It is suggested that the inability of Coccochloris to maintain its intracellular pH when in an acidic environment restricts its photosynthetic capacity by a direct pH effect on the principal CO2 fixing enzyme.

Bases of Marital Satisfaction among Men and Women.

Abstract: Possible gender differences in bases of marital satisfaction were investigated through male-female variations in (1) overall marital quality; (2) satisfaction with love, interest, friendship, sexual gratification, time spent at home and with children, help at home, spouse's friends, and treatment by in-laws; and (3) correlations between general evaluations of marital quality and satisfaction with specific marital characteristics It was found that marital quality of men and women differs in degree rather than in kind Although men are more satisfied with their marriages than women, the same factors are important in their assessments These aspects are more important to the overall marital quality for women, but their saliency varies by stages of the family life cycle There are indications of differential assessment, with women more sexually fulfilled, while men are more satisfied with spouse's help, time with children, and friendship; results also suggest a greater focus by women on companionship

Spatial localization after strabismus surgery: evidence for inflow.

Abstract: Strabismics pointed to targets (without sight of the hand) before and again after surgery that altered the position of the deviating eye in its orbit. Patients having this surgery for the first time were able to use proprioceptively derived information about the surgically altered eye position. In contrast, patients who had similar operations, but on muscles that had been operated on one or more times in the past, were apparently deprived of this information. The important afference may be supplied by the tendon organs.

Is octopamine a transmitter mediating hormone release in insects

Abstract: The release of hyperlipemic hormone from the glandular cells of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria is under the synaptic control of axons in nervus corpus cardiacum II (NCC II). The effects of aminergic agonists and antagonists on the release of the hyperlipemic hormone induced by electrical stimulation of NCC II have been examined. CC isolated from reserpine-injected locusts did not release hormone when subjected to electrical stimulation of NCC II but continued to release hormone in response to high-potassium saline. The electrically stimulated release of hormone from isolated CC was abolished by the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine, but potentiated by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. Phenoxybenzamine did not interfere with release induced by high-potassium saline. It is suggested that the postsynaptic receptors on the glandular cells are similar to the alpha-adrenergic receptors of vertebrates. Octopamine was found to be present in the glandular lobe of the CC at concentrations of 0.62 pmole per gland pair. Reserpine depleted the content to 0.3 pmole per pair. Bathing the CC in 10(-7) M octopamine resulted in the release of hyperlipemic hormone, and this release was blocked by phenoxybenzamine. It is concluded that the neurotransmitter involved in the synapse between axons of NCC II and the cells releasing hyperlipemic hormone is aminergic, possibly octopaminergic. Octopamine may well be a transmitter mediating hormone release in insects.

Nucleus-Associated Organelles in Fungi

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nucleus-associated organelles (NAOs) of fungi. In many fungi, at various stages in the life cycle, the nuclei are associated with Golgi bodies, flagella root systems, mitochondria, microbodies, and nuclear caps. Nucleus-associated organelle is a variously shaped, primarily osmiophilic structure, which is located outside of, or within, the nuclear envelope and typically lies at the spindle poles during nuclear division. Fungal NAOs are involved with three main activities; nuclear division, nuclear movements including karyogamy, and spore delimitation. Centrioles are involved in flagellum production and the consequent cell movements. The NAO is involved in both mitosis and meiosis; the replicated NAOs separate and the spindle develop between them such that there is always at least one NAO at each spindle pole. The NAO commonly undergoes some morphological change during the transition from interphase to mitosis and meiosis. One of the most common changes is enlargement, which is most clearly seen in basidiomycetes, such as Boletus and Trametes .

Two separate regions of the extrachromosomal ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid of Tetrahymena thermophila enable autonomous replication of plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract: Plasmids containing the nontranscribed central and terminal, but not the coding, regions of the extrachromosomal ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) of Tetrahymena thermophila are capable of autonomous replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These plasmids transform S. cerevisiae at high frequency; transformants are unstable in the absence of selection, and plasmids identical to those used for transformation were isolated from the transformed yeast cells. One plasmid contains a 1.85-kilobase Tetrahymena DNA fragment which includes the origin of bidirectional replication of the extrachromosomal rDNA. The other region of Tetrahymena rDNA allowing autonomous replication of plasmids in S. cerevisiae is a 650-base pair, adenine plus thymine-rich segment from the rDNA terminus. Neither of these Tetrahymena fragments shares obvious sequence homology with the origin of replication of the S. cerevisiae 2-microns circle plasmid or with ars1, an S. cerevisiae chromosomal replicator.

Expression of the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract: Yeast plasmids have been constructed that carry the Herpes simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (TK) gene which is functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of the TK gene appears to be due to transcriptional read-through from a yeast promoter that lies on the 3′ side of the HIS3 gene. The TK+ yeast possesses in vitro thymidine kinase activity which is absent in the original yeast strain. Yeast strains auxotrophic for thymidine monophosphate (dTMP) (tmp1) can grown on thymidine-containing medium after transformation with these plasmids. Tmp+, TK+ S. cerevisiae whose de novo synthesis of dTMP is inhibited with amethopterin plus sufanilamide is also capable of growth in thymidine. S. cerevisiae transformed with such plasmids is capable of incorporating thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine into DNA.

Nodeless wave functions and spiky potentials

Abstract: The exact (nonadiabatic) nuclear and electronic factors of a molecular wave function are expanded in the basis of eigenfunctions of the electronic Hamiltonian according to the Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory of Born and Huang. Thus it is shown that, with rare exceptions, the exact nuclear factor (a marginal amplitude) is a nodeless function. The nodes in vibrationally excited nuclear wave functions within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation become node-avoiding minima in the exact nuclear wave function. Corresponding to each node-avoiding minimum in the nuclear wave function the exact (nonadiabatic) effective potential for the nuclear motion has a spiky barrier superimposed upon the Born–Oppenheimer (adiabatic) eigenenergy of the electronic Hamiltonian. These barriers are the result of nonadiabatic coupling between electronic states, which is strongest in the vicinity of the nodes in the Born–Oppenheimer-approximation nuclear (vibrational) wave function.

Nitrate‐nitrogen flux and utilization in a stream ecosystem during low summer flows

Abstract: Analysis of nitrate transport in the downstream reaches of Duffin Creek, Ontario, revealed an average daily loss of 45 kg nitrate-N during low summer flows. The nitrate loss represents 50 per cent of the average daily input of total nitrogen and 75 per cent of the nitrate input received by these channel reaches. Nitrate uptake by benthic algae appears to account for a small portion of the NO3- removal. Laboratory experiments suggest that most of the nitrate disappearance from the river reaches is caused by bacterial denitrification and nitrate reduction in stream sediments. L'analyse du transport de nitrate dans l'etendue en aval de Duffin Creek, Ontario, a revele une perte journaliere moyenne de 45 kg de nitrate-N durant l'ecoulement affaibli des flots du ruisseau en ete. Cette perte de nitrate represente 50 pourcent de la moyenne journaliere du total d'azote fourni et 75 pourcent du nitrate recu par l'etendue de ce canal. Les algues agrostides ne semblent etre responsable que d'une faible partie de ladisparition du NO3-. Des experiences en laboratoire suggerent que presque toute la disparition du nitrate dans la riviere est causee par la denitrification bacterienne et la reduction d'azote dans les sediments du cours d'eau.

On the Road to Computer Assisted Compositions

Abstract: Two studies are reported that explore the feasibility of computer assisted composition in helping school-age children handle high-level aspects of the composing process. The first study used a program featuring help in selecting structural elements to include in opinion essays. The twelve grade six students, serving as subjects in the study, reported that the program was helpful, but a qualitative analysis of their products suggests the intervention was too easily assimilated to a low-level “What next?” composing strategy. In an attempt to strengthen the intervention, the second study introduced a response-sensitive questioning procedure. Qualitative measures suggest the thirty-six grade eight students found this on-line intervention to be too intrusive. The two approaches to on-line facilitation are discussed, and lines for the future investigation of computer assisted composition for the novice composer are suggested.

Migrants in the Nineteenth Century: Fugitives or Families in Motion?

Abstract: The author critically examines the "transiency thesis" which states that the rapid turnover of local populations in the nineteenth century was largely a result of rootless individualistic wandering. He argues instead that migration was often undertaken within family and kinship networks or by whole families. Evidence from studies in the United States Canada Great Britain and France is presented in support of this position and three circumstances in which migration under family sponsorship was especially likely are identified. (ANNOTATION)

Effects of Running and of an Exercise Class on Anxiety

Abstract: 11 young adult men and 9 women in a running group, an organized exercise class (2 men and 10 women) and a group eating lunch at a YMHA (6 men and 4 women) were assessed as to pre- and post-State anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The three groups showed significant decreases in anxiety after the activity. This suggests that diversionary as well as causal influences may have been operative or an effect of testing.