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Showing papers by "York University published in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) as discussed by the authors is a self-report, multiscale measure designed for the assessment of psychological and behavioral traits common in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia.
Abstract: The development and validation of a new measure, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) is described. The EDI is a 64 item, self-report, multiscale measure designed for the assessment of psychological and behavioral traits common in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia. The EDI consists of eight sub-scales measuring: 1) Drive for Thinness, 2) Bulimia, 3) Body Dissatisfaction, 4) Ineffectiveness, 5) Perfectionism, 6) Interpersonal Distrust, 7) Interoceptive Awareness and 8) Maturity Fears. Reliability (internal consistency) is established for all subscales and several indices of validity are presented. First, AN patients (N = 113) are differentiated from female comparison (FC) subjects (N = 577) using a cross-validation procedure. Secondly, patient self-report subscale scores agree with clinician ratings of subscale traits. Thirdly, clinically recovered AN patients score similarly to FCs on all subscales. Finally, convergent and discriminate validity are established for subscales. The EDI was also administered to groups of normal weight bulimic women, obese, and normal weight but formerly obese women, as well as a male comparison group. Group differences are reported and the potential utility of the EDI is discussed.

4,399 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the subjective experience imparted by the consumption of many products substantially contributes to the consumer's structuring of social reality, self-concept, and behavior, and that the consumer often relies upon the social meanings inherent in products as a guide to the performance of social roles, especially when role demands are novel.
Abstract: Most empirical work on product symbolism has paid relatively little attention to how products are used by consumers in everyday social life. This paper argues that the subjective experience imparted by the consumption of many products substantially contributes to the consumer's structuring of social reality, self-concept, and behavior. Moreover, the consumer often relies upon the social meanings inherent in products as a guide to the performance of social roles, especially when role demands are novel. While marketing theory traditionally views products as post hoc responses to underlying needs, the focus here is on conditions under which products serve as a priori stimuli to behavior. By integrating concepts adapted from symbolic interactionism, this approach stresses the importance of product symbolism as a mediator of self-definition and role performance.

1,485 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most important recommendations in this report are: (1) at least 500 PCE should be examined from each of 8 animals to detect an increase of about 4‰ (per thousand) PCE when the background is less than 4 per 1000, and (2) the highest possible doses should be used.
Abstract: There are many possible micronucleus assays involving different test organisms and tissues. Because micronuclei arise from chromosomal fragments or chromosomes that are not incorporated into daughter nuclei at the time of cell division, the assay detects both clastogens and agents that affect the spindle apparatus. We know of no case in which micronuclei and chromosomal breakage (or loss) have been shown to occur independently of one another in any dividing cell population. This relationship is so close that false-positives and false-negatives (insofar as the detection of tissue-specific chromosome damage is concerned) should be determined primarily by the statistics of sampling. The production of micronuclei in various experimental organisms has been reviewed. Although there are several promising experimental approaches such as the use of meiotic plant cells or human cells in culture, only one form of the assay, the in vivo mammalian bone-marrow polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) assay, has been sufficiently developed to be considered a standard assay. More than 150 chemicals have been tested in this assay, with varying degrees of rigor. The data from the literature have been summarized and evaluated in light of the work Group's recommendations for an adequate test. The standards for an adequate test are an important part of the recommendations. These standards, although based on the most recent information available to us, are subject to change because this assay is still evolving. The most important recommendations in this report are: (1) at least 500 PCE should be examined from each of 8 animals to detect an increase of about 4‰ (per thousand) PCE when the background is less than 4 per 1000, (2) sampling should be extended to at least 72 h after the initial treatment, with sampling intervals no greater than 24 h, and (3) the highest possible doses should be used. The success rate of the assay to detect chemicals designated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as carcinogens is difficult to estimate for several reasons. First, few chemicals designated as noncarcinogens were studied, although in routine testing noncarcinogens are expected to be much more common than carcinogens. Hence, the rate of false-positives (insofar as the detection of cancer is concerned), which ought to be one of the strongest features of the assays, could not be estimated. Second, few chemicals have been tested as rigorously as this report recommends. Hence, the rate of false-negatives is almost certainly overestimated. (It is, nevertheless, obvious that false-negatives are to be expected for any tissue-specific in vivo assay like the micronucleus assay. For example diethylnitrosamine, which produces chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and cancer in the liver, is not detected in the bone-marrow micronucleus assay.) Third, many carcinogens are species-specific and this fact has not been taken into account. Considering these caveats, the uncorrected detection rate of the chemicals designated as carcinogens by EPA is about 50%. We believe that this would have been significantly higher had all tests been performed according to the test criteria. Further improvements in the assay are to be expected and these may lead to improvements in its success rate. Recent developments are discussed.

750 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Eric Trist1
TL;DR: In this paper, four processes of domain development are identified which compose a sequence, and key aspects of domain formation are discussed in relation to the functions and types of referent organization, of which there are several varieties.
Abstract: Complex societies in fast-changing environments give rise to sets or systems of problems (meta-problems) rather than discrete problems. These are beyond the capacity of single organizations to meet. Inter-organizational collaboration is required by groups of organizations at what is called the “domain” level. The required capability at this level is mediated by “referent organizations. ” Key aspects of domain formation are discussed in relation to the functions and types of referent organization, of which there are several varieties. Four processes of domain development are identified which compose a sequence.

560 citations


Book
Paul E. Lovejoy1
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: A history of African slavery from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries examines how indigenous African slavery developed within an international context as mentioned in this paper, and the impact of European abolition and assesses slavery's role in African history.
Abstract: This history of African slavery from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries examines how indigenous African slavery developed within an international context. Paul E. Lovejoy discusses the medieval Islamic slave trade and the Atlantic trade as well as the enslavement process and the marketing of slaves. He considers the impact of European abolition and assesses slavery's role in African history. The book corrects the accepted interpretation that African slavery was mild and resulted in the slaves' assimilation. Instead, slaves were used extensively in production, although the exploitation methods and the relationships to world markets differed from those in the Americas. Nevertheless, slavery in Africa, like slavery in the Americas, developed from its position on the periphery of capitalist Europe. This new edition revises all statistical material on the slave trade demography and incorporates recent research and an updated bibliography.

419 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of organizational types on individuals' information-privacy values, beliefs, attitudes, and be-havioral intentions and relationships between the same measured variables were examined.
Abstract: South Bend, IndianaThe present study examined (a) the effect of organizational type (a manipulatedvariable) on individuals' information-privacy values, beliefs, attitudes, and be-havioral intentions and (b) relationships between the same measured variablesSix organizational types were used (1 e, employers, insurance companies, lawenforcement agencies, credit grantors, lending institutions, and the Internal Rev-enue Service) Data on the dependent variables were obtained through the useof structured interviews involving 193 randomly selected residents of a mid-western state Multivanate and univanate analyses revealed (a) significant dif-ferences among the organizational types on information-privacy values, beliefs,and attitudes, and (b) significant correlations between these and other measuredvanables The implications of these findings for organizational and societal policymaking concerning the treatment of information about individuals are discussed

381 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It is suggested that enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission and localized suppression of neural metabolic activity is associated with therapeutic response to ECT and that ECT may be a useful adjunctive treatment in intractable epilepsy.

209 citations




Norman S. Endler1
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: While interactionism is a model of personality, it is not yet a coherent personality theory, and the role of situations in personality research and theory and the limitations of interactionism were presented.
Abstract: Four basic personality models (trait psychology, psychodynamics, situationism, and interactionism) were summarized. Special emphasis was given to interactional psychology as a model of personality theory and research. This was done in the context of controversial personality issues such as consistency versus specificity, mediating versus reaction variables, and so forth. Dynamic versus mechanistic interaction was discussed, and the role of situations in personality research and theory was presented. The interaction model of personality was described, and empirical support for the model with respect to anxiety was provided. Some suggested methodologies and strategies for examining interactionism were discussed, and directions for future research were indicated. Finally, the limitations of interactionism were presented, and we indicated that while interactionism is a model of personality, it is not yet a coherent personality theory.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1983-Nature
TL;DR: It is found that if several such bistable figures were randomly scattered on the screen, then one always saw the same motion-axis in all of them, suggesting the presence of global field-like effects for resolving ambiguity in apparent motion.
Abstract: Is human motion perception based on a local piecemeal analysis of the image or do global effects play an important role? We used metastable apparent motion displays (Fig. 2) to try to answer this question. Two spots were flashed simultaneously on diagonally opposite corners of a square and then switched off and replaced by two spots appearing on the remaining corners. One could either see vertical or horizontal oscillation of the spots and the display was bistable just as a Necker cube is. We found that if several such bistable figures were randomly scattered on the screen (Fig. 3b), and presented simultaneously, then one always saw the same motion-axis in all of them, suggesting the presence of global field-like effects for resolving ambiguity in apparent motion. Surprisingly, the appearance of these displays could not be influenced by voluntary effort unless the speed of alternation was very slow. (Less than 3 frames per second.) It may be that if the events in the module that computes apparent motion are too rapid then it cannot be coupled with the “will” mechanism, which may have a long time constant.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In a world of contract uncertainty, however, it is no longer a matter of indifference with whom one trades as mentioned in this paper, but a question of whether the buyer or the seller with whom they do business is a threat to the seller.
Abstract: Standard theories of exchange depict trade as an impersonal exchange between anonymous partners. Jevons’s (1871) “Law of Indifference,” in particular, emphasizes the impersonality of transactions: it is a matter of indifference to the buyer or the seller with whom they do business provided that they obtain the same (homogeneous) commodity at the same price. For a world of contract certainty, this is an acceptable theory. In a world of contract uncertainty, however, it is no longer a matter of indifference with whom one trades.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, rate constants and product distributions have been determined for ion-molecule reactions between C3H+ and H2, D2, CO, N2, O2 and CO2.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The temperature and composition of the upper atmosphere of Saturn have been inferred from Voyager 2 ultraviolet-spectrometer-occultation measurements made by observing the sun and the star Delta Scorpii while they were being occulted by Saturn.
Abstract: The temperature and composition of the upper atmosphere of Saturn have been inferred from Voyager 2 ultraviolet-spectrometer-occultation measurements made by observing the sun and the star Delta Scorpii while they were being occulted by Saturn. The observations analyzed here provide atmospheric parameters from 2900 km down to 960 km above the 1-bar level referred to the equator. The temperature in the model simulation of the data is 420 + or - 30 K down to about 1600 km. Below 1600 km the temperature decreases with a variable lapse rate down to 120 + or - 30 K near the methane homopause located at 1010 + or - 40 km. A constant temperature at 120 K is applied in the model for the region of the methane homopause down to 960 km where the present analysis terminates. Column amounts of H2 and H were measured from 2900 km down to about 1100 km, giving respective densities of about 1.0 x 10 to the 8th/cu cm and about 5.5 x 10 to the 6th/cu cm near the exobase at 2500 km. Near the methane homopause the H2 density is = 1.2 x 10 to the 12th/cu cm with a CH4 number-density mixing ratio of 0.00006. The eddy-diffusion coefficient in the vicinity of the methane homopause is estimated to be 5.0 x 10 to the 6th sq cm/sec. The atomic hydrogen density profile suggests a downward H flux of 1.8 x 10 to the 9th sq cm/sec from near the exobase down to a terminal boundary of about 1200 km.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and analyze the political and economic functions of the state penal systems in the southern United States after the American Civil War, and identify the convict lease system as a mechanism of race control used to prevent ex slaves from obtaining the status and rights enjoyed by wage workers.
Abstract: This paper identifies and analyzes the political and economic functions of the state penal systems in the southern United States after the Civil War. The system of prison administration, discipline, and labor which emerged after 1865—known as the convict lease system—was a functional replacement for slavery. Like the Black Codes, vagrancy laws, and sharecropping arrangements, the convict lease system was a mechanism of race control used to prevent ex-slaves from obtaining the status and rights enjoyed by wage workers. The organization and philosophy of crime control both before and after the Civil War reflected the fact that both slaves and ex-slaves were problem populations. As such, they were a threat to the existing system of class rule but also a useful resource—economically as a pool of cheap labor for southern industrialization, and politically or symbolically as a means to consolidate white supremacy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Horizontal distributions of zooplankton were investigated in two kettle lakes in southern Ontario and showed that Skistodiaptomus oregonensis and copepod nauplii were overdispersed (patchy).
Abstract: Horizontal distributions of zooplankton were investigated in two kettle lakes in southern Ontario. In Tory Lake a set of random samples at 1 m depth showed that Skistodiaptomus oregonensis and copepod nauplii were overdispersed (patchy). In Lake St. George a 20 point grid sampled at each of 0.5, 2, 4, and 6 m showed that Polyarthra spp., Keratella cochlearis, Asplanchna spp., Daphnia galeata mendotae, Bosmina longirostris, Eubosmina coregoni and copepod nauplii were all patchy in terms of both vertical and horizontal distributions. Contour diagrams showed that the patches tended to be comprised of unique groups of species. This was confirmed by principal components analysis which showed that Polyarthra spp. and K. cochlearis occurred together, that D. g. mendotae was found in a unispecies patch and that B. longirostris and E. coregoni were together. None of the zooplankton patches correlated with chlorophyll a measurements. A literature review suggests that there are four basic types of patches occurring in lakes and that there are at least 16 identifiable forces which might cause these distributions. The patch types are: I) large scale (> 1 km diameter), II) small scale, caused by wind-induced water movement, III) Langmuir circulation aggregations and IV) swarms, potentially caused by biotic factors.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the mode of formation and the structure of the periostracum, a dynamic structure in mollusks that is formed sequentially as it passes out of theperiostraceal groove, undergoing tanning and finally a modification of the inner surface allowing calcification to begin.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mode of formation and the structure of the periostracum. The biochemical process affecting the periostracal protein in this manner is called sclerotization. In addition to tanned proteins, the periostracum contains some carbohydrate and lipid. In many mollusks, the function of the periostracum is unclear. It does protect the shell from acid dissolution, and it has been suggested that sclerotins give the periostracum its resistance to chemicals and its durability. In all mollusks, the periostracum is secreted by the mantle edge, but the mode of formation varies from species to species. In Helix, it is formed by the tubular periostracal gland embedded in the connective tissue of the mantle edge. In Lymnaea, Helisoma, and Physa, the periostracum is secreted by periostracal cells and subsequently is thickened by the mantle edge gland. In bivalves, the periostracum originates from epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the outer fold of the periostracal groove and sometimes from a row of basal cells at the bottom of the groove. The free periostracum, the outer shell edge periostracum, and the outer surface of the umbo are different in the amino acid ratios, which suggest that the periostracum is a dynamic structure. The periostracum is formed sequentially as it passes out of the periostracal groove, undergoing tanning and finally a modification of the inner surface allowing calcification to begin. Studies are underway on the chemistry of periostracum formed in vitro and in vivo and on the cellular formation of periostracum in vitro .

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, musical scores were added to the soundtrack of an industrial safety film that has often been used as a stressful stimulus in psychophysiological research to increase and decrease the stressfulness of the film.
Abstract: In this experiment musical scores were added to the soundtrack of an industrial safety film that has often been used as a stressful stimulus in psychophysiological research. Two musical scores were composed in accordance with contemporary film scoring techniques in an attempt to increase and decrease the stressfulness ofthe film. Subjects viewed one ofthree versions of the film: (a) the film with no music (control condition), (b) the film with \"horror\" music (increase condition), and (c) the film with \"documentary\" music (decrease condition). Physiological responses (cardiovascular, electrodermal, and somatic) were monitored continuously while subjects viewed the film; a report of subjects' perceived anxiety level was also obtained. Results indicated that the film scores were successful in both increasing and decreasing electrodermal responses to the film, compared to the control condition. These results are seen as providing preliminary experimental support for the efficacy of musical scores for manipulating the stressfulness of films.

Journal ArticleDOI
Kurt Danziger1
TL;DR: Wundt as discussed by the authors argued that cultural products were seen as presupposing a collective subject and acting back on the psychology of the individual, and proposed an alternative conception of psychology in its social aspects, based on human action and the theory of gestural communication.
Abstract: The origins of Wundt's conceptions can be traced to some early notions of J. G. Herder and, more immediately, to the project of a Volkerpsychologie developed by Lazarus and Steinthal around 1860. Wundt criticized the Herbartian basis of the latter and proceeded to work out an alternative conception of psychology in its social aspects. The basis of this conception was provided by his analysis of human action and the theory of gestural communication to which this led. Cultural products were seen as presupposing a collective subject and as acting back on the psychology of the individual. Although Wundt's conceptions had serious limitations some aspects of his thought about the relationship of individual and culture provide perspectives that are of continuing interest.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All three experiments suggest that the direction of perceived movement is determined exclusively by low spatial frequencies rather than by similarity of oriented edges, especially when speed of alternation is rapid.
Abstract: Experiments are reported which have been designed to establish what features of a pair of figures can be used as an input for apparent motion. The display consisted of a central figure, A, which appeared briefly and was followed immediately afterwards by two figures, B and C, which appeared on either side of the original location of A. Figure A can thus move towards either B or C. When A was a low-pass filtered square it moved towards C (a low-pass filtered square that was similar to A but ‘rotated’ by 45°) rather than towards B (a high-pass filtered square identical to A in orientation and size). When A was an unfiltered square it moved towards C (a low-pass filtered square of identical orientation) rather than towards B (a high-pass filtered square of identical orientation). Lastly, when A was a ‘solid’ square it moved towards C (a solid circle) rather than towards B (an outline square). All three experiments suggest that the direction of perceived movement is determined exclusively by low spatial frequ...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The spectre d'absorption IR des solides a carbone amorphe hydrogene presente des raies a 3,38, 3,41 and 3,48 μm, correspondant aux bandes discretes dans le spectre de IRS-7.
Abstract: Le spectre d'absorption IR des solides a carbone amorphe hydrogene presente des raies a 3,38; 3,41 et 3,48 μm, correspondant aux bandes discretes dans le spectre de IRS-7. La poussiere de carbone amorphe interstellaire avec des groupes CH 2 et CH 3 chimisorbes pourrait etre une composante significative de la poussiere dans les nuages diffus

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that NCC II controls the release of adipokinetic hormones during flight and that two adipkinetic hormones are released during flight.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two conflicting viewpoints were identified regarding the relationship between sensation seeking and subjective response to stimulation: (a) that sensory augmenters are high sensation seekers compared with sensory reducers (the view of Zuckerman and Buchsbaum); and (b) that it is the reducer rather than the augmenter who is the high sensation seeker.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Binding of [3H]imipramine in mouse cerebral cortex was found to be nonhomogeneous and low‐affinity binding could be eliminated by the use of low concentrations of imipramines as the competing ligand.
Abstract: Binding of [3H]imipramine in mouse cerebral cortex was found to be nonhomogeneous. Competition experiments, Scatchard analysis and Hill plots are compatible with the existence of binding with high (nanomo-lar) and low (micromolar) affinity. Low-affinity binding could be eliminated by the use of low concentrations of imipramine as the competing ligand. In contrast to the high-affinity binding, the low-affinity binding was found to be unrelated to the neuronal uptake system for serotonin.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This appears to be the first example of a problem for which an asynchronous system is probably slower than a synchronous one, and it shows that a straightforward step-by-step and process- by-process simulation of an n-process synchronous system by an n -process asynchronous system necessarily loses a factor of log/sub b/n in speed.
Abstract: A system of parallel processes is said to be synchronous if all processes run using the same clock, and it is said to be asynchronous if each process has its own independent clock. For any s, n, a particular distributed problem is defined involving system behavior at n ports. This problem can be solved in time s by a synchronous system but requires time at least (s-1)(log/sub b/n) on any asynchronous system, where b is a constant reflecting the communication bound in the model. This appears to be the first example of a problem for which an asynchronous system is probably slower than a synchronous one, and it shows that a straightforward step-by-step and process-by-process simulation of an n-process synchronous system by an n-process asynchronous system necessarily loses a factor of log/sub b/n in speed. 1 ref.