Showing papers by "York University published in 2000"
TL;DR: A meta-analytic estimate of the criterion-related validity of explicit Big 5 measures for predicting job performance and contextual performance is provided and suggestions for future research aimed at enhancing the validity of personality predictors are provided.
Abstract: Prior meta-analyses investigating the relation between the Big 5 personality dimensions and job performance have all contained a threat to construct validity, in that much of the data included within these analyses was not derived from actual Big 5 measures. In addition, these reviews did not address the relations between the Big 5 and contextual performance. Therefore, the present study sought to provide a meta-analytic estimate of the criterion-related validity of explicit Big 5 measures for predicting job performance and contextual performance. The results for job performance closely paralleled 2 of the previous meta-analyses, whereas analyses with contextual performance showed more complex relations among the Big 5 and performance. A more critical interpretation of the Big 5-performance relationship is presented, and suggestions for future research aimed at enhancing the validity of personality predictors are provided.
1,631 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the nature of business groups in emerging markets and examine whether Korean business groups (chaebols) add value to their member firms or provide the controlling shareholders with an opportunity for wealth transfer.
Abstract: Business groups in emerging markets have the potential to create either value or agency problems. Using Korean mergers, we investigate the nature of business groups in emerging markets and examine whether Korean business groups (chaebols) add value to their member firms or provide the controlling shareholders with an opportunity for wealth transfer (tunneling). We show that chaebol-affiliated firms that performed well prior to the merger realize significantly negative announcement returns. We also find that chaebol bidders who acquired poorly performing targets within the same group and/or had concentrated equity ownership by owner-managers experience significantly negative abnormal returns. These types of mergers, however, have a significantly positive effect on the market value of the portfolio of other firms in the group. Our results support the tunneling view that firms belonging to business groups pay less attention to the maximization of individual firm value and make takeover decisions that are beneficial to only controlling shareholders.
963 citations
TL;DR: Data indicate that high-functioning PDD children are at greater risk for mood and anxiety problems than the general population but the correlates and risk factors for these comorbid problems remain unclear.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to report on the prevalence and correlates of anxiety and mood problems among 9- to 14- year-old children with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high-functioning autism. Children who received a diagnosis of autism (n 40) or AS (n 19) on a diagnostic interview when they were 4 to 6 years of age were administered a battery of cognitive and behavioural measures. Families were contacted roughly 6 years later (at mean age of 12 years) and assessed for evidence of psychiatric problems including mood and anxiety disorders. Compared with a sample of 1751 community children, AS and autistic children demonstrated a greater rate of anxiety and depression problems. These problems had a significant impact on their overall adaptation. There were, however, no differences in the number of anxiety and mood problems between the AS and autistic children within this high-functioning cohort. The number of psychiatric problems was not correlated with early autistic symptoms but was predicted to a small...
900 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed naturalistic observations to compare bullying and victimization in the playground and in the classroom, and found that there were more opportunities to observe aggression and receive and initiate aggression in the play area than the classroom.
Abstract: The present study employed naturalistic observations to compare bullying and victimization in the playground and in the classroom. The results indicated that there were more opportunities to observe aggression and receive and initiate aggression in the playground than in the classroom. The frequency of bullying was higher in the playground (4.5 episodes per hour) than in the classroom (2.4 episodes per hour). The nature of bullying reflected the constraints of the context (i.e. direct bullying was more prevalent in the playground and indirect bullying was more prevalent in the classroom). Being at the receiving end of aggression was more likely to occur in the playground as compared to the classroom. Nonaggressive children were more likely to bully in the playground, whereas aggressive children were more likely to bully in the classroom. There was no difference across context in the proportion of episodes of reinforcement with peers present or in the rate of peer and teacher intervention. The results high...
585 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the co-incidence of extreme return shocks across countries within a region and across regions that cannot be explained by linear propagation models of shocks is measured using a multinomial logistic regression model.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new approach to evaluate contagion in financial markets. Our measure of contagion captures the co-incidence of extreme return shocks across countries within a region and across regions that cannot be explained by linear propagation models of shocks. We characterize the extent of contagion, its economic significance, and its determinants using a multinomial logistic regression model. Applying our approach to daily returns of emerging markets during the 1990s, we find that contagion, when measured by the co-incidence within and across regions of extreme return shocks, is predictable and depends on regional interest rates, exchange rate changes, and conditional stock return volatility. Evidence that contagion is stronger for extreme negative returns than for extreme positive returns is mixed.
577 citations
TL;DR: A formal definition in the situation calculus of such a programming language is presented and illustrated with some examples that includes facilities for prioritizing the execution of concurrent processes, interrupting the execution when certain conditions become true, and dealing with exogenous actions.
563 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the contributions that perceived parenting style, current relationships with parents, and psychological well-being variables make toward perceived overall adjustment to university, from both socio/emotional adaptation perspectives and actual academic achievement.
Abstract: One understudied aspect of first-year students’transition to university is their relationship with parents. This study investigates the contributions that perceived parenting style, current relationships with parents, and psychological well-being variables make toward perceived overall adjustment to university, from both socio/emotional adaptation perspectives and actual academic achievement. Data were collected from a sample of 408 (116 males and 292 females) first-year students attending university in a large metropolitan Canadian city. Results indicated that mutual reciprocity and discussion with parents, as well as the psychological well-being variables, have direct links to adjustment to university. There was an indirect, positive relationship between authoritative parenting and adaptation variables. Furthermore, the predictor variables differed by both gender and outcome measures. Interpretation of these results, their congruence within the context of the theoretical frameworks, and practical implic...
500 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the extent to which college students' academic coping style and motivation mediate their academic stress and performance, and found that students who engaged in problem-focused coping were more likely to be motivated and perform better than students engaging in emotion focused coping.
Abstract: Empirical evidence suggests that a domain-specific coping style may play an important role in the way students manage stressful academic events and perform at college The purpose of this research was to examine the extent to which college students' academic coping style and motivation mediate their academic stress and performance A structural equation analysis showed that the relationship between college students' academic stress and course grade was influenced by problem-focused coping and motivation but not emotion-focused coping As expected, greater academic stress covaried with lower course grades; however, students who engaged in problem-focused coping were more likely to be motivated and perform better than students who engaged in emotion-focused coping Strategies for promoting more effective coping in college students are discussed
496 citations
TL;DR: The authors discuss racism out of place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium, and present a collection of essays about racism in the new millennium.
Abstract: (2000). Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 392-403.
470 citations
TL;DR: Adolescents' peer structures and the quality of their friendships were explored as antecedents of romantic relationships and linkages suggest ways in which peer relationships may support romantic development at this stage of the life cycle.
Abstract: Adolescents' peer structures and the quality of their friendships were explored as antecedents of romantic relationships. Longitudinal data were gathered in a sample of 180 high school students over a 3-year period from grade 9 to grade 11. Consistent with Dunphy (1963), small groups of close friends were predictive of other-sex peer networks which were, in turn predictive of the emergence of future romantic relationships. Indirect effects were found for same-sex groups of close friends and same-sex networks. Consistent with Furman and Wehner (1994), the qualitative features of relationships with both friends and romantic partners were predictive of the qualitative features of subsequent romantic experiences. These linkages suggest ways in which peer relationships may support romantic development at this stage of the life cycle.
469 citations
01 Apr 2000
TL;DR: A model for predicting expert text entry rates for several input methods on a 12-key mobile phone keypad is presented, which includes a movement component based on Fitts' law and a linguistic componentbased on digraph, or letter-pair, probabilities.
Abstract: We present a model for predicting expert text entry rates for several input methods on a 12-key mobile phone keypad. The model includes a movement component based on Fitts' law and a linguistic component based on digraph, or letter-pair, probabilities. Predictions are provided for one-handed thumb and two-handed index finger input. For the traditional multi-press method or the lesser-used two-key method, predicted expert rates vary from about 21 to 27 words per minute (wpm). The relatively new T9 method works with a disambiguating algorithm and inputs each character with a single key press. Predicted expert rates vary from 41 wpm for one-handed thumb input to 46 wpm for two-handed index finger input. These figures are degraded somewhat depending on the user's strategy in coping with less-than-perfect disambiguation. Analyses of these strategies are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of hydrology and patterns of supply of electron donors and acceptors on surface denitrification was studied in a forestriparian zone along the Boyne River in southernOntario that received high nitrogen inputs from a sandaquifer.
Abstract: The influence of hydrology andpatterns of supply of electron donors and acceptors onsubsurface denitrification was studied in a forestriparian zone along the Boyne River in southernOntario that received high nitrogen inputs from a sandaquifer. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) subsurfacedenitrification is restricted to localized zones ofhigh activity; (2) denitrification zones occur atsites where groundwater flow paths transportNO3
− to supplies of available organiccarbon. A plume of nitrate-rich groundwater withconcentrations of 10–30 mg N L−1 flowed laterallyat depths of 1.5–5 m in sands beneath peat for ahorizontal distance of 100–140 m across the riparianzone to within 30–50 m of the river. In situ acetyleneinjections to piezometers revealed that significantdenitrification was restricted to a narrow zone ofsteep NO3
− and N2O decline at theplume margins. The location of these denitrificationsites in areas with steep gradients of groundwater DOCincrease supported hypothesis 2. Many of thesedenitrification “hotspots” occurred near interfacesbetween sands and either peats or buried river channeldeposits. Field experiments involving in situadditions of either glucose or NO3
− topiezometers indicated that denitrification wasC-limited in a large subsurface area of the riparianzone, and became N-limited beyond the narrow zone ofNO3
− consumption. These data suggest thatdenitrification may not effectively removeNO3
− from groundwater transported at depththrough permeable riparian sediments unlessinteraction occurs with localized supplies of organicmatter.
TL;DR: In this article, a class of multivariate dispersion models generated from the multivariate Gaussian copula is presented, which are parametrized by marginal position, dispersion and dependence parameters.
Abstract: In this paper a class of multivariate dispersion models generated from the multivariate Gaussian copula is presented. Being a multivariate extension of Jorgensen's (1987a) dispersion models, this class of multivariate models is parametrized by marginal position, dispersion and dependence parameters, producing a large variety of multivariate discrete and continuous models including the multivariate normal as a special case. Properties of the multivariate distributions are investigated, some of which are similar to those of the multivariate normal distribution, which makes these models potentially useful for the analysis of correlated non-normal data in a way analogous to that of multivariate normal data. As an example, we illustrate an application of the models to the regression analysis of longitudinal data, and establish an asymptotic relationship between the likelihood equation and the generalized estimating equation of Liang & Zeger (1986).
TL;DR: It is concluded that syllogistic reasoning is implemented in two distinct systems whose engagement is primarily a function of the presence or absence of semantic content.
TL;DR: The cpts-248/404 vaccine candidate was tested in phase 1 trials in 114 children, including 37 1-2-month-old infants, and was unacceptable in the youngest infants because of upper respiratory tract congestion associated with peak virus recovery.
Abstract: A live-attenuated, intranasal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) candidate vaccine, cpts-248/ 404, was tested in phase 1 trials in 114 children, including 37 1-2-month-old infants-a target age for RSV vaccines. The cpts-248/404 vaccine was infectious at 104 and 105 plaque-forming units in RSV-naive children and was broadly immunogenic in children >6 months old. Serum and nasal antibody responses in 1-2 month olds were restricted to IgA, had a dominant response to RSV G protein, and had no increase in neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, there was restricted virus shedding on challenge with a second vaccine dose and preliminary evidence for protection from symptomatic disease on natural reexposure. The cpts-248/404 vaccine candidate did not cause fever or lower respiratory tract illness. In the youngest infants, however, cpts-248/404 was unacceptable because of upper respiratory tract congestion associated with peak virus recovery. A live attenuated RSV vaccine for the youngest infant will use cpts-248/404 modified by additional attenuating mutations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the emotional regulation and display patterns of victims during classroom bullying episodes and found that the coping styles observed in victims of bullying can be grouped into two distinct clusters: 1) problem-solving strategies that are associated with the deescalation and resolution of bullying episodes; and 2) aggressive strategies that tend to perpetuate and escalate the bullying interaction.
Abstract: Research suggests that victims of bullying may lack skills in emotional regulation, a process which facilitates coping with provocative situations to lessen the stress of negative emotions (Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995). The present study examined the emotional regulation and display patterns of victims during classroom bullying episodes. Children in grades one through six were observed during free play in the winter and spring of three consecutive school years. Results of the study indicated that the coping styles observed in victims of bullying can be grouped into two distinct clusters: 1) problem-solving strategies that are associated with the de-escalation and resolution of bullying episodes; and 2) aggressive strategies that tend to perpetuate and escalate the bullying interaction. Parallels were found between victims’ and bullies’ emotional displays. Results are discussed in the context of how maladaptive emotional regulation processes may act as risk factors for chronic victimization.
TL;DR: Elderly men are more likely than elderly women to receive aspirin and ticlopidine and equally like to receive warfarin after a stroke, and elderly women have a better 1-year survival after a Stroke.
Abstract: Background and Purpose—Previous studies have documented sex differences in the management and outcome of patients with cardiovascular disease. However, little data exist on whether similar sex differences exist in stroke patients. We conducted a study to determine whether sex differences exist in patients with acute stroke admitted to Ontario hospitals. Methods—Using linked administrative databases, we performed a population-based cohort study. The databases contained information on all 44 832 patients discharged from acute-care hospitals in Ontario between April 1993 and March 1996 with a most responsible diagnosis of acute stroke. The main outcomes measured consisted of sex differences in comorbidities, the use of rehabilitative services, the use of antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulants (in elderly stroke survivors aged ≥65 years only), discharge destination, and mortality. Results—Male stroke patients were more likely than female stroke patients to have a history of ischemic heart disease (18.1% vers...
TL;DR: Results indicated that children with LI were at the most disadvantage regardless of the nature of the psychiatric diagnosis, and working memory measures, used to tap the core cognitive deficit of ADHD in executive functions, were more closely associated with LI than with ADHD.
Abstract: Language impairments are commonly observed among children referred for psychiatric services. The most frequent psychiatric diagnosis of children with language impairment (LI) is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is not clear whether there are differences between children with ADHD and comorbid LI and children with other psychiatric disorders who are also comorbid for LI. In the present study the language, achievement, and cognitive processing characteristics of 166 psychiatrically referred 7–14-year-old children were examined using a 2 × 2 (ADHD, LI) design to examine four groups: children with ADHD+LI, children with ADHD who have normally developing language, children with psychiatric diagnoses other than ADHD with a language impairment (OPD+LI) or without a LI (OPD). Results indicated that children with LI were at the most disadvantage regardless of the nature of the psychiatric diagnosis. Contrary to prediction, working memory measures, used to tap the core cognitive deficit of ADHD in executive functions, were more closely associated with LI than with ADHD. It was concluded that caution must be exercised in attributing to children with ADHD what might be a reflection of problems for children with language impairment generally. As most therapies are verbally based it is notable that language competence is rarely evaluated systematically before such therapies are undertaken.
TL;DR: Inhibited expression of negative emotion and interpersonal orientation scores were also significantly related to cognitive and affective components of body image dissatisfaction and to trait and self-presentational dimensions of perfectionism.
Abstract: Objective
This study examined inhibited expression of negative feelings and interpersonal orientation in women with anorexia nervosa.
Method
Twenty-one women meeting DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa were compared with 21 psychiatric and 21 normal control women matched on education. Two measures were used to assess inhibited expression of negative feelings and interpersonal orientation: the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory assesses the suppression and expression of anger and the Silencing the Self Scale assesses four cognitive schemas involving the repression of needs and feelings to protect interpersonal relationships.
Results
Women with anorexia nervosa reported significantly higher scores on the four Silencing the Self schemas and on suppressed anger after controlling for age. These group differences were maintained for two of the cognitive schemas (Care and Silence) after controlling for depression, self-esteem, and global assessment of functioning. Inhibited expression of negative emotion and interpersonal orientation scores were also significantly related to cognitive and affective components of body image dissatisfaction and to trait and self-presentational dimensions of perfectionism.
Discussion
These findings are reviewed in the context of health psychology, as well as feminist and temperament theories. Implications for treatment are addressed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 28: 8–19, 2000.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend the usual DEA structure to determine a best resource split to optimize the aggregate efficiency score, and apply it to a sample of branches from a major Canadian bank.
Abstract: In most applications ofDEA presented in the literature, the models presented are designedto obtain a single measure of efficiency. In many instances however,the decision making units involved may perform several differentand clearly identifiable functions, or can be separated intodifferent components. In such situations, inputs, in particularresources, are often shared among those functions. This sharingphenomenon will commonly present the technical difficulty ofhow to disaggregate an overall measure into component parts.In the present paper, we extend the usual DEA structure to onethat determines a best resource split to optimize the aggregateefficiency score. The particular application area investigatedis that involving the sales and service functions within thebranches of a bank. An illustrative application of the methodologyto a sample of branches from a major Canadian bank is given.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of laboratory measurements of spectral reflectance and transmittance of individual leaves and from a modeling study are presented which demonstrate that effects of natural chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) are observable in the red edge spectral region.
TL;DR: The authors explored topic-specific reservations that parents and adolescents may have about discussing sex and birth control in a sample of 751 African American inner-city youths (14 to 17 years old) and their mothers.
Abstract: Twenty-one parental and 16 adolescent topic-specific reservations that parents and adolescents may have about discussing sex and birth control were explored in a sample of 751 African American inner-city youths (14 to 17 years old) and their mothers. Both maternal and adolescent perspectives were obtained with regard to the prevalence of specific reservations and the extent to which they were predictive of communication behavior. Topic-specific reservations were predictive of communication behavior over and above more general family environment variables such as the quality of the parent-teen relationship and the overall quality of communication in general. A number of interaction effects were found suggesting a differential impact of reservations as a function of the age and gender of the adolescent. The types of reservations expressed by parents were not correspondent with the types of reservations expressed by adolescents. (authors)
TL;DR: The results confirmed the hypotheses that adolescents whose peer relationships are characterized by bullying are at risk in their development of healthy romantic relationships.
Abstract: In this study, 196 young adolescents who reported that they bullied their peers were identified out of a sample of 1,758 students in Grades 5 through 8. After selecting from the total sample a grou...
TL;DR: The data indicate that the HMB/Arg/Gln mixture can markedly alter the course of lean tissue loss in patients with AIDS-associated wasting.
Abstract: Background: The current study was designed to examine whether a combination of three nutrients, consisting of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a metabolite of leucine, L-glutamine (Gln) and L-arginine (Arg), each of which has been previously shown to slow muscle proteolysis, could synergistically alter the course of muscle wasting in patients with established acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Methods: Sixty-eight human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with a documented weight loss of at least 5% in the previous 3 months were recruited from the HIV clinic at Nassau County Medical Center. The subjects were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive either placebo containing maltodextrin or the nutrient mixture (HMB/Arg/Gln) containing 3 g HMB, 14 g L-glutamine, and 14 g L-arginine given in two divided doses daily for 8 weeks. Body weights (BW) were recorded weekly and lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by air displacement plethysmography and by a single ...
TL;DR: It is concluded that mineral supplementation, adsorption of toxins, treatment of diarrhoea and pH adjustment of the gut seem the most plausible reasons why primates engage in geophagy.
TL;DR: This meta-analysis addresses the association between attachment security and each of three maternal mental health correlates in mother-child pairs and discusses measurement issues (specifically, overreliance on self-report inventories) and the need to study the correlates of change in attachment security, rather than just the correlate of attachment security per se.
TL;DR: Because of the large differences in the chemical composition and structure between these proteins and DNA, as well as between clays and humic acids, these studies can serve as models for the potential fate and effects of other biomolecules that will be introduced to soil from “factories” of transgenic plants and animals genetically engineered to produce vaccines, hormones, antibodies, toxins, pharmaceuticals, and other bioactive compounds.
Abstract: Insecticidal proteins produced by various subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis and bacterial transforming DNA bind rapidly and tightly on clays, both pure mined clay minerals and soil clays, and on humic acids extracted from soil. This binding reduces the susceptibility of these biomolecules, which retain their biological activity when bound, to microbial degradation. The persistence of bound insecticidal toxins may enhance the control of target pests, constitute a hazard to nontarget organisms, and result in the selection and enrichment of toxin-resistant target insects. The persistence of bound DNA has relevance to horizontal gene transfer in soil. Because of the large differences in the chemical composition and structure between these proteins and DNA, as well as between clays and humic acids, these studies can serve as models for the potential fate and effects of other biomolecules that will be introduced to soil from “factories” of transgenic plants and animals genetically engineered to produce vaccines, hormones, antibodies, toxins, pharmaceuticals, and other bioactive compounds.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the value and incentive effects of six nontraditional executive stock options: premium options, performance-vested options, repriceable options, purchased options, reload options, and indexed options.
TL;DR: The authors developed a model for understanding the potential use of the net-cost concept in eliciting the public's subjective perceptions on the extent to which certain activities are perceived as volunteerism.
Abstract: Our aim is to enhance the knowledge regarding how the public assess and rate volunteerism. We begin by first developing the model for understanding the potential use of the net-cost concept in eliciting the public's subjective perceptions on the extent to which certain activities are perceived as volunteerism. Four hypotheses relevant to the use of the net-cost concept are developed. We developed a questionnaire consisting of 50 case scenarios and applied it in Canada, India, Italy, Netherlands, and Georgia and Philadelphia in the United States, each with a sample of 450 adults or more. With one exception, our net-cost hypotheses are supported, suggesting that the public perception of volunteering is strongly linked with the costs and benefits that accrue to the individual from the volunteering activity, and that this result holds true across different cultures. Finally, we suggest directions for future research that can shed further light on the relationship between net cost and public good.
TL;DR: In this article, the implications of bank managers' discretion over their loan loss provision are investigated, and the authors empirically assesses whether discretionary loan loss provisions contain both signaling and income smoothing components.
Abstract: This study investigates the implications of bank managers' discretion over their loan loss provision. It empirically assesses whether discretionary loan loss provision contains both signaling and income smoothing components. To do so, the study identifies different environments in which either signaling or income smoothing or both motivations exist. The results indicate that relative undervaluation plays a critical role in motivating bank managers to use discretionary loan loss provision to signal their private information about future bank performance. The analysis also demonstrates that the level of current performance relative to the industry median is a key determinant of managers' decisions to smooth income.