York University

About: York University is a education organization based out in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 18899 authors who have published 43357 publications receiving 1568560 citations.

Genomic signatures of evolutionary transitions from solitary to group living

Abstract: The evolution of eusociality is one of the major transitions in evolution, but the underlying genomic changes are unknown We compared the genomes of 10 bee species that vary in social complexity, representing multiple independent transitions in social evolution, and report three major findings First, many important genes show evidence of neutral evolution as a consequence of relaxed selection with increasing social complexity Second, there is no single road map to eusociality; independent evolutionary transitions in sociality have independent genetic underpinnings Third, though clearly independent in detail, these transitions do have similar general features, including an increase in constrained protein evolution accompanied by increases in the potential for gene regulation and decreases in diversity and abundance of transposable elements Eusociality may arise through different mechanisms each time, but would likely always involve an increase in the complexity of gene networks

Participation of Children with and without Disabilities in Social, Recreational and Leisure Activities

Abstract: Background One method of promoting children’s friendship development is through activity participation with peers. However, children with disabilities seem to engage in fewer of these activities, and when they do participate often do so primarily with adults. Materials and Methods This study compared activity participation and friendship in typically developing (TD) children (n = 90), children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 65), and children with an intellectual disability (n = 30) between the ages of 5 and 17 years. Parents completed a questionnaire about their child’s participation in social, recreational and leisure activities. Results The TD children participated in significantly more social and recreational activities and had more friends than the children with disabilities. Notable differences emerged among groups in the percentage of activities the children participated in with peers, parents and/or other adults. Some significant differences were noted between the ASD and intellectual disability groups. Conclusions Research concerning activity participation should continue to take into account not only whether children are engaging in activities, but explore more precisely ‘with whom’ these activities are occurring.

Helping till it hurts? A multimethod study of compassion fatigue, burnout, and self-care in clinicians working with trauma survivors.

Abstract: There is burgeoning interest in secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue, and self-care in the helping professions. This multimethod study focused on therapists' stress and coping in their work with trauma survivors, identifying factors related to resilience and burnout. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 clinicians subscribing to a systems perspective, and 104 clinicians were administered a questionnaire inquiring about their caseloads, trauma history, coping styles, emotional self-awareness, work stress, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout. Interview data demonstrated that therapists detect job stress through bodily symptoms, mood changes, sleep disturbances, becoming easily distracted, and increased difficulty concentrating. Self-care strategies included processing with peers/supervisor, spirituality, exercise, and spending time with family. In the quantitative study, social support, work hours, and internal locus of control accounted for 41% of the variance in ...

Cation or solvent-induced supermolecular phthalocyanine formation: crown ether substituted phthalocyanines

Abstract: : Phthalocyanies with four 15-crown-5 ether voids at the 3,4 positions (MtCRPc) (Mt = H2, Zn, Co, Ni and Cu) have been synthesized and characterised. Dimerization of MtCRPC is induced in solvents such as methanol and by addition of some cations (K(+), Ca(2+), and NH4(+), especially K(+). Cofacial dimer formation in the presence of these cations proceeds in a two-step three stage process, as indicated by absorption and emission spectroscopy. These species have a highly specific D4h eclipsed configuration providing well defined dimeric species for spectroscopic analysis. The ESR spectrum of the cation induced dimeric CuCRPc shows axial symmetry and may be analysed in terms of an inter-planar separation of 4.1 Angstroms. The 1H NMR spectra of the cation induced metal free and zinc dimers are consistent with an eclipsed configuration. Upper excited state (Soret, S2) emission is observed for the first time in the phthalocyanine series.