York University

About: York University is a education organization based out in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Politics. The organization has 18899 authors who have published 43357 publications receiving 1568560 citations.

A Peek behind the Fence: Naturalistic Observations of Aggressive Children with Remote Audiovisual Recording.

Abstract: This article describes a methodology that is uniquely suited to study peer interactions, particularly those of aggressive children. To date, researchers have used laboratory and naturalistic observations to investigate children's aggressive interactions. To overcome difficulties such as the constraints of laboratory situations and reactivity to proximal observations, video cameras and wireless microphones were used in a study of the peer relations of aggressive and nonaggressive children. Details about the equipment and procedures are provided, along with logistical and ethical considerations. Remote audiovisual observations provide a unique opportunity to observe children's interactions that generally occur beyond adults' view. The primary strength of this observational methodology is its external validity. Children being observed are completely mobile on the school playground and are able to choose the activities and partners for their play. The effectiveness of this methodology is illustrated with results from our studies of children on school playgrounds. Researchers have identified peer relations as an important mechanism in the development of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors (e.g., Hartup, 1983; Parker & Asher, 1987). In the case of aggressive children, peer interactions are presumed to exacerbate behavior problems and propel these children along the trajectory to an antisocial lifestyle (Cairns, Cairns, Neckerman, Gest, & Gariepy, 1988; Patterson, DeBaryshe, & Ramsey, 1989). The study of aggressive children's peer relations has taken many forms: self-reports, peer reports, and adult reports; laboratory paradigms; and naturalistic observations. At present, there are gaps and inconsistencies in our understanding of the peer relations of aggressive children because of methodological issues such as the lack of agreement between raters (Loeber, Green, Lahey, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1989), the constraints of laboratory situations, and the difficulty of naturalistic observations with school-age children (Asher & Hymel, 1981). To overcome some of these methodological difficulties, we used video cameras and remote microphones to observe peer interactions of aggressive and nonaggressive children on the school playground. In this article, we discuss observational methodologies commonly used in the study of children's aggressive behavior, review the strengths and weaknesses of each methodology, describe our alternative observational strategy, and illustrate its effectiveness in addressing the challenge of naturalistic observations of aggressive children on the school playground. Even

The Social Determinants of Refugee Mental Health in the Post-Migration Context: A Critical Review.

Abstract: With the global increase in the number of refugees and asylum seekers, mental health professionals have become more aware of the need to understand and respond to the mental health needs of forced migrants. This critical review summarizes the findings of recent systematic reviews and primary research on the impact of post-migration conditions on mental disorders and PTSD among refugees and asylum seekers. Historically, the focus of mental health research and interventions with these populations has been on the impact of pre-migration trauma. Pre-migration trauma does predict mental disorders and PTSD, but the post-migration context can be an equally powerful determinant of mental health. Moreover, post-migration factors may moderate the ability of refugees to recover from pre-migration trauma. The importance of post-migration stressors to refugee mental health suggests the need for therapeutic interventions with psychosocial elements that address the broader conditions of refugee and asylum seekers' lives. However, there are few studies of multimodal interventions with refugees, and even fewer with control conditions that allow for conclusions about their effectiveness. These findings are interpreted using a social determinants of health framework that connects the risk and protective factors in the material and social conditions of refugees' post-migration lives to broader social, economic and political factors.

Science with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder

Abstract: The future of centimetre and metre-wave astronomy lies with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), a telescope under development by a consortium of 17 countries that will be 50 times more sensitive than any existing radio facility. Most of the key science for the SKA will be addressed through large-area imaging of the Universe at frequencies from a few hundred MHz to a few GHz. The Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) is a technology demonstrator aimed in the mid-frequency range, and achieves instantaneous wide-area imaging through the development and deployment of phased-array feed systems on parabolic reflectors. The large field-of-view makes ASKAP an unprecedented synoptic telescope that will make substantial advances in SKA key science. ASKAP will be located at the Murchison Radio Observatory in inland Western Australia, one of the most radio-quiet locations on the Earth and one of two sites selected by the international community as a potential location for the SKA. In this paper, we outline an ambitious science program for ASKAP, examining key science such as understanding the evolution, formation and population of galaxies including our own, understanding the magnetic Universe, revealing the transient radio sky and searching for gravitational waves.

Estimation of the Transmission Risk of 2019-nCov and Its Implication for Public Health Interventions (2019-nCov的传播风险估计及其对公共卫生干预的意义)

Abstract: English Abstract: Background: Since the emergence of the first pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) infection has been quickly spreading out to other provinces and neighbouring countries. Estimation of the basic reproduction number by means of mathematical modelling can be helpful for determining the potential and severity of an outbreak, and providing critical information for identifying the type of disease interventions and intensity. Methods: A deterministic compartmental model was devised based on the clinical progression of the disease, epidemiological status of the individuals, and the intervention measures. Findings: The estimation results based on likelihood and model analysis reveal that the control reproduction number may be as high as 6.47 (95% CI 5.71-7.23). Sensitivity analyses reveal that interventions, such as intensive contact tracing followed by quarantine and isolation, can effectively reduce the control reproduction number and transmission risk, with the effect of travel restriction of Wuhan on 2019-nCov infection in Beijing being almost equivalent to increasing quarantine by 100-thousand baseline value. Interpretation: It is essential to assess how the expensive, resource-intensive measures implemented by the Chinese authorities can contribute to the prevention and control of the 2019-nCov infection, and how long should be maintained. Under the most restrictive measures, the outbreak is expected to peak within two weeks (since January 23rd 2020) with significant low peak value. With travel restriction (no imported exposed individuals to Beijing), the number of infected individuals in 7 days will decrease by 91.14% in Beijing, compared with the scenario of no travel restriction. Mandarin Abstract: 背景：自从中国武汉出现第一例肺炎病例以来，新型冠状病毒（2019-nCov）感染已迅速传播到其他省份和周边国家。通过数学模型估计基本再生数，有助于确定疫情爆发的可能性和严重性，并为确定疾病干预类型和强度提供关键信息。 方法：根据疾病的临床进展，个体的流行病学状况和干预措施，设计确定性的仓室模型。 结果：基于似然函数和模型分析的估计结果表明，控制再生数可能高达6.47（95％CI 5.71-7.23）。敏感性分析显示，密集接触追踪和隔离等干预措施可以有效减少控制再生数和传播风险，武汉封城措施对北京2019-nCov感染的影响几乎等同于增加隔离措施10万的基线值。 解释：必须评估中国当局实施的昂贵，资源密集型措施如何有助于预防和控制2019-nCov感染，以及应维持多长时间。在最严格的措施下，预计疫情将在两周内（自2020年1月23日起）达到峰值，峰值较低。与没有出行限制的情况相比，有了出行限制（即没有输入的潜伏类个体进入北京），北京的7天感染者数量将减少91.14％。

Ethical dilemmas in community-based participatory research: recommendations for institutional review boards.

Abstract: National and international codes of research conduct have been established in most industrialized nations to ensure greater adherence to ethical research practices. Despite these safeguards, however, traditional research approaches often continue to stigmatize marginalized and vulnerable communities. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has evolved as an effective new research paradigm that attempts to make research a more inclusive and democratic process by fostering the development of partnerships between communities and academics to address community-relevant research priorities. As such, it attempts to redress ethical concerns that have emerged out of more traditional paradigms. Nevertheless, new and emerging ethical dilemmas are commonly associated with CBPR and are rarely addressed in traditional ethical reviews. We conducted a content analysis of forms and guidelines commonly used by institutional review boards (IRBs) in the USA and research ethics boards (REBs) in Canada. Our intent was to see if the forms used by boards reflected common CBPR experience. We drew our sample from affiliated members of the US-based Association of Schools of Public Health and from Canadian universities that offered graduate public health training. This convenience sample (n = 30) was garnered from programs where application forms were available online for download between July and August, 2004. Results show that ethical review forms and guidelines overwhelmingly operate within a biomedical framework that rarely takes into account common CBPR experience. They are primarily focused on the principle of assessing risk to individuals and not to communities and continue to perpetuate the notion that the domain of “knowledge production” is the sole right of academic researchers. Consequently, IRBs and REBs may be unintentionally placing communities at risk by continuing to use procedures inappropriate or unsuitable for CBPR. IRB/REB procedures require a new framework more suitable for CBPR, and we propose alternative questions and procedures that may be utilized when assessing the ethical appropriateness of CBPR.