York University

About: York University is a education organization based out in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 18899 authors who have published 43357 publications receiving 1568560 citations.

Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation.

Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression. The majority of miRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences into primary miRNAs and processed into precursor miRNAs, and finally mature miRNAs. In most cases, miRNAs interact with the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of target mRNAs to induce mRNA degradation and translational repression. However, interaction of miRNAs with other regions, including the 5' UTR, coding sequence, and gene promoters, have also been reported. Under certain conditions, miRNAs can also activate translation or regulate transcription. The interaction of miRNAs with their target genes is dynamic and dependent on many factors, such as subcellular location of miRNAs, the abundancy of miRNAs and target mRNAs, and the affinity of miRNA-mRNA interactions. miRNAs can be secreted into extracellular fluids and transported to target cells via vesicles, such as exosomes, or by binding to proteins, including Argonautes. Extracellular miRNAs function as chemical messengers to mediate cell-cell communication. In this review, we provide an update on canonical and non-canonical miRNA biogenesis pathways and various mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated gene regulations. We also summarize the current knowledge of the dynamics of miRNA action and of the secretion, transfer, and uptake of extracellular miRNAs.

Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

Abstract: Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by "apathy," "alienation," and "anomie." This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.

Neurocognitive Deficit in Schizophrenia: A Quantitative Review of the Evidence

Abstract: The neurocognitive literature on test performance in schizophrenia is reviewed quantitatively. The authors report 22 mean effect sizes from 204 studies to index schizophrenia versus control differences in global and selective verbal memory, nonverbal memory, bilateral and unilateral motor performance, visual and auditory attention, general intelligence, spatial ability, executive function, language, and interhemispheric tactile-transfer test performance. Moderate to large raw effect sizes (d > .60) were obtained for all 22 neurocognitive test variables, and none of the associated confidence intervals included zero. The results indicate that schizophrenia is characterized by a broadly based cognitive impairment, with varying degrees of deficit in all ability domains measured by standard clinical tests.

The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism

Abstract: Introduction - Royston Greenwood, Christine Oliver, Kerstin Sahlin and Roy Suddaby PART ONE: FOUNDATIONAL THEMES Legitimacy in Organizational Institutionalism - David L Deephouse and Marc Suchman Isomorphism, Diffusion and Decoupling - Eva Boxenbaum and Stefan Jonsson Institutional Logics - Patricia H Thornton and William Ocasio Organizational Fields - Melissa Wooten and Andrew J Hoffman Past, Present and Future PART TWO: INSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS The Work of Meanings in Institutional Processes and Thinking - Tammar B Zilber Power, Institutions and Organizations - Thomas B Lawrence Institutional Entrepreneurship - Cynthia Hardy and Steve Maguire Circulating Ideas - Kerstin Sahlin and Linda Wedlin Imitation, Translation and Editing Organizational Implications of Institutional Pluralism - Matthew S Kraatz and Emily S. Block Microfoundations of Institutional Theory - Walter W Powell and Jeannette A. Colyvas Institutions and Transnationalization - Marie-Laure Djelic and Sigrid Quack PART THREE: APPLICATIONS Traditions as Institutionalized Practice - M Tina Dacin and Peter A Dacin Implications for de-institutionalization New Forms as Settlements - Hayagreeva Rao and Martin Kenney Social Movements and Failed Institutionalization - Gerald F Davis and Peter J J Anderson Corporate, (Non)Response to the AIDS Epidemic Institutions and Corporate Governance - Peer C Fiss PART FOUR: INTERFACES Beyond Constraint - Mary Ann Glynn How Institutions Enable Identities Institutionalism and the Professions - Kevin T Leicht and Mary L Fennell Institutionalism and Globalization Studies - Gili S Drori Organizational Institutionalism and Sociology - C R Hinings and Pamela S Tolbert A Reflection Coalface Institutionalism - Stephen R Barley New Sociology of Knowledge - Renate E Meyer Historical Legacy and Contributions Systems Theory, Societal Contexts and Organizational Heterogeneity - Raimund Hasse and Georg Kr cken Charting Progress at the Nexus of Institutional Theory and Economics - Peter W Roberts Ecologists and Institutionalists - Heather A Haveman and Robert J David Friends or Foes? Networks and Institutions - Jason Owen-Smith and Walter W Powell Institutional-Level Learning - Pamela Haunschild and David Chandler Learning as a Source of Institutional Change Social Movements and Institutional Analysis - Marc Schneiberg and Michael Lounsbury Examining 'Institutionalization' - David J Cooper, Mahmoud Ezzamel and Hugh Willmott A Critical Theoretic Perspective Taking Social Construction Seriously - Nelson Phillips and Namrata Malhotra Extending the Discursive Approach in Institutional Theory Institutional Leadership - Marvin Washington, Kimberly B Boal and John N Davis Past, Present and Future PART FIVE: REFLECTIONS Is the New Institutionalism a Theory? - Donald Palmer, Nicole Biggart and Brian Dick How to Misuse Institutions and Get Away with It - Barbara Czarniawska Some Reflections on Institutional Theory(ies) Been There, Done That, Moving on - Paul Hirsch Reflections on Institutional Theory's Continuing Evolution Reflections on Institutional Theories of Organizations - John W Meyer