Showing papers in "Aacl Bioflux in 2015"

Freshwater fishes of Iran; an updated checklist.

Abstract: The present study provides a new and updated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Iran. The confirmed freshwater fishes of Iran comprise 257 species in 106 genera, 29 families, 18 orders and 3 classes. The most diverse order is the Cypriniformes with 162 species or 63.04% of the fauna, followed by Perciformes (32 species, 12.45%), Cyprinodontiformes (17 species, 6.61%) and Clupeiformes (11 species, 4.28%). The most diverse family is the Cyprinidae with 111 confirmed species (43.19%) followed by Nemacheilidae (44 species, 17.12%), Gobiidae (24 species, 9.34%), Cyprinodontidae (14 species, 5.45%), Clupeidae (10 species, 3.89%), Cobitidae (7 species, 2.72%) and Salmonidae (7 species, 2.72%). Twenty-two families have 6 or fewer species. Fourteen families have only one species. Endemics comprise 73 species (28.40% of total fauna) in seven families although this is expected to increase, as new species are describing. Cyprinidae with 30 endemics (41.10% of endemic species) is ranked first followed by Nemacheilidae with 25 (34.25%), Cyprinodontidae with 11 (15.07%), Cobitidae with 4 (5.48%), and Cichlidae, Gobiidae and Sisoridae, each with one species (1.37% each). An additional 23 species require confirmation of their presence in Iran. Twenty-seven exotic species in nine families are listed here. Cyprinidae with 11 species (40.74% of exotic species) is ranked first followed by Salmonidae (5 species, 18.52%), Poeciliidae with 3 species (11.11%), Mugilidae and Cichlidae both with 2 species (7.41% each) and 4 families each with only one species (3.70% each). Exotic species containing, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Cyprinus carpio transplanted by Iranian Fisheries Organization (Shilat) for aquaculture developments throughout Iran, but Alburnus hohenackeri, Carassius auratus, Carassius gibelio, Hemiculter leucisculus, Pseudorasbora parva, and Gambusia holbrooki, transferred with them inadvertently to Iranian water resources. Certain nominal species can be regarded as species complexes, probably containing several undescribed species. The genera Capoeta, Squalius, Alburnus and Barbus are wide-ranging and complexes genus in Iran, that systematics of them need careful reassessment.

Characterization of dried fish oil from Menhaden encapsulated by spray drying.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluating the phisycochemical characterization of encapsulated fish oil from menhaden and potential of maltodextrin in combination with different wall materials in its microencapsulation process by spray drying, in order to maximize encapsulation efficiency. Maltodextrin (MD) mixed with fish gelatin (FG), κ carrageenan (κc) and both of them. The feed emulsions used for particle production were characterized for stability. The best encapsulation efficiency was obtained for MD:FG followed by the MD:FG+κc combination, while the lowest encapsulation efficiency was obtained for MD:κc, which also showed poorer emulsion stability. Particles were hollow, with the active material embedded in the wall material matrix, and had no apparent cracks or fissures.

Defense properties in the epidermal mucus of different freshwater fish species.

Abstract: Mucus is a protective secretion of the epidermal membranes that cover the surface of fish as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The exploration of the defence properties of fish mucus is limited and scarcely reported in a few marine and freshwater fish species. To date, no studies have shown the defence properties of fish mucus in Malaysian freshwater fish species such as giant snakehead fish (Channa micropeltes), striped snakehead (Channa striatus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and bagrid catfish (Mystus nemurus). In this study, a series of extraction solvents (acidic, organic and aqueous) were utilized to screen for antimicrobial activity of the epidermal mucus for the above stated freshwater fish species. Preliminary screening of the mucus extracts against Escherichia coli showed significant variation in antimicrobial activity among the fish species examined. Acidic mucus extracts of tilapia and bagrid catfish exhibited bactericidal activity. No detectable antibacterial activity was noted in the crude and organic mucus extracts of all the fish species. Based on the preliminary screening analysis, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for acidic mucus extract of tilapia and bagrid catfish against a fish pathogen and nine human pathogens were determined. Acidic mucus extracts of bagrid catfish have showed the lowest MBC values (11.96 μg mL) against the Gram-negative bacteria. The data suggests that the mucus of tilapia and bagrid catfish may be a source of novel antimicrobial agents for fish and human health related applications.

Population dynamics of the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) in Lasongko Bay, Central Buton, Indonesia.

Abstract: We studied the size structure and population dynamics of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus 1758) in Lasongko Bay, Central Buton Indonesia from April 2013 to March 2014. We assessed the size structure, growth parameters, recruitment, mortality, and rate of exploitation due to local fisheries. We collected crabs monthly by gillnets with mesh sizes of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 inches. The size structure of male and female crabs consisted of one to two groups, most of which were adults. The growth parameters of male and females crabs were CW∞ = 152.04 mm and K = 0.93 year , and CW∞ = 173.04 mm and K = 0.68 year, respectively. Total, natural, and fishing mortality of males were 2.80, 1.09 and 1.71, and 2.95, 0.86, and 2:09 for females, respectively. The exploitation rate of males and females were 0.61 and 0.71, respectively, which suggests overfishing.

Cadmium, lead and zinc contamination on the oyster Crassostrea gigas muscle harvested from the estuary of Lamnyong River, Banda Aceh City, Indonesia.

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine the heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in the oysters (Crassoscrea sp.) muscle harvested from the estuary of Lamnyong River, Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. The samplings were conducted two times (in May 2013 and March 2014) at four sampling locations. The samples were analyzed for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The study revealed that Pb, Cd and Zn were detected in the oysters. The concentration of Zn increased from 3.778 ppm to 11.567 ppm on May 2013 and March 2014, respectively; the concentration of Pb was undetected to 0.017 ppm on May 2013 and March 2014, respectively; while the concentration of Cd was decreased from 0.152 ppm to 0.015 ppm in the same period. The concentration of Pb was highest in station IV (0.029 ppm), Cd in station I (0.093 ppm), and Zn in stations II and III (8.069 ppm and 8.030, respectively). It was concluded that the concentrations of lead, cadmium and zinc have exceeded the maximum limit for aquatic organism and therefore the oysters from this estuary area were not safe to be consumed.

Phytoremediation of freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) culture wastewater with spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in aquaponic system.

Abstract: Aim of the study was to compare the ability of nutrient reduction of freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus, family Parastacidae) wastewater cultured in aquaponic system using vegetable plant, water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Aquarium A rearing freshwater crayfish without plant, and aquarium B rearing freshwater crayfish with water spinach, were experimented for three weeks. Survival rates of crayfish were 85% (aquarium A), and 90% (aquarium B). Meanwhile mortality of crayfish was 15% and 10% at aquarium A and B, respectively. Aquaponic system applying water spinach can reduce freshwater crayfish culture wastewater particularly ammonia (NH3) until 84.6%, and nitrate (NO3) until 34.8%. Orthophosphate underwent reduction of 44.4% under spinach treatment. Relatively high ammonia concentration in control without plant treatment (aquarium A) affected the growth of freshwater crayfish. Hence, the survival rates of freshwater crayfish grown together with plant were higher than that without plant.

Biofloc technology (BFT) and its application towards improved production in freshwater tilapia culture.

Abstract: Biofloc technology (BFT) has beneficial effects in aquaculture management, including water quality, feeding and disease control. Application of BFT in aquaculture offers a solution to avoid the environmental impact of high nutrient discharges and to reduce the use of artificial feed. In BFT, excess of nutrients in aquaculture systems are converted into microbial biomass, which can be consumed by the cultured animals as a food source. This technology, to a certain extent, has also the capacity to control pathogens in aquaculture. A review of the previous studies demonstrated that the benefits of BFT are also evident in the freshwater tilapia culture to include improved production through lower feed conversion rate, better nutrition, optimum water quality and health. The basic principles and mechanisms of the BFT are already established, however, this technology needs fine-tuning and its implementation needs further intensive research in order to make this technology a major feature of future sustainable freshwater tilapia aquaculture.

Physico-chemical and color characteristics of saltfermented fish sauce from anchovy Stolephorus commersonii.

Abstract: Fish sauce is a salt-fermented product and considered as an economically important traditional fishery product in most Southeast Asian countries. The manufacturing processes involve various species of fish and salt to fish ratios. This study was conducted to assess the changes in the physico-chemical and color characteristics of laboratory-prepared salt-fermented fish sauce made from anchovy, Stolephorus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803), with 1:3.5 salt to fish ratio and fermented for 270 days at 28-30C. One-way ANOVA showed a highly significant effect (p < 0.05) of fermentation period on pH, total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N), protein and color characteristics of the product but no significant effect on salt content. The 270-day anchovy sauce had pH, TVB-N, total protein and sodium chloride contents of 6.05±0.01, 147.35±1.88 mgN 100g, 12.65±0.07% and 19.01±0.04%, respectively. Salt (as sodium chloride) and protein contents are two important quality criteria of the product and the present study reveals that the 1:3.5 salt to fish ratio, which is commonly used in the commercial manufacturing of Philippine fish sauce resulted to a sodium chloride content of the product which is lower than the 20-25% standards for fish sauce while protein content is higher than the 1-8% required minimum amount. While the salt content is below 20%, the TVB-N values were within the set acceptable limit. The color description of the product was achieved at 270 days of fermentation, which was a clear liquid with the hues of yellow and red.

Significant factors affecting the economic sustainability of closed aquaponic systems. Part III: Plant units.

Abstract: The hydroponic unit of two identical closed ebb-flow substrate aquaponic systems for warmwater fish were tested for water parameter differences of dissolved oxygen (DO) [mg L], temperature [°C], pH and phosphorus [mg L] under Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivation. Each system contained 3.7 m water, and the relationship of the water volume in the aquaculture tank to the settling basin (sedimenter, clarifier), the biofilter and the hydroponic units was 2.25:1:0.075:0.6 (fish tank:hydroponic unit = 3.75). The hydroponics were built as gravel bed aggregate systems with a single nutrient enriched water inlet for each of four plant units, and a horizontal sub-irrigation towards the outlet. Related to an increasing feed input into the fish tanks, DO levels in the hydroponic units were lowest inside the system (1-4.7 mg L). This is a favourable place for oxygen level monitoring to indicate a stable performance. Declining DO trends were observed in both cycles, with significant differences (p < 0.05) within cycle I and II on 4 consecutive days. Oxygen means of cycle I and II were significant only on day I. Inside the 2 m plant boxes, slightly decreasing trends in DO distribution towards the outlet were observed. Time series of all four experimental days (ANOVA, p < 0.05) showed varying values of phosphorus with highest levels on sampling day III in both cycles. Following an increase in feed input, a sluggish phosphorus accumulation inside the plant boxes was observed. Parallel arrangement of the 4 plant boxes in each cycle had no influence onto water parameters within each plant box. Within each cycle no trend was observed, total parameter values differed only slightly, influenced by the system design of the hydroponic units. Plant growth was different in cycle I and II. Best growth was recorded close to the nutrient enriched water inlet into the plant boxes, assessing the chosen central nutrient water irrigation system as sub-optimal for plant growth. Cucumber and zucchini showed better biomass gain (sum 7.60 kg) in plant box II of cycle II than in other plant boxes, suggesting variable conditions inside the plant boxes of the tested aquaponic system.

The application of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enhance the immune responses of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Vibrio harveyi infection.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in enhancing the immune responses of vannameishrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Vibrio harveyi infection. This research was comprised of five treatments, namely:T0(+)= Positive control, T0(-)= Negative control, T1= 1% probiotic , T2= 2% prebiotic, and T3= synbiotic (1% probiotic+2% prebiotic). The Probiotic SKT-b (dose 10 CFU/ml) and oligosaccharides from sweet potatos as a prebiotic were used in this study. The prebiotics and probiotics were supplemented into the shrimp diet. The study revealed that higher immune responses were observed in T3 with total heamocytes of3.36±0.05 x10 to 9.32±0.05x10 cells/ml, phagocytic activity of 16.48±0.14 to 77.55±0.22%, and phenoloxidase activity of 0.128±0.03 to 0.591±0.01. We concluded that the addition of synbiotics in the feed resulted in better immune responses compared to the addition of probiotics and prebiotics.

Sex and size range composition of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and their sighting behaviour in relation with fishermen lift-net within Cenderawasih Bay National Park, Indonesia.

Abstract: The study was conducted to identify sex and size range composition of whale shark individuals from sightings and their appearance behavior in Cenderawasih Bay National Park, Indonesia. A total of 74 fishermen lift-nets ‘bagans’ in Sowa, Kwatisore, and Yaur areas from March to June 2013 were visited to document date, time, location, sex, size range, and number of whale sharks seen each day. Photographic identification was used as a non-invasive means to describe the population throughout the study period. Shark sizes were estimated using a diver body as reference length. A total of 134 whale sharks sightings was recorded within study areas. The highest frequency appearance of whale shark was within Sowa region with 76 sightings, followed by 51 sightings in Kwatisore region, and 7 sightings in Yaur region. From 37 whale sharks identified individual observed in Cenderawasih Bay, there were 36 individuals were identified as male and one as female with a size range of 3-7 meter, dominated by individual with size under 4 meter. From all the observed whale sharks, 44.44% were found not having any scars on their body, but some were having scars on their fins and mouth. Whale sharks in Cenderawasih Bay National Park can be seen moving around in water surface near the lift-net as their feeding behaviour. The fishermen activities might also have an impact on this behaviour, as the fishermen catching activities might

First record of Albunea symmysta (Crustacea: Decapoda: albuneidae) from Sumatra and Java, Indonesia.

Abstract: The sand crab of family Albuneidae is widely distributed along the Indonesian coast. The presence of the sand crab, Albunea symmysta (Crustacea: Decapoda: Albuneidae), is reported for the first time from Sumatra and Java, Indonesia. A total of 14 specimens were collected from March 2013 to December 2014 in the intertidal zone of the south-western coast of Sumatra and the southern coast of Java. The systematics, morphological characters, habitat and distribution of this species are presented.

Composition, chemical score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI) of the crinkle grass Rhizoclonium sp. as ingredient for aquafeeds.

Abstract: Biochemical analyses were done on the crinkle grass Rhizoclonium sp. to evaluate its nutritive value for use in aquafeeds. Crinkle grass were collected from two brackish water sources (Leganes and Arevalo both in the Iloilo Province, Philippines). Regardless of collection site, proximate analyses showed that crude protein, fiber and ash were in the ranges measured for other macroalgae; crude fat values, in contrast, were lower. As for the amino acid composition, aspartic and glutamic acids (13 and 15%, respectively) exhibited the highest proportion but were lower than the values of 26 and 32%, respectively, measured in other green seaweeds. The Arevalo seaweed exhibited higher essential amino acid content (EAA, 31.1 g 100 g protein) than in those from Leganes (48.3 g 100 g protein). The ratio of EAA to non-essential AA was higher in the Arevalo seaweed (1.11:1) than that in the Leganes seaweed. The EAA index (EAAI) of the seaweed from either site for the Nile tilapia and for the tiger prawn exhibited similar values. The first and second limiting amino acid in Leganes Rhizoclonium for the Nile tilapia was Tryptophan (Trp) and Lysine (Lys) while the Arevalo seaweed were Methionine (Met) and Trpt for the first and second limiting AA, respectively. For the tiger shrimp, Leganes Rhizoclonium exhibited Phenylalanine (Phe) and Lys, while the Arevalo seaweed were Met and Phe (first and second limiting EAA). All the other amino acids (7 out of 10 in seaweeds from Leganes and 6 out of 10 in those from Arevalo) were either higher than or equal to their EAA requirements. The chemical scores (CS) of the seaweed were similar for the Nile tilapia (62.2 and 62.0, respectively) for the Leganes and Arevalo Rhizoclonium. For Penaeus monodon, the CS of the seaweed was similar with that of the Leganes seaweed (64.3) but was markedly lower (41.9) in the Arevalo seaweed. Conclusions: Proximate composition of Rhizoclonium sp. varied slightly with the sampling site. Chemical scores could be similar or variable, but the kind of limiting amino acids varied. Rhizoclonium sp. regardless of habitat exhibited EAAI around 1.0 pointing to a well-balanced AA content. All the determined parameters pointed to the possibility of incorporating the seaweed and supplementing other protein components in the diets of the Nile tilapia and in the tiger prawn.

Food preference and diet overlap of two endemic and threatened freshwater fishes, depik (Rasbora tawarensis) and kawan (Poropuntius tawarensis) in Lake Laut Tawar, Indonesia.

Abstract: Depik (Rasbora tawarensis) and kawan (Poropuntius tawarensis) are endemic and threatened fishes occurring in Lake Laut Tawar, Indonesia. The populations of both depik and kawan have been declining sharply over the last few decades. Several biological aspects of both species have been previously reported. However, there is no information on the feeding biology of depik and kawan, hence here we present the evaluation of feeding biology of these fishes. Sampling was conducted in July 2013 using gillnets. A total of 42 depik and 45 kawan fishes were examined. The food occurrence, dietary shift, diet similarity and diet overlap were evaluated in this study. Phytoplankton (especially algae) and zooplankton were the primary and secondary food sources, respectively. However, their favorite food were Closteriopsis longissima and Arcella vulgaris. Higher food similarity was observed between length classes of 55-70 mm and 71-85 mm for depik; and between 71-85 mm and 101-115 mm for kawan. It was concluded that the depik and kawan are plankton feeder (planktonphagous). Based on diet overlap index, there is a moderate degree of overlapping of food preference between depik and kawan.

Fluctuating asymmetry as bioindicator of ecological condition in the body shapes of Glossogobius celebius from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, Philippines.

Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the condition of Lake Sebu in South Cotabato by looking into the level of fluctuating asymmetry in populations of Glossogobius celebius. Several studies have shown that fluctuating asymmetry can be used to indirectly assess water quality of an ecosystem. In this study, G. celebius was used as a bio indicator because of its abundance in the lake. Using thin-plate spline (TPS) series, landmark analyses were obtained and subjected to Symmetry and Asymmetry in Geometric Data (SAGE) software. Results in Procrustes ANOVA showed that although individual symmetry depicts no significant difference, Sides (Directional Asymmetry) and Interaction (Fluctuating asymmetry) showed a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001*). The results of Principal Component Scores display a high percentage fluctuating asymmetry of female (73.78%) and male (79.13%). In female, Principal Component (PC) 1 (26.53%) and PC 2 (20.67) and interaction were found to have significant variations affecting the G. celebius snout tip, insertion of the anterior dorsal fin, curvature of peduncle, anal fin (including posterior), operculum and pectoral fin. In male, PC 1 (29.18%) and PC 2 (23.29%) affected the snout tip, posterior body extremity and anal fin, beginning of the lateral line and superior and inferior insertion of pectoral fin and margin of the preoperculum. This study validated the use of fluctuating asymmetry in determining the populations of the G. celebius status of Lake Sebu was possible that it might indicate the condition of the aquatic ecosystem.

Deproteination and demineralization of shrimp waste using lactic acid bacteria for the production of crude chitin and chitosan.

Abstract: Deproteination and demineralization efficiencies of shrimp waste using two Lactobacillus species treated with different carbohydrate sources for chitin production, its chemical conversion to chitosan and the quality of chitin and chitosan produced were determined. Using 5% glucose and 5% cassava starch as carbohydrate sources, pH slightly increased from the initial pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and 7.2, respectively after 24 h and maintained their pH at 6.7 to 7.3 throughout the treatment period. Demineralization (%) in 5% glucose and 5% cassava was highest during the first day of treatment which was 82% and 83%, respectively. Deproteination (%) was highest in 5% cassava starch on the 3 day of treatment at 84.4%. The obtained chitin from 5% cassava and 5% glucose had a residual ash and protein below 1% and solubility of 59% and 44.3%, respectively. Chitosan produced from 5% cassava and 5% glucose had protein content below 0.05%; residual ash was 1.1% and 0.8%, respectively. Chitosan solubility and degree of deacetylation were 56% and 33% in 5% glucose and 48% and 29% in 5% cassava, respectively. The advantage this alternative technology offers over that of chemical extraction is large reduction in chemicals needed thus less effluent production and generation of a protein-rich liquor, although the demineralization process should be improved to achieve greater degree of deacetylation.

Fluctuating asymmetry as bioindicator of stress and developmental instability in Gafrarium tumidum (ribbed venus clam) from coastal areas of Iligan Bay, Mindanao, Philippines.

Abstract: Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is any deviation from bilateral symmetry which is usually quantified as numerically unequal differences between the absolute of the right and left sides and is a useful trait to monitor developmental stability and ecological stress. This study sought to evaluate developmental stability of Gafrarium tumidum (ribbed venus clam) by the use of FA from two marine coastal areas of Mindanao, Philippines (Lugait, Misamis Oriental and Buruun, Lanao del Norte). Analysis was based on the Procrustes method and makes comparison of FA indices of homologous points and identifies the level of developmental stability of the bivalve species. Using landmark method for shape asymmetry, anatomical and mathematical landmarks were used and analyzed using Symmetry and Asymmetry in Geometric Data (SAGE) program. Thirteen landmarks were tested for samples for both populations. Procrustes ANOVA results showed variation and significant evidence of FA for both populations and no indication of Directional Asymmetry (DA). Possible explanation for significant FA for populations mean varying level of stress as experienced by populations, with Lugait relatively higher than Buruun, suggesting that there is a significant variation between the left and right side of each individual induced by the environment. Significant FA and increase FA present inability of species to buffer stress in its developmental pathways hence, would mean developmental instability and have implications on

Sediment grain-size distribution in the Lake Laut Tawar, Aceh Province, Indonesia.

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the grain size distribution in Lake Laut Tawar. The study was done in May and June of 2012 at 5 locations: Boom, Klitu, Ujung Mumpar, Bintang and Toweran. The samples were collected using a grab sampler. The collected samples from the respective locations were sun dried and then sieved to examine the grain-size distribution. The result showed that the sediment types were divided into three categories: gravel, sandy gravel and gravelly mud. The Boom location had gravelly mud (predominantly mud) that was well sorted, while gravel was a major portion of the sediment in Ujung Mumpar and it was moderately well sorted. In addition, all of the locations had negatively skewed values, which indicates a coarse-skew particle distribution.

The Dynamic Of Landing Blue Swimming Crab (Portunnus pelagicus) Cathes in Pangkajene Kepulauan South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract: Based on numerous research and landing trends, blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Indonesia are presently under considerable pressure, as the volume and sizes of catches are decreasing. However, the management strategy for blue swimming crab still lacks crucial information. For this reason, a study in relation to the dynamics of the catch landing characteristics of blue swimming crab is important. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to analyse the dynamic of blue swimming crab catches. The study was conducted in Pangkajene Kepulauan, South Sulawesi Indonesia one of the focal points for landing blue swimming crab in Indonesia. The catches, both in total weight and morphometrics were compared between the monsoon season (month) and the phases of the moon. The results of this study concluded that the greatest landings of crab catches in Pangkajene Kepulauan occurred in the dry season (June) during the new moon. A comparison of the morphometrics of gear also concluded a similar result, where the width, length and weight also achieved the highest value during the dry season (June).

Nutritional values of the Indonesian mole crab, Emerita emeritus: are they affected by processing methods?

Abstract: Marine mole crabs (Emerita emeritus) belong to a small genus of crustacean species. They are edible and could be developed to meet human nutritional needs. We determined the effects of various processing methods including boiling, steaming, and grilling on morphology and nutritional contents, and determined the optimal processing method. Fresh and processed marine mole crab samples were analyzed for their proximate, mineral, fatty acid, cholesterol, and amino acid compositions. Mole crabs are typically gray and have an oval body with a carapace length of 29.29 mm, a telson length of 20.78 mm, a telson width of 10.10 mm, and a weight of 7.34 g. They contain 74.90% moisture and 25.1% dry matter (38.52% protein, 8.76% fat, 35.63% ash, and 17.08% carbohydrate). The three processing methods had significant (p < 0.05) effects on the proximate, micro-mineral and saturated fatty acid. In contrast, they had no significant (p > 0.05) effects on the macro-mineral, total fatty acid, poly and monounsaturated fatty acid, total cholesterol, total amino acid and amino acid composition of the samples. Steaming was the optimal processing method yielding 25.00 g/100 g amino acids, 11.04 g/100 g minerals, 71.86 g/100 g fatty acids, and 2.11 g/100 g cholesterol

Length-weight relationship of Ostreidae in the Kuala Gigieng estuary, Aceh Besar District, Indonesia.

Abstract: Ostreidae is one of the important groups of mollusks found in the Kuala Gigieng estuary, Aceh Besar Dsitrict, Indonesia. This mollusk has been exploited intensively, resulting in a decrease of the wild population. The objective of the present study was to examine the length-weight relationship of the Ostreidae group in the Kuala Gigieng estuary. The samplings were conducted at three locations from August to September 2013. The Linear Allometric model was used to calculate the b value. A total of five species of Ostreidae (Crassostrea virginica, Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea iridescens, Crassostrea angulata, and Ostrea edulis) were collected during the study. The study showed that the b values were 1.86, 1.87, 1.27, 1.48, and 1.48 for C. virginica, C. gigas, O. edulis, C. iridescens, and C. angulata, respectively. Hence, the Ostreidae harvested from the Kuala Gigieng estuary displayed an allometric growth pattern.

Replacement of soybean meal with Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the formulated diets of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings.

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the optimum composition of Moringa oleifera leaf meal for partial replacement of soybean meal in the formulated diets of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. A completely randomized design with five treatments of Moringa meal composition (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32%) was utilized in this study. The formulated diets had 32% crude protein content. The fingerlings were fed 5% of their body weight three times a day at 8 AM, 12 PM, and 5 PM for 30 days. The ANOVA test showed that the composition of Moringa meal in the diets of the tilapia fingerlings did not have a significant effect on growth performance, survival rate, feed conversion ratio or feed efficiency. This indicates that the result obtained with a diet composed of Moringa meal were not significantly different from when the diet was composed of soybean meal. Therefore, soybean meal is replaceable with Moringa meal and the recommended compositionis 16-32%.

Nutritional value of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaf protein concentrate for aquafeeds.

Abstract: The present study evaluated the nutritive value of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) as a potential feed ingredient for aquafeeds in general and measured the Apparent Digestibility of the Ingredient (ADI) for dry matter in Oreochromis niloticus adults. Concentrating the water hyacinth meal resulted in a 248% increase in crude protein. The apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) of WHLPC was relatively high at 76.4%. Cadmium, copper, and lead increased after protein concentration but were still considered much lower than the allowable limits set by the European Union for animal feedstuffs. The most limiting amino acid was methionine followed by lysine. The chemical score of the WHLPC was estimated to be 38.9% while the Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI) was 0.88; the latter index indicated that the WHLPC was a useful protein source and with amino acid supplementation or protein complementation could convert it to a good quality protein source for aquafeeds.

Effect of fish meal replacement by blood meal in fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on growth and body/fillet quality traits.

Abstract: A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal by processed blood meal, in practical diets for fingerling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish meal was replaced by 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of blood meal. The diet with 0% blood meal was used as control. Fingerling rainbow trout were reared in 12 ponds. Each dietary treatment was tested in groups of 30 fish per pond arranged in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed by the diets for 8 weeks. Percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed conversion ratio and body composition of fish were estimated. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in growth performance among fish fed by diets (0–30% fish meal replacement) with those fed diet control as feed. No significant difference was observed in survival rate among fish fed by the experimental diets. These results showed that blood meal is not a suitable protein source as fish meal replacement for fingerlings rainbow trout. Growth, nutrient utilization and body composition were either not improved or were significantly influenced by gradually replacing fish meal by blood meal.

The new paradigm of cold chain management systems and it's logistics on Tuna fishery sector in Indonesia.

Abstract: The cold chain management is an important element in ensuring standards of quality and safety of fishery products. Global trends of the standard requirements of fishery products (quality, safety and traceability) is constantly increasing and becoming a global effect. These issues make the development of a new paradigm of cold chain system management of Tuna, which must be holistic, integrated and up to date. The results of the reviews of previous studies shows that the application of cold chain management are still partially employed and is not yet fully integrated in the whole process (post harvest handling, processing and packaging, cold storage and distribution, refrigerated transportation, marketing of fishery products). This paper provides a new paradigm of what cold chain management offers by systems integration approach. The output of this integration model will be expected to improve the exports competitiveness of Indonesian fishery products (Tuna`s).