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Showing papers in "Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal in 2019"


Journal Article
TL;DR: The Schumpeterian entrepreneurship theory as discussed by the authors associates entrepreneurship not only with organizations of businesses, but also with Innovations or continuous business development, and it is the human factor which emerges as the dominant factor in business and economic development.
Abstract: This article sheds light on the Schumpeterian entrepreneurship in the historical and contemporary context, J.A. Schumpeter (1883-1950) propounded a theory of entrepreneurship which was at quite variance with the then commonly accepted Marshallian entrepreneurship theory of entrepreneurship as establishment and successful or profitable organization of business organizations. As against this, Schumpeter’s entrepreneurship theory associates entrepreneurship not only with organizations of businesses, but also with Innovations or continuous business development. Schumpeter costs and entrepreneurship as the central factor of economic development. The result is not a doom of capitalism foreseen by least Marx, but a progressive free-enterprise system. Thus, it is the human factor which emerges as the dominant factor in business and economic development. The theory is of contemporary relevance, as evident from the current entrepreneurship and micro enterprises to combat multiple socioeconomic problems.

46 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and the success of immigrant-owned small businesses in South Africa and found a significant positive relationship between EI and organisational and personal success.
Abstract: The study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and the success of immigrant-owned small businesses in South Africa. Organisational and personal criteria were used to measure success. The study utilised the quantitative research approach and the crosssectional survey method was used for data collection in a survey. The self-administered questionnaire method was used to collect data from the participants. Convenience and snowball methods were used for sampling. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used for data analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha was used as the measure of reliability. Based on data collected from 175 immigrant-owned small businesses, the findings indicated a significant positive relationship between EI and organisational and personal success. Practically, the study suggested recommendations that can improve EI by immigrant-owned small businesses.

22 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a sample of 349 learners from 11 secondary high schools in Mamelodi, South Africa to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intention among secondary school learners.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intention among secondary school learners in Mamelodi, South Africa. More specifically, the study aims to test whether the theory of planned behaviour can predict entrepreneurial intentions of secondary school learners in Mamelodi. Secondly, the study seeks to determine the effect of the media and status of entrepreneurship and knowledge of entrepreneurial support on entrepreneurial intentions of these learners. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a sample of 349 learners from 11 secondary high schools in Mamelodi. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection and SPSS Version 25 was used to analyse the data. Findings revealed that entrepreneurial intentions of secondary school learners were predicted by perceived behavioural control, attitude towards entrepreneurship and subjective norms. The media and status of entrepreneurship had a significant positive relationship with entrepreneurial intention, subjective norms, attitude towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural control. Knowledge of entrepreneurial support did not have a significant effect on entrepreneurial intention and the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention.

17 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted an empirical study to determine the factors affecting success of business incubators and identify impact level of those factors and found out that three main factors such as availability and access to external financial resources, strong social and business networks, and internal strength including resources and capabilities positively affect and have a strong relationship with the success of businesses incubators.
Abstract: Business incubators have been mushrooming in the recent past. There have been various studies on the impact of business incubators to the entrepreneurs and their diverse ideas. The major objectives of the study were to determine the factors affecting success of business incubators and identify impact level of those factors. An empirical study was conducted so as to insights and ideas. European business incubator managers interviewed, questionnaires were administered. Primary data was collected through the use of interviews with experts and questionnaires were administered to the entrepreneurs in Europe. Purposeful sampling was used to derive some expert knowledge and random sampling for the entrepreneurs. Data analysis was done using measures of central tendency, correlation analysis to identify the strength of relationship between dependent and independent variables, the ANOVA and regression analysis. The researchers found out that business incubators are of vital relevance during the start-up and growth of business. The present analysis empirically evidenced that three main factors such as availability and access to external financial resources, strong social and business networks, and internal strength including resources and capabilities positively affect and have a strong relationship with the success of business incubators.

17 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the extent to which a Jordanian University has become entrepreneurial and examined the knowledge management factors which are most important in making this transition, using an online anonymous survey to gather the views and perceptions of university academic staff about the entrepreneurial maturity of their own institution specifically.
Abstract: Purpose: This study explored, from the perspective of its staff, the extent to which a Jordanian University has become entrepreneurial and to examine the knowledge management factors which are most important in making this transition. Methodology: Following a systematic review of the current literature, and using a quantitative methodology, supported by a pragmatist theoretical approach, this study used an online anonymous survey to gather the views and perceptions of university academic staff about the entrepreneurial maturity of their own institution specifically, and more generally about the knowledge management factors which can promote entrepreneurialism in academic institutions in developing countries. Findings: The findings indicated that although the case example university was perceived as progressing well towards its aim of becoming an Entrepreneurial University, it was evident that institutions such as this face a number of barriers which is perhaps more prominent in a developing country like Jordan, where higher education is still more commonly viewed through a traditional lens. However, the findings indicated a good level of support for the use of entrepreneurial centres to act as business incubators, and there was an appetite for forging stronger links with businesses and on learning outside of the traditional university context. Furthermore, the findings suggested that the focus towards entrepreneurialism had led to improvements in knowledge transfer and application processes in particular, but that going forward academia and industry alike need to continue to adapt and change, align and strengthen knowledge management, and work collaboratively to achieve the archetype “third mission” with mutual benefits for all. Originality: There are limited studies of university entrepreneurialism within developing countries and the exploration of barriers and enablers that impact upon entrepreneurship within universities more generally. This study therefore makes a makes a valuable contribution towards the strategic debate on entrepreneurial universities.

15 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the determining factors of knowledge, selfefficacy, service quality and frequency of interaction between staff of Zakat institution and Entreprenuer (Zakat payers) on Zakat on business income compliance behaviour were examined.
Abstract: This study was carried out to examine the determining factors of knowledge, selfefficacy, service quality and frequency of interaction between staff of Zakat institution and Entreprenuer (Zakat payers) on Zakat on business income compliance behaviour. A survey questionnaire was administered to 700 respondents out of which 227 usable questionnaires were used for analysis purposes. The measure of the adequacy of the sample, Kaiser-MeyerOlkin (KMO) and internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha value was applied to assess the validity and reliability of the variables. For the purposes of hypothesis testing, multiple regression analysis was performed. Findings revealed that knowledge, self-efficacy and frequency of interaction influenced compliance behaviour of Zakat on business income. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that any strategy to be implemented by the authorised institutions to improve the collection of Zakat in the near future should focus on increasing Entreprenuer’s knowledge and self-confidence as well as increasing the number of interactions between staff and entreprenuer.

13 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse the adoption of Halal cosmetics in Malaysia and the factors that influence its adoption, such as awareness and understanding level, perceived attributes of innovation and social influence have a significant positive impact whereas, financial cost has a significant negative impact on the adoption.
Abstract: The demand for Halal cosmetic products has gained substantial momentum in the modern millennium. The tipping points for the rise in demand are increasing Muslim population and consumers’ demand for safe, hygienic and friendly to human body cosmetic products. However, the Halal cosmetics industry so far is unable to cater to the needs of its customers due to several factors. This is one of the reasons that Halal cosmetics are not fully penetrated among Malaysian consumers. The current study focusses to analyse the adoption of Halal cosmetics in Malaysia and the factors influence its adoption. The data was collected from 275 cosmetics consumers through a self-administrated questionnaire. The content of the questionnaire was designed using Roger’s Diffusion of Innovation theory (DOI). The collected data was analysed using partial leased square analysis. The findings indicate that awareness and understanding level, perceived attributes of innovation and social influence have a significant positive impact whereas, financial cost has a significant negative impact on the adoption of Halal cosmetics. Findings further depict that religiosity mediates the awareness and understanding, perceived attributes of innovation, financial cost and social influence to impact on the adoption. The sample size and adopted framework are not ideal to generalize the findings to the entire population of Halal cosmetics consumers. This study offers various practical and social implications for regulators, manufacturers and users of Halal cosmetics. This study is a potential contribution in the literature through the successful extension of DOI theory to establish the basis to analyse the adoption of Halal cosmetics consumers in Malaysia.

11 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined SME innovation outcomes in order to see whether SME's innovation has contributed positively or negatively to SMEs' financial performance in an emerging market.
Abstract: Despite the abundance of literature on SME innovation, this interlinked and complex concept requires further investigation. The present study examines Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) innovation outcomes in order to see whether SME innovation, which is represented by innovation capability and risk taking, has contributed positively (or negatively) to SME which in turn enhance SME financial performance in the context of Indonesia as an emerging market.More often than not, innovation is seen as an effective way to enhance performance especially financial performance as it is highly beneficial for SMEs in an emerging market. However, it is possible that innovations might be regarded as a burden rather than a benefit for SMEs. The present study uses the conceptualization of innovation outcomes as these reflect the organization's ability to benefit from the implementation of innovation. It is important to understand this theme in the context of an emerging market which may offer both golden opportunity to innovate and unprecedented challenges to innovate. There is little research regarding the impact of SME innovation outcomes on SME performance in an emerging market. The present study useda quantitative approach, a partial least square, WarpPLS 6.0. Data were collected from 120 SME owners in creative industries residing in three Indonesian cities in West Sumatra. It was found that innovation capability had a significant positive relationship with positive outcomes which in turn lead to a better financial performance. This means that innovation outcomes play a greater role in identifying whether innovations benefit SMEs or not. SME innovation in an emerging market economy such as Indonesia may be costly, but it is worth doing as innovation can give monetary benefit as well as better organizational performance.

10 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The analysis of a number of researchers shows numerous violations by employers (especially in the private sector) of the labour rights of young workers, such as illegal methods and dismissals, self-regulation of working time, forms and amounts of payment, professional development have become threatening.
Abstract: Aim of the study: The analysis of a number of researchers shows numerous violations by employers (especially in the private sector) of the labour rights of young workers. Illegal methods and dismissals of young workers, the use of penalties as a form of punishment, self-regulation of working time, forms and amounts of payment, professional development have become threatening. The legal impotence of young workers closes before them a career, forcing them to look for other ways of life support. Methodology: Alienation in the economic, social and political spheres, disbelief in state and political institutions naturally cause young people to develop ways and methods of survival in the existing environment. To this can be added the influence of the media, which often creates an idealized image of the entrepreneur. Conclusion: In economic sociology, a position is also put forward that the surge in the number of new enterprises, i.e., the growth of entrepreneurship, should not be seen as a manifestation of dynamic development and prosperity in the economy, but as an indicator of the economic crisis. The period of recovery usually leads to an overall improvement in employment conditions, job stability, which does not contribute to the pursuit of risks or to the organization of their business.

10 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of financial management expertise on entrepreneurship development among the students of Kuwait is investigated by collecting data through a structural questionnaire, considering financial management qualities, influential factors/barriers for entrepreneurship activities, and key topics for the development of entrepreneurship in public sector universities.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of financial management expertise on entrepreneurship development among the students of Kuwait. To address this objective, data is collected through a structural questionnaire, considering the factors of financial management qualities, influential factors/barriers for entrepreneurship activities, and key topics for the development of entrepreneurship in public sector universities. A final sample of 305 respondents is observed for both descriptive and regression analyses. It is found that factors like creativity and innovativeness, risk taking abilities, problem solving techniques, along with cash and time management are of core interest by the students while dealing with financial management capabilities. Among the influential factors/barriers, bad experience of others and educational background, government policies and fear of failure have their substantial influence on the respondent’s attitude towards entrepreneurship activities. Besides, key topics like business plans, business ideas and finance are of the core interest from respondents view for the development of entrepreneurship. Empirical findings explain that factors like producing accurate financial information, risk management, cash flows, time value of the money, budget and forecasting, working capital and overall FM has their significant influence on selected proxies of entrepreneurship in students of Kuwait. As per the limitations, this study considers the publicsector universities, limited sample from overall population of student community and ignoring the significance of entrepreneurship development cell in educational institutions. Besides, originality of the study can be viewed from the context of FM and ED integration in the region of Kuwait, which is not done yet.

10 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined the influence of entrepreneurial competency on business performance with competitive advantage as a mediating variable with the purpose of determining how entrepreneurial competencies influence business performance.
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to determine how the influence of entrepreneurial competency on business performance with competitive advantage as a mediating variable. The number of samples is 213 business managers of creative industry in the craft sector in West Sumatra-Indonesia. The sampling technique used is sampling area, the sample is allocated proportionally to the potential areas of the creative industries of West Sumatra craft sector, including: Sawah Lunto district, Tanah Datar, 50 Kota, Agam, Bukittinggi, Padang, Padang Panjang, and Pariaman. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS software. The results of the researchshow that entrepreneurial competency has a positive and significant effect on business performance, entrepreneurial competency has a positive and significant effect on competitive advantage, competitive advantage has a positive and significant effect on business performance and competitive advantage is the mediating effect of entrepreneurial competency and business performance.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, two different roles of motivation in two different research models tested: motivation as a predictor and motivation as predicted variable were investigated, and the authors found how motivation performs well in the models examined.
Abstract: This study extends the theory of planned behavior by adding motivation variable in an entrepreneurial context. In this current study are two different roles of motivation in two different research models tested: motivation as a predictor and motivation as a predicted variable. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of motivation in those models. This study involves 273 final year undergraduate university students in Indonesia who were selected conveniently. Data were measured using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation model. This current study found how motivation performs well in the models examined. The authors discuss recommendations for practitioners and future research.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of organizational memory on marketing innovation and cost of quality (COQ) was investigated in the context of 87 companies working at construction industry in Jordan, from which data were collected using a questionnaire developed based on related works.
Abstract: The present research paper was conducted to achieve fourfold objectives. First, to explore the effect of organizational memory (OM) on marketing innovation (MI). Second, to recognize the effect of OM on cost of quality (COQ). Third, to verify the effect of knowledge management (KM) on MI. Finally, to find out the effect of KM on COQ. Therefore, the paper hypothesized that OM is significantly and positively related to MI as well as to COQ, and that KM is also significantly and positively related to MI and COQ. The sample of the research consisted of 87 companies working at construction industry in Jordan, from which data were collected using a questionnaire developed based on related works. The questionnaire comprised four parts covered the intended constructs, i.e., OM, KM, MI, and COQ. Each of the variables was measured using eight items. Reliability and validity were assured based on the findings of the measurement model. Then, a total of 435 questionnaires were handed to the participants. Out of the questionnaires distributed, 356 questionnaires were returned complete and valid, with a response rate equals 81.8%. The paper revealed, on the ground of the results of the structural model, that OM is significantly and positively related to both MI and COQ, and that KM is significantly and positively associated with MI and COQ. The paper contributed significant results from which both managers and researchers would benefit. Particularly, organizations are called to consider their past experiences and knowledge along with their ability to construct, disseminate and apply it in marketing innovation and reduction of quality-related costs due to the fact that both OM and KM form cornerstones in the success path of organizations. Despite the importance of the upshots concluded in the current research, it is noteworthy to state that this research is limited to the understudy companies, the sample used, the measurements utilized, and the way in which constructs were conceptualized. Further studied are in demand to extend the conceptualization of organizational memory using more measurements, relationships, populations, and industries to give the opportunity to OM-related findings to be generalize on a greater level among organizations. On the other hand, possible relationships in the research model still unrevealed, i.e., the effect of OM on KM, the effect of MI on COQ.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the drivers and barriers to the implementation of sustainable manufacturing practices (SMP) by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector and identified four major drivers of SMP namely environmental, economic, management support and social.
Abstract: Sustainable manufacturing (SM) is a key environmental initiative that can help to reduce the negative environmental impact of manufacturing. The study investigated the drivers and barriers to the implementation of sustainable manufacturing practices (SMP) by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector. The study used the quantitative research approach. The cross-sectional survey method (selfadministered questionnaire) was used for data collection. Data was collected from two hundred and fifty two owners/managers of SMEs in the manufacturing sector. The participants in the study were conveniently sampled. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha was used as a measure of reliability. The study identified four major drivers of SMP namely environmental, economic, management support and social. The major barriers to the implementation of SMP are financial, management and social factors. Limitations and recommendations to improve the implementation of SMP by SMEs are suggested.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a mixed method approach was used to gather data through the use of questionnaires and interviews, which revealed that the effectiveness of presumptive tax administration was affected by the high tax rates imposed by the ministry of finance relative to the income levels that the cottage industry earn on a monthly basis, high levels of corruption and the political interference that occur.
Abstract: The research focused on the evaluation of the effectiveness of Presumptive tax administration on revenue collection. The researchers observed that there is little contribution that is collected from the presumptive tax to an extent that it can act as a stand-alone tax head and as a result Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) has been missing its revenue targets for the past eight years from 2011 to 2018. A mixed method approach was used to gather data through the use of questionnaires and interviews. A sample size of 50 people was used (25 ZIMRA SCO employees and 25 cottage industry operators that consist of the furniture manufacturer, metal fabrication and upholstery operators). The research findings revealed that the effectiveness of presumptive tax administration was affected by the high tax rates that were imposed by the ministry of finance relative to the income levels that the cottage industry earn on a monthly basis, high levels of corruption and the political interference that occur. The research recommend that the authorities should lower the presumptive tax rates by taking into consideration the general economic environment, include the relevant stakeholders in the setting up of the tax rates for the cottage industry, embark on registering the informal sector operators through mobile units in the areas of operation for the informal sector operators.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the role of institutions of higher learning towards youth entrepreneurship development in South Africa and find that the university under consideration is doing well in terms of career guidance towards the entrepreneurship career, however, weaknesses were identified in other areas such as practical entrepreneurship education, extending entrepreneurial advice and financial support to young South Africans through their corporate social responsibility programmes and acting as training centres and innovation hubs, hence weakening youth's confidence to start their own businesses.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of institutions of higher learning towards youth entrepreneurship development in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative research methodology. A sample of 150 university business students was considered. A convenience sampling technique was used to draw the participants. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data in a survey. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse data. Reliability was measured using the Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed that the university under consideration is doing well in terms of career guidance towards the entrepreneurship career. However, weaknesses were identified in other areas such as practical entrepreneurship education, extending entrepreneurial advice and financial support to young South Africans through their corporate social responsibility programmes and acting as training centres and innovation hubs, hence, weakening youth’s confidence to start their own businesses. Universities were recommended to craft different programmes to cater for youth.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the main obstacles facing the entrepreneurship sector in Qatar and find out if any differences could be found between males and females in assessing these obstacles, and conclude that both genders face nearly the same barriers, including bureaucratic requirements, limited access to funding, restrictive and biased legal conditions, and social constraints.
Abstract: Qatar’s Entrepreneurship sector faces major obstacles that impede its growth prospects. While Qatar has started to focus more on improvement of the entrepreneurial environment through semi-governmentalagencies and creation of economic free zones, the overall environment is still riddled with numerous problems that hinder the achievement of this goal.Emergence of private sector as a main force behind Qatar’s economic growth will depend heavily on country’s ability to catalyze positive change in this area.The main objective of this paper is to explore the main obstacles face Entrepreneurship sector in Qataras an emerging economyand to find out if any differences could be found between males and females in assessing these obstacles.Amixed approach is followed starting with aqualitative studyto determine obstacles followed by a quantitative examination of differences between males and females.Interviewswith different entrepreneurship stakeholders reveal four main obstacles facing Qatari entrepreneurs. These obstacles include: bureaucratic requirements, limited access to funding, restrictive and biased legal conditions, and social constraints.Statistical results show that there is no difference between males and females in assessing these obstacles and that both genders face nearly the same barriers.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the direct influence of service resources and strategic entrepreneurship on hotel performance and found that service resource variables have a positive and significant effect on hotel's performance improvement.
Abstract: In the current decade, there has been a lot of research done regarding the relationship of service resources and strategic entrepreneurship with company performance, but few of those studies have examined the direct influence of these two variables on hotel performance. This study aims to determine how much the direct influence of variable service resources and strategic entrepreneurship help to improve hotel performance. By using the saturated sample method, the number of respondents obtained is 125. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis using path analysis with SPSS ver.21 program package. The result of the research shows that service resource variables have a positive and significant effect on hotel performance improvement of 34,7%, and strategic entrepreneurial variable has positive and significant influence equal to 22.1% to hotel performance. There are 43.2% influences of other variables outside the model (e) that affect the improvement of hotel performance. There is an opportunity to reveal these other variables through a subsequent study with larger samples.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of apprenticeship training on entrepreneurship development in developing economies: a case study of Nigerian apprenticeship system, seeking to ascertain how apprentices acquire technical and entrepreneurial skills for self-employment; assess the extent to which apprentices acquire entrepreneurial skills and knowledge for entrepreneurship development, and also identify the challenges encountered by apprentices in course of skill acquisition.
Abstract: The study examines the effects of apprenticeship training on entrepreneurship development in developing economies: A case study of Nigerian apprenticeship system. The study seeks to ascertain how apprentices acquire technical and entrepreneurial skills for selfemployment; assess the extent to which apprentices acquire entrepreneurial skills and knowledge for entrepreneurship development, and also identify the challenges encountered by apprentices in course of skill acquisition. The study adopted the survey design and interview apprentices in specific vocations. The sampled data were analyzed using Chi-square technique on Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v.20). Experts from the academia and industry validated the instrument. The results reveal that: apprentices acquire technical and entrepreneurial skills for self-employment through formal and informal apprenticeship training systems; Lack of qualified manpower, insufficient training tools, inadequate infrastructure facilities and lack of start-up capital impede the course of skill acquisition and apprentices do ultimately acquire sufficient entrepreneurial skills and knowledge for entrepreneurship development. The study recommends that the government should provide physical, financial, and moral support for apprenticeship training to boost entrepreneurship development.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the extent to which the use of social networks affect the performance of immigrant owned SMMEs operating SMME in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which the use of social networks affect the performance of immigrant owned SMMEs operating SMMEs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study followed a quantitative research approach. The population for this study consists of immigrant entrepreneurs operating SMMEs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A sample of 400 respondents (owner/managers of immigrant owned SMMEs) was selected using non-probability sampling method, specifically snowball and purposive sampling techniques. To collect data, the researcher used the survey method by way of self-administered questionnaires. Data was analysed using correlation and regression analysis. It was found that the use of social networks have an effect on the performance of immigrantowned SMMEs.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic formation of hisbah is to gather all regions and territories as for them to unite and have faith in upholding the words of Allah SWT by leaning on al-amr bi al-ma‘ruf wa al-nahy ‘an al-munkar.
Abstract: Hisbah used to become one of the strategic components in the early administration of Islam. It was the mainstay in the effort to realize the urge towards al-amr bi al-ma‘ruf wa al-nahy ‘an al-munkar. Hisbah is also one of the mechanisms in enriching Islamic civilization and producing highly moralled society. The question is, what are the things that serve as the fundamentals of hisbah? What are its position and relationship with civilization and the effort to form the morality of humans? Generally, this article intends to look for the answer to these issues. In specific, this article outlines two objectives. The first is to identify the basics of hisbah in Islam; and the second one is to analyse and conclude the idea of hisbah in the formation of a civilized human. To analyze and enable this objective to be achieved, this article uses interpretive research as a design and qualitative content analysis method as a method of data analysis.The finding establishes that the basic formation of hisbah is to gather all regions and territories as for them to unite and have faith in upholding the words of Allah SWT by leaning on al-amr bi al-ma‘ruf wa al-nahy ‘an al-munkar. It is very important towards the construction of civilized humans other than forming good morality among the society members so they will continue to be kind, to do good and to stay away from bad deeds.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a systematic mapping study that found 206 papers of entrepreneurial ecosystem and classified them according to research focus, research method, paper type, and publication trends that change over time.
Abstract: Many researchers recognise that the entrepreneurial ecosystem is a network, defined as the interaction between the components (actors & factors), but little research has been conducted on the systematic analysis of network properties Although, several systematic literature reviews exist on either entrepreneurial ecosystem or network, but none of them has addressed the specific realm of the research. The purpose of this study is to provide a useful literature map about entrepreneurial ecosystem research especially in determining the position of network theory and also to identify gaps and state-of-the-art in research as well as implications and guidelines for both scholars and practitioners. This paper presented a systematic mapping study that found 206 papers of entrepreneurial ecosystem. These papers were surveyed, analysed and classified according to research focus, research method, paper type, and publication trends that change over time. Analyses of the 206 articles showed that research on entrepreneurial ecosystem with focus on network theory is still limited. The most widely used research method and paper type for this topic are qualitative and philosophical paper type. The trend of publication showed a significant development especially in 2016-2017. Based on the SMS results, it can be a state of the art of entrepreneurial ecosystem research from network theory perspective which is still best soma limited and needed to be explored.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the interrelationships among TMT characteristics, including absorptive capacity, core competence, entrepreneurial orientation and managerial performance, and conclude that firms characterized by higher entrepreneurial orientation, absorptive capacities, and core competence are more likely to gain excellent performance.
Abstract: Ever since Hambrick and Mason proposed upper echelon theory in 1984, Top Management Team (TMT) issues have been received tremendous attentions from academician and practitioners. Especially in the dynamic, fast-moving, and global world, the importance of TMT has become inevitably important nowadays. TMT is the soul of organization in that they make strategic decisions which effect firm’s future. Furthermore, splendid performance stems from the firm’s learning ability, the attitude toward entrepreneurial activities, and the emphasis of core competence, all of these issues which are affected by TMT characteristics. Hence, this study attempts to integrate relevant literature to develop a comprehensive research model, as well as to investigatethe interrelationships among TMT characteristics, absorptive capacity, core competence, entrepreneurial orientation and managerial performance.Through a series of questionnaire survey, the results of this study indicate that TMT functional background diversity and educational background have significant influences on a firm’s absorptive capacity and entrepreneurial orientation, which further impact on its core competence. Furthermore, firms characterized by higher entrepreneurial orientation, absorptive capacity and core competence are more likely to gain excellent performance. The Result of this study can provide important references for academic to conduct further validation and also valuable for professional to recruit TMT members.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the potential danger of lack of access to modern day energy services and its implication for resource-poor households in South Africa and looked at the benefits and challenges being encountered in providing modern energy services to the resourcepoor and proffered potential solutions to these challenges.
Abstract: Energy is vital to human existence and as such, all sources of modern energy are significant in driving socioeconomic activities of households for domestic or entrepreneurship purposes. However, resource-poor rural households in South Africa are so poor to the extent that they cannot afford to buy or source for modern energy for their various needs and uses. It is against the backdrop of this lack of access to modern energy that this article examines the potential danger of lack of access to modern day energy services and its implication for resource-poor households. The article also looks at the benefits of having access to modern energy and the challenges being encountered in providing modern energy services to the resource-poor and proffers potential solutions to these challenges.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental method was conducted in which an educational board game on merchandising topic was used in a class setting comprising of 49 non-accounting students as the participants.
Abstract: Accounting is one of the knowledge that is essential for an entrepreneur. However, learning accounting is perceived as unexciting and hard to understand especially for those who do not possess any accounting background. The purpose of this paper is to study how entrepreneurship and accounting knowledge can be applied in education using board game to cultivate understanding on these concepts as well as to stimulate critical thinking and problem solving skills. An experimental method was conducted in which an educational board game on merchandising topic was used in a class setting comprising of 49 non-accounting students as the participants. Data was collected through questionnaire surveys that were given prior and after the experiment and followed by an interview session. The results show that game-based accounting education aids in generating an interesting teaching and learning environment on business accounting course that focuses on student centred learning. Most respondents agreed that learning business accounting through game activity encouraged them to think critically as they play to complete the game tasks. T-test result shows that there were significant differences between the scores before the game activities and the scores after the game activities for critical thinking skill. With regards to the mean scores, critical thinking skill mean score had increased after playing the game. Furthermore, majority of the respondents agreed that using games help them to comprehend the business accounting knowledge better. This paper contributes to the existing literature of using games in business accounting and practically, it benefits in increasing the awareness on how educational games can be applied to nurture entrepreneurship and accounting education.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-sectional field survey with a total of 364 questionnaires distributed to African immigrant-entrepreneurs in Durban showed that entrepreneurial psychological factors have a strong significant influence on African immigrant owned micro businesses to sustain their businesses.
Abstract: The psychological imbalance of African immigrant-entrepreneur hampers the growth and progress of their businesses. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the entrepreneurial psychological factors that influence the ability of African immigrants to sustain their micro businesses in Durban. The research approach adopted was a cross-sectional field survey with a total of 364 questionnaires distributed to African immigrant-entrepreneurs in Durban. The results of the study showed that entrepreneurial psychological factors have a strong significant influence on African immigrant owned micro businesses to sustain their businesses in Durban. Therefore, the study recommends; acquisition of managerial skills, education, training and development, identification of business opportunities and generating innovative business ideas as measures to address psychological challenges affecting African immigrant-owned micro businesses in Durban.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In Botswana, a business incubator was established with the intention to develop and grow businesses as a way of fostering economic growth and job creation as discussed by the authors, but some fine tuning needs to be done.
Abstract: In Botswana, a business incubator was established with the intention to develop and grow businesses as a way of fostering economic growth and job creation. The objective of this article was to determine if the coaching provided during incubation has an impact on the development of entrepreneurs, and if job creation resulted as a spin-off from the incubated firms. Qualitative research by means of interviews was conducted. The results showed that entrepreneurs are benefitting from the incubators and jobs were created in the process, but some fine tuning needs to be done.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive literature review around the transition from rational to behavioral entrepreneurship theory, and its implications, and propose some future directions of research around this new behavioral theory.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive literature review around the transition from rational to behavioral entrepreneurship theory, and its implications. In fact, it discusses in some depth the origin and the behavioral aspects of this new theory. It presents also a review of the most documented biases and their effect on entrepreneurial decisions. At the end of this paper, we propose some future directions of research around this new behavioral theory.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the conditions for successful development of high-tech projects that ensure innovative entrepreneurship in developing countries, and identified which factors affect to hightech project success in developing country from the viewpoint of project management.
Abstract: High-tech industry is one of the most perspective and promising areas. Moreover, high-tech arecore component of entrepreneurship. Hence, development of successful high-tech projects may open new horizons for entrepreneurs. Research considersusing of project management tools as a factor for developmenthigh-tech projects that may be a key of successful entrepreneurship. The study investigates conditions for successful development of high-tech projects that ensure innovative entrepreneurship in developing countries. Lack of technological knowledge and lack of high-qualified human resources make it difficult to achieve high-tech project success in developing countries. Kazakhstan was chosen as representative of developing countries. Study comparesproject success level and factors that affect to success of high-tech projects in developing countries and developed countries.Japan was chosen as developed countries representative.The objective of the study is to identify which factors affect to high-tech project success in developing countries from the viewpoint of project management. Literature review reveals a luck of researches about how developing countries run their high-tech projects. Research findings show that high-tech projectsrunby project managers differently in developing countries than in developed countries, and, accordingly, success level is much lowerin developing countries. For example, Kazakh managers show worst result in cost overrun (25.96%) and in schedule overrun (32.9%). These results impacted by low extent of use cost and time planning processes. It may be due to the specific national culture, thatdescribe Kazakh managers as don’t focused on time management.In addition, Kazakhstani projects` results related to other two dimensions of success as technical performance (3.9)and customer satisfaction (4.8)are lower than in developed country. Furthermore, study reveals specific knowledge areas of project management that high correlated with project success dimensions. Thus, criticalknowledge areas for high-tech project success in developing countries as Kazakhstan are project integration and scope management, communicationmanagement, risk and quality management. Study suggests to focus on these factors during high-tech project management in developing countries, because these factors have significant impact on high-techproject success dimensions

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a descriptive study using quantitative data on 100 female respondents, randomly selected based on their qualifications, ever buying hijab fashion products through online, and formulated a strategy of customer loyalty to the brand hijab through e-commerce in depth based on customer loyalty and the variables in ecommerce that researcher research.
Abstract: Indonesia as a country with a large Muslim, also contributed a large number of hijab business making this business are in the red ocean realm. The competition is not just going offline but also online (e-commerce). Technological developments, especially in the social media are creating a wide range of business opportunities and business channels itself. This study used a descriptive study using quantitative data on 100 female respondents, randomly selected based on their qualifications, ever buying hijab fashion products through online. The purpose of this study was to formulate a strategy of customer loyalty to the brand hijab through e-commerce in depth based of customer loyalty and the variables in e-commerce that researcher research. Customer loyalty is one of the most important factors for maintaining customer satisfaction and increases their love for the product or service on the brand, especially in e-commerce channel. Consistent implementation of the strategy based on the variables of e-commerce of customer loyalty is paramount to build and develop customer loyalty strategy by companies of hijab fashion in e-commerce.