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Showing papers in "Academy of Management Journal in 1988"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper analyzed the relationship between perceptions of firms' corporate social responsibility and measures of their financial performance and found that a firm's prior performance, assessed by both stock-market returns and accounting-based measures, is more closely related to corporate social concern than is subsequent performance.
Abstract: Using Fortune magazine's ratings of corporate reputations, we analyzed the relationships between perceptions of firms’ corporate social responsibility and measures of their financial performance. Results show that a firm's prior performance, assessed by both stock-market returns and accounting-based measures, is more closely related to corporate social responsibility than is subsequent performance. Results also show that measures of risk are more closely associated with social responsibility than previous studies have suggested.

2,862 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the complete life-spans of eight naturally-ocurring teams was conducted and it was found that several project groups did not accomplish their work by progressing gradually through a universal series of stages, as traditional group development models would predict.
Abstract: This study of the complete life-spans of eight naturally-ocurring teams began with the unexpected finding that several project groups, studied for another purpose, did not accomplish their work by progressing gradually through a universal series of stages, as traditional group development models would predict. Instead, teams progressed in a pattern of “punctuated equilibrium,” through alternating inertia and revolution in the behaviors and themes through which they approached their work. The findings also suggested that groups' progress was triggered more by members' awareness of time and deadlines than by completion of an absolute amount of work in a specific developmental stage. The paper proposes a new model of group development that encompasses the timing and mechanisms of change as well as groups' dynamic relations with their contexts. Implications for theory, research, and practice are drawn.

2,269 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors induced a midrange theory linking power, politics, and performance from a high-velocity microcomputer industry, and showed that power and politics affect the strategic decision processes of top executives in the microcomputing industry.
Abstract: How do politics affect the strategic decision processes of top executives in the “high-velocity” microcomputer industry? We induced a midrange theory linking power, politics, and performance from a...

1,691 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An integrative model of relationships among environmental dimensions, diversification strategy, firm size, structural divisionalization, and economic performance was developed and tested using environmental and organizational data from 110 large manufacturing firms.
Abstract: An integrative model of relationships among environmental dimensions, diversification strategy, firm size, structural divisionalization, and economic performance was developed and tested using environmental and organizational data from 110 large manufacturing firms. The results suggested that among those organizations, (1) higher levels of environmental instability were associated with lower levels of divisionalization and diversification, (2) strategy followed structure, and (3) size did not mediate the strategy-structure relationship. Furthermore, both environmental instability and diversification were positively related to market-determined performance, and instability was negatively related to operating performance. The results provided support for portions of each of three models, the external control, strategic management, and inertial models.

1,237 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationships of Porter's business strategies to the structures and environments of undiversified firms and showed that strategies must be matched with complementary strategies. But they did not consider the relationship between the two.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationships of Porter's business strategies to the structures and environments of undiversified firms. It was shown that strategies must be matched with complementary ...

1,223 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new theory predicting the effects of three exchange variables, job satisfaction, investment size, and quality of alternatives, on four general responses to dissatisfaction (exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect) was proposed.
Abstract: This research offers a new theory predicting the effects of three exchange variables, job satisfaction, investment size, and quality of alternatives, on four general responses to dissatisfaction—exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Three studies designed to test model predictions' received good support. High satisfaction and investment encouraged voice and loyalty and discouraged exit and neglect. Satisfaction and investment interacted, with variations in investment most strongly promoting voice given high satisfaction. Better alternatives encouraged exit and voice and discouraged loyalty. However, there was no link between alternatives and neglect.

975 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two studies investigating the growth patterns of new ventures are presented, and a stage-of-growth model is proposed to apply specifically to technology-based new ventures.
Abstract: Two studies investigating the growth patterns of new ventures are presented. In the first study, a stage-of-growth model theorized to apply specifically to technology-based new ventures was develop...

973 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper evaluated when organizations use salary compensation and when they use compensation that is based on performance, using both agency-and institutional-theory perspectives, and found that the former is more appropriate.
Abstract: This research evaluated when organizations use salary compensation and when they use compensation that is based on performance. Variables from agency- and institutional-theory perspectives were use...

899 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on what is perhaps the most critical aspect of strategy implementation in large multibusiness organizations: recognizing that different business units within the same corporation often pursue different strategies and that the administrative mechanisms that corporate headquarters use to manage those businesses should differ.
Abstract: This study focused on what is perhaps the most critical aspect of strategy implementation in large, multibusiness organizations: recognizing that different business units within the same corporation often pursue different strategies and that the administrative mechanisms that corporate headquarters use to manage those businesses should differ. This study compared the results of bivariate and systems approaches to fit. Implications of the results for theory development and managerial practice are discussed.

890 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors investigated the causal relationships between diversity, diversification, and profitability among 304 large British manufacturing companies that differed in both product and multinational distribution, and found that diversity was correlated with diversification and profitability.
Abstract: This study investigated the causal relationships between diversity, diversification, and profitability among 304 large British manufacturing companies that differed in both product and multinationa...

738 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the assimilation of innovations into organizations, a process unfolding in a series of decisions to evaluate, adopt, and implement new technologies, and found that assimilation was conceptuali...
Abstract: This study examined the assimilation of innovations into organizations, a process unfolding in a series of decisions to evaluate, adopt, and implement new technologies. Assimilation was conceptuali...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors attempted to explain Bowman's risk return paradox in terms of recent research in behavioral decision theory and prospect theory, emphasizing the role of reference, or target, as a predictor.
Abstract: This study attempted to explain Bowman's risk–return paradox in terms of recent research in behavioral decision theory and prospect theory. The research emphasized the role of reference, or target,...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors hypothesized a positive relationship between employees' display of pleasant emotions to customers and sales in retail stores and tested that relationship in a sample of 576 convenience stores.
Abstract: It has been proposed that the emotions expressed by role occupants influence the behavior of others. We hypothesized a positive relationship between employees' display of pleasant emotions to customers and sales in retail stores and tested that relationship in a sample of 576 convenience stores. An unexpected negative relationship was observed. A subsequent qualitative study suggested that sales is an indicator of a store's pace, or the amount of time pressure on clerks and customers, and that pace leads to displayed emotions, with norms in busy settings supporting neutral displays and norms in slow settings supporting positive displays. Reanalysis of the quantitative data confirmed that clerks in rapidly paced stores with high sales and long lines were less likely to display positive feelings than clerks in slow-paced stores.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether voice and justification affect unfavorable decisions in job recruitment and budget decision-making, and presented a discussion about the influencenc... discussion is presented about the influence of voice and rationale on the decision making process.
Abstract: The article discusses a study which examines whether voice and justification affect unfavorable decisions in job recruitment and budget decision-making. A discussion is presented about the influenc...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the composition of corporate board committees and examined characteristics of occupation, type, tenure, and gender in relation to directors' membership on the four boar board committees, and found that the characteristics of board members varied with the board's type and gender.
Abstract: This study examined the composition of corporate board committees. The characteristics of occupation, type, tenure, and gender are examined in relationship to directors' membership on the four boar...

Journal ArticleDOI
James P. Walsh1
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of managers' entire work histories, their belief structures, and three indexes of information processing in an ill-structured decision situation is presented. But, contrary to prevailing belief about managers' information processing limitations, the managers in this investigation did not emerge as simple-minded information processors.
Abstract: Dearborn and Simon's evidence of departmental bias in problem identification has prompted a scholarly concern about managers' information-processing capabilities. Through measures of managers' entire work histories, their belief structures, and three indexes of information processing in an ill-structured decision situation, the present research conceptually replicated and extended Dearborn and Simon's early work.’ Contrary to prevailing belief about managers' information-processing limitations, the managers in this investigation did not emerge as simple-minded information processors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted multivariate analyses of 54 firms in the high-growth electronics industry in Korea and found that top management perceived multiple environments within the industry, and the characteristics of the four st...
Abstract: Multivariate analyses of 54 firms in the high-growth electronics industry in Korea showed that top management perceived multiple environments within the industry. The characteristics of the four st...

Journal ArticleDOI
Samuel B. Graves1
TL;DR: In this article, a study on the relationship between institutional ownership and research and development (R&D) spending in several companies for the period 1980 to 1983, with a focus on the c...
Abstract: The article discusses a study on the relationship between institutional ownership and research and development (R&D) spending in several companies for the period 1980 to 1983, with a focus on the c...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of LISREL analyses showed that aspects of the strategy-making process and the content of business strategies mediate between organizational context and structure, and that one dimension of context is the context of context.
Abstract: A series of LISREL analyses showed that aspects of the strategy-making process and the content of business strategies mediate between organizational context and structure. One dimension of context,...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of age in a wide range of employee behaviors has been discussed in this article, with one interpretation of this role being that it depends more on people's beliefs about age than the ages themselves.
Abstract: Age seems lo play an important role in a wide range of employee behaviors. One interpretation of this role is that it depends more on people's beliefs about age than mi the ages themselves. Despite...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented information on a study which determined the reaction of the stock market to a public announcement that a corporation has been caught allegedly committing a crime, and the author de...
Abstract: The article presents information on a study which determined the reaction of the stock market to a public announcement that a corporation has been caught allegedly committing a crime. The author de...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a study which identifies some critical assumptions underlying the view that interlocking directorates are vehicles for interorganizational coordination or control, and a discussion of these assumptions is presented.
Abstract: The article presents a study which identified some critical assumptions underlying the view that interlocking directorates are vehicles for interorganizational coordination or control. A discussion...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the risk return trade-off at the level of individual firms with both accounting and market-based measures of risk, and presented information on a study which investigated a risk-return tradeoff for individual firms.
Abstract: The article presents information on a study which investigated the risk-return trade-off at the level of individual firms with both accounting and market-based measures of risk. The author describe...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present information on a study which investigated how the leadership behavior of a large number of supervisors, as measured by consideration and initiating structure scales, was relate to organizational performance.
Abstract: The article presents information on a study which investigated how the leadership behavior of a large number of supervisors, as measured by consideration and initiating structure scales, was relate...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the consequences of implementing quality circles in an industrial setting were investigated using a longitudinal and experimental research design, and the results indicated that attitudes, behaviors, and effectiveness all improved initially for the experimental group but then dropped back to previous levels.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the consequences of implementing quality circles in an industrial setting. Using a longitudinal and experimental research design, the study tracked 73 employees organized into eight circles over a three-year period. A matched-pairs comparison group was drawn from another plant within the same company. Results indicated that attitudes, behaviors, and effectiveness all improved initially for the experimental group but then dropped back to previous levels. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with the effects of separately analyzing management journals whose primary audience is management practitioners and those whose main audience is academics, and demonstrate the effect of separate analysis on different audiences.
Abstract: The article deals with a study demonstrating the effects of separately analyzing management journals whose primary audience is management practitioners and those whose primary audience is academics...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors attempted to develop a theory of change in autoregressive manufacturing, and found that many firms have been slow to adopt new production technologies, such as MOSFusion.
Abstract: Programmable automation lies at the heart of competitive manufacturing, yet many firms have been slow to adopt new production technologies. This study attempted to develop a theory of change in aut...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that knowing eventual outcomes often distorts later reevaluations of initial decisions, and that training in strategic decision making can overcome such bias, in two experiments.
Abstract: Knowing eventual outcomes often distorts later reevaluations of initial decisions. Does training in strategic decision making overcome such bias? In two experiments, advanced strategy students anal...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of experience on the performance of managers in early stages of their careers were examined, and the results showed that experience had a significant impact on their performance.
Abstract: The article presents information on a study which examined the effects of experience on the performance of managers in the early stages of their careers. Details are presented related to the measur...