Showing papers in "Academy of Management Journal in 1994"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors integrated a number of streams of research on the antecedents of innovation to develop and test a model of individual innovative behavior, and they used structural equation analysis to test the parameters of the proposed model simultaneously and also explored the moderating effect of task characteristics.
Abstract: The present study integrated a number of streams of research on the antecedents of innovation to develop and test a model of individual innovative behavior. Hypothesizing that leadership, individual problem-solving style, and work group relations affect innovative behavior directly and indirectly through their influence on perceptions of the climate for innovation, we used structural equation analysis to test the parameters of the proposed model simultaneously and also explored the moderating effect of task characteristics. The model explained approximately 37 percent of the variance in innovative behavior. Task type moderated the relationship between leader role expectations and innovative behavior.
4,615 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used an empirical taxonomy identifying two types of human resource systems, "control" and "commitment", to test the strategic human resource proposition that specific combinations of policies and practices are useful in predicting differences in performance and turnover across steel minimills.
Abstract: Using an empirical taxonomy identifying two types of human resource systems, “control” and “commitment,” this study tested the strategic human resource proposition that specific combinations of policies and practices are useful in predicting differences in performance and turnover across steel “minimills.” The mills with commitment systems had higher productivity, lower scrap rates, and lower employee turnover than those with control systems. In addition, human resource system moderated the relationship between turnover and manufacturing performance.
3,249 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, organizational citizenship behavior is reconceptualized in terms of civic citizenship as described in political philosophy and the authors used this theoretical foundation to derive substantive categories for organizations.
Abstract: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is reconceptualized in terms of civic citizenship as described in political philosophy We used this theoretical foundation to derive substantive categorie
1,682 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an employee's trust in a supervisor is proposed to mediate the relationship between procedural fairness in the supervisor's decision making and employee citizenship, and data from 475 hospital employees and their supervisors were consistent with their model.
Abstract: This article develops and empirically examines a social exchange model of organizational citizenship behavior. An employee's trust in a supervisor is proposed to mediate the relationship between procedural fairness in the supervisor's decision making and employee citizenship. Data from 475 hospital employees and their supervisors were consistent with our model. We discuss future research directions.
1,661 citations
TL;DR: In an exploratory longitudinal study of business school alumni, this paper investigated changes in employment obligations as perceived by employees during the first two years of employment, during which employees came out of the business school during their first year.
Abstract: In an exploratory longitudinal study of business school alumni, we investigated changes in employment obligations as perceived by employees. During the first two years of employment, employees came...
1,440 citations
TL;DR: When a firm's chief executive officer is also the chairperson of its board, directors have opposing objectives as mentioned in this paper, and such duality establishes strong, unambiguous lea ctures.
Abstract: When a firm's chief executive officer is also the chairperson of its board, directors have opposing objectives. According to organization theory, such CEO duality establishes strong, unambiguous le...
1,407 citations
TL;DR: The punctuated equilibrium model of organizational transformation has emerged as a prominent theoretical framework for explaining fundamental changes in patterns of organizational activity as discussed by the authors, and it has been used extensively in the literature.
Abstract: The punctuated equilibrium model of organizational transformation has emerged as a prominent theoretical framework for explaining fundamental changes in patterns of organizational activity. To date...
1,384 citations
TL;DR: A survey of 317 clerical workers demonstrated that employees differed in what they defined as in-role and extra-role behavior, that these differences were related to commitment and social cues.
Abstract: A survey of 317 clerical workers demonstrated that employees differed in what they defined as in-role and extra-role behavior, that these differences were related to commitment and social cues, and...
1,209 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors hypothesize that institutions invest more heavily in companies with strong corporate social performance and find that there is a significant, positive relationship between social percolation and profits.
Abstract: In this study, we hypothesize that institutions invest more heavily in companies with strong corporate social performance. Analysis indicated a significant, positive relationship between social per...
1,096 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relative bargaining power of potential joint-venture partners significantly contributes to the structural configuration of the joint venture with respect to parent control, and that the structure of management control exercised by the parents affects venture performance.
Abstract: This article reports a comparative case study of four international joint ventures created between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. The findings of this study suggest that the relative bargaining power of potential joint-venture partners significantly contributes to the structural configuration of the joint venture with respect to parent control, and that the structure of management control exercised by the parents affects venture performance. Several informal control mechanisms interacting with formal control structure and influencing performance are identified. The article also investigates the dynamic evolution of joint ventures over time as a result of changes in the environment, adjustments in the parents’ strategies, mutual learning between the partners, and the maturity of the joint venture. Finally, an integrative model is presented and several propositions for future research are offered.
1,034 citations
TL;DR: This article developed an encompassing contingency model that might explain the inconsistent planning-performance findings reported in previous research and empirically tested the model using meta-analytic data drawn from 26 previously published studies, concluding that strategic planning positively influences firm performance and that methods factors are primarily responsible for the inconsistencies reported in the literature.
Abstract: Building on previous contingency frameworks, we developed an encompassing contingency model that might explain the inconsistent planning-performance findings reported in previous research The model was empirically tested using meta-analytic data drawn from 26 previously published studies Results suggest that strategic planning positively influences firm performance and that methods factors are primarily responsible for the inconsistencies reported in the literature The substantive contingency factors that we examined, some of which have been frequently cited as important by previous researchers, did not have a large impact
TL;DR: This paper investigated the relationship between two industry characteristics, technology and growth, and organizational culture by comparing the cultures of organizations within and across industries, and found that stable organizational culture dimensions existed and varied more across industries than within them.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between two industry characteristics, technology and growth, and organizational culture. We examined this relationship by comparing the cultures of organizations within and across industries. Using 15 firms representing four industries in the service sector, we found that stable organizational culture dimensions existed and varied more across industries than within them. Specific cultural values were associated with levels of industry technology and growth. One implication of this finding is that the use of organizational culture as a competitive advantage may be more constrained than researchers and practitioners have suggested.
TL;DR: In this paper, a logistic regression analysis of bankrupt major corporations and a matched group of survivor firms was performed to examine the relationships among governance structures and corporate bankruptcy. But, the analysis was limited to a small subset of companies.
Abstract: In this study, we examined the relationships among governance structures and corporate bankruptcy. A logistic regression analysis of bankrupt major corporations and a matched group of survivor firm...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated several unsettled issues related to the day-to-day experience of work and family roles through the daily reports of 41 employed parents and found that role juggling, task demands, and multiple role switching were common issues.
Abstract: Several unsettled issues related to the day-to-day experience of work and family roles were investigated through the daily reports of 41 employed parents. Multiple role juggling, task demands, pers...
TL;DR: This article identified a number of important institutional pressures in organizational responsiveness to institutional pressures as a strategic choice, and identified the most important institutional pressure-sensitive organizational practices in the context of organizational responsiveness.
Abstract: Organizational scholars are increasingly conceptualizing organizational responsiveness to institutional pressures as a strategic choice. This research identified a number of important institutional...
TL;DR: This paper used structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among proteges' personality characteristics, initiation of mentoring, mentoring received, and career success for 147 managers and p... and p...
Abstract: We used structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among proteges' personality characteristics, initiation of mentoring, mentoring received, and career success for 147 managers and p...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how a cognitive theory can guide the use of structural methods, according to balance theory, and show that there is a balance between individualism and structuralism.
Abstract: We challenge the claimed incommensurability of individualism and structuralism by showing how a cognitive theory can guide the use of structural methods. According to balance theory, there is a str...
TL;DR: In this article, inadequate governance and inappropriate strategy have been proposed as antecedents of the divestment activity of restructuring firms in the 1980s, and combined both views in a structural equati...
Abstract: Both inadequate governance and inappropriate strategy have been proposed as antecedents of the divestment activity of restructuring firms in the 1980s. We combined both views in a structural equati...
TL;DR: This article developed and tested a conceptual model explaining variability in the organizational structures firms develop to identify, analyze, and respond to their social and political environments, and found that variability in organizational structures is correlated with organizational performance.
Abstract: This study developed and tested a conceptual model explaining variability in the organizational structures firms develop to identify, analyze, and respond to their social and political environments...
TL;DR: In this article, a longitudinal study of a venture capital-backed start-up company explored whether temporal pacing could regulate momentum and change in an organization's strategy, as it does in groups.
Abstract: Theorists debate whether organizations are inertial or adaptable, but mounting evidence shows they are both, provoking questions about how shifts occur between inertia and change. Research shows performance crises can trigger reactive change, but proactive revolutions in organizations are poorly understood. In project groups, temporal pacing triggers proactive change. This longitudinal study of a venture capital–backed start-up company explored whether temporal pacing could regulate momentum and change in an organization's strategy, as it does in groups. Two forms of pacing were discovered, one time-based, with reorientations initiated at temporal milestones, the other event-based, with actions initiated when the right event occurred. The two pacing types fostered systematically different patterns of momentum and change.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how the task, cultural, and political characteristics of acquisitions influence decisions about levels of integration and concluded that an understanding of acquisition integration is best achieved by viewing integration design decisions through multiple theoretical lenses.
Abstract: Executives of 56 acquiring organizations participated in policy-capturing research that examined how the task, cultural, and political characteristics of acquisitions influence decisions about levels of integration. Although task-related characteristics entered most heavily into managers' decision models, cultural and political factors were also important. These results suggest that an understanding of acquisition integration is best achieved by viewing integration design decisions through multiple theoretical lenses. Furthermore, although industry and acquisition experience explained some variation in integration decision policies, results suggest that other individual or organization-level factors are also at work.
TL;DR: Fortune's annual ratings of America's largest corporations are shown to be heavily influenced by previous financial results, thus creating a halo that must be removed before these qualitative reput...
Abstract: Fortune's annual ratings of America's largest corporations are shown to be heavily influenced by previous financial results, thus creating a halo that must be removed before these qualitative reput...
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the determinants of strategic decision-making pace that incorporates the role of individual differences among executive decision makers, organizational structural characteristics, and industry effects is developed.
Abstract: A model of the determinants of strategic decision-making pace that incorporates the role of individual differences among executive decision makers, organizational structural characteristics, and industry effects is developed. Drawing on data from 151 firms, we found that chief executive officers' cognitive ability, use of intuition, tolerance for risk, and propensity to act associated positively with speedy decisions. Decision pace appeared to be faster in centralized organizations and slower in formalized organizations. Our results also suggest that the construct of comprehensiveness has both cognitive and organizational structural aspects, with cognitive comprehensiveness relating positively and organizational comprehensiveness, negatively, to strategic decision-making pace.
TL;DR: In this article, the LISREL VII confirmatory factor analyzer was used to compare the LMX approach with research on mentoring, and it was shown that LMX can be used for transformational and transactional leadership.
Abstract: The literature on transformational and transactional leadership suggests integrating the leader-member exchange (LMX) approach with research on mentoring. Using LISREL VII confirmatory factor analy...
TL;DR: The authors explored the interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on the victims of job layoffs, on survivors, and on lame ducks, employees who knew they would be fired by their managers.
Abstract: Three studies respectively explored the interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on the victims of job layoffs, on survivors, and on lame ducks, employees who knew they woul...
TL;DR: In this paper, confirmatory modeling was used to test models of situational and individual influences on women's and men's managerial advancement and found that although an overall model fitted the data well, separate models f...
Abstract: Confirmatory modeling was used to test models of situational and individual influences on women's and men's managerial advancement. Although an overall model fitted the data well, separate models f...
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework for the relationship between job rotation and selected career-related variables is proposed, based on related literature and an inductive pilot study, and a test on 255 employee...
Abstract: Drawing on related literature and an inductive pilot study, we propose a conceptual framework for the relationship between job rotation and selected career-related variables. A test on 255 employee...
TL;DR: Although a "glass ceiling" is said to keep women from the top management levels of organizations, no research has investigated actual decisions about promotions to such positions as mentioned in this paper, and no study examin...
Abstract: Although a “glass ceiling” is said to keep women from the top management levels of organizations, no research has investigated actual decisions about promotions to such positions. This study examin...
TL;DR: The authors examined the impact of agency risks and task uncertainty on venture capitalist-chief executive officer (VC-CEO) interaction, and found that the frequency of interaction depends on the extent of VC-CEO goal congruence, the degree of the CEO's new venture experience, the venture's stage of development, and degree of technical innovation it is pursuing.
Abstract: This study examined the impact of agency risks and task uncertainty on venture capitalist-chief executive officer (VC-CEO) interaction. Results from 51 VC-CEO dyads indicate that the frequency of interaction depends on the extent of VC-CEO goal congruence, the degree of the CEO's new venture experience, the venture's stage of development, and the degree of technical innovation it is pursuing. However, contrary to conventional expectations, the degree of management ownership had no impact on the frequency of interaction.
TL;DR: This paper investigated differences in the costs and benefits associated with being a mentor in a matched sample of 80 male and BO female executives and found that women were as likely as men to be mentors.
Abstract: We investigated differences in the costs and benefits associated with being a mentor in a matched sample of 80 male and BO female executives. Women were as likely as men to be mentors and reported ...