Showing papers in "Acta Odontologica Scandinavica in 1985"
TL;DR: The present findings suggest that gingival bleeding as measured by probing with a pressure of 60 g is reduced in smokers with periodontitis.
Abstract: The objective of the present investigation was to study the influence of cigarette smoking on the occurrence of gingival bleeding. The occurrence of bleeding was evaluated by probing at a standardized pressure of 60 g. The bleeding occurrence of each patient was indicated by the number of sites bleeding on probing as a percentage of the total. Twenty patients with moderate to severe periodontitis, 10 smokers and 10 non-smokers, participated in the study. The smoker patients had been regular smokers for at least 15 years, their present tobacco consumption being 20 cigarettes a day or more. The results showed that, although they had a significantly greater plaque index, smokers displayed a significantly lower bleeding occurrence than non-smokers, the average being 27% and 40%, respectively. The present findings suggest that gingival bleeding as measured by probing with a pressure of 60 g is reduced in smokers with periodontitis.
173 citations
TL;DR: Patients with denture adaptation problems were first given optimal conventional complete dentures and then a fixed prosthesis on osseointegrated dental implants in the lower jaw, which indicates that adaptation to the new prosthetic situation is a gradual process.
Abstract: Twenty-seven edentulous patients with denture adaptation problems were first given optimal conventional complete dentures and then a fixed prosthesis on osscointegrated dental implants in the lower jaw (and a complete maxillary denture). Masticatory function was evaluated by means of a questionnaire, a comminution test for chewing efficiency, and bite force measurements on four occasions: with the original (I) and optimal complete dentures (II) and 2 months (III) and 3 years (IV) after insertion of the fixed mandibular prosthesis on implants. No significant improvement of masticatory function was found after conventional denture treatment. After insertion of the fixed mandibular implant bridge, a marked improvement of the patients' assessment of their chewing ability and of the results of the chewing efficiency test and the bite force measurements was recorded. The test results were further improved after the 3-year observation period, which indicates that adaptation to the new prosthetic situation is a g...
125 citations
TL;DR: Masticatory efficiency and the subjective experience of masticatory performance increased significantly when the subjects were provided with new dentures, but no changes were found in the dietary intake.
Abstract: Masticatory efficiency, the subjective experience of masticatory performance, and dietary intake were measured for 43 subjects who were provided with new complete dentures. The subjects were tested on three occasions: with the old complete dentures, with the new complete dentures when free from symptoms, and with the new dentures about 4 months after insertion. Masticatory efficiency and the subjective experience of masticatory performance increased significantly when the subjects were provided with new dentures, but no changes were found in the dietary intake. With the new dentures the masticatory efficiency and the subjective experience of masticatory performance were correlated to each other.
120 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that many variables apart from occlusal parafunctions, such as acid regurgitation and salivary and dietary factors, may contribute to loss of tooth substance diagnosed as dental wear.
Abstract: Eighteen patients with moderate to severe dental wear were re-examined 6-10 years after a treatment period that included use of occlusal splints at night. The splints were used with various intensities for an average of 2 years. The methods of evaluation comprised a questionnaire, clinical examination, comparison of dental casts, salivary analysis, and bite force measurements. The changes in dental wear during the follow-up period were small, the typical finding being an increase of facets but no measurable reduction of tooth length. The results indicate that many variables apart from occlusal parafunctions, such as acid regurgitation and salivary and dietary factors, may contribute to loss of tooth substance diagnosed as dental wear. In most patients, the continuing wear process was slow after long-term treatment with occlusal splints.
115 citations
TL;DR: The average number of episodes per year was two to four and the most prevalent time for healing, 5-8 days, and catching a cold was reported as the main one, followed by stomach problems and menstruation, among the factors thought to trigger the condition.
Abstract: Aphthous ulcers were found in 2% of a total of 20,333 individuals aged 15 years or more examined in urban, suburban, and rural regions of Sweden. When a history of 2 years was considered, the prevalence was 17.7%. A slight predominance was found for females. The younger age groups showed the highest prevalences of the condition, which then decreased steadily with age. Interviews were conducted with a fraction of the population comprising 2771 people with regard to their experiences of aphthous ulcers. Thus, for example, the average number of episodes per year was two to four and the most prevalent time for healing, 5-8 days. Among the factors thought by patients to trigger the condition, catching a cold was reported as the main one, followed by stomach problems and menstruation.
98 citations
TL;DR: The masticatory efficiency of subjects with all natural teeth, with complete upper and partial lower dentures, and with complete dentures was measured and there was no or weak correlation between the two methods.
Abstract: The masticatory efficiency of subjects with all natural teeth, with complete upper and partial lower dentures, and with complete dentures was measured. Two different methods were used. The results showed significant differences among the groups irrespective of the method used. The subjects with dentures compensated for decreasing masticatory efficiency by using more strokes when chewing until swallowing. Great interindividual differences were found within groups with similar dental states. There was no or weak correlation between the two methods. A value from one method corresponded to a large range of values in the other method and vice versa.
77 citations
TL;DR: Masticatory efficiency and the subjective experience of masticatory performance increased significantly after the subjects were provided with the dentures, but no changes were found in the dietary intake.
Abstract: Masticatory efficiency, the subjective experience of masticatory performance, and dietary intake were evaluated in 19 subjects who were treated with a removable partial denture in the lower jaw. The subjects were tested on three occasions: before treatment, with the dentures when free from symptoms, and about 4 months after the dentures were inserted. Masticatory efficiency and the subjective experience of masticatory performance increased significantly after the subjects were provided with the dentures, but no changes were found in the dietary intake.
73 citations
TL;DR: Among 63,029 patients admitted to Department of Oral Radiology, University of Oslo, 900 had a total of 1153 supernumerary teeth located to the premaxillary region, and nearly 60% of the patients had radiographic or clinical signs of interference with the normal dentition or of associated complications.
Abstract: Among 63,029 patients admitted to Department of Oral Radiology, University of Oslo, 900 had a total of 1153 supernumerary teeth located to the premaxillary region. Characteristics of the supernumeraries were predominance in males, predominance in the permanent dentition, predominant location in the central incisor region, and predominant position palatally to the dental arch, vertically oriented, half of them inverted. Interference with the normal dentition included malposition, diastema, maleruption, and resorption. Sequelae included widened follicular space, dentigerous cyst formation, dental pulp necrosis, pulp canal obliteration, root resorption, and ankylosis. Nearly 60% of the patients had radiographic or clinical signs of interference with the normal dentition or of associated complications.
70 citations
TL;DR: Changes in the denture-bearing mucosa in patients with complete dentures and negative height of the mandibular alveolar process decreased the bite force slightly, but the best biting area was located more posteriorly in patients who still had some natural teeth left in both jaws.
Abstract: Maximal bite force was measured and intraoral condition was examined in 89 patients at the Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku. These patients formed three different denture groups: those with complete dentures, those with full maxillary denture and partial mandibular denture, and those with natural dentition or skeleton-supported partial maxillary denture and partial mandibular denture. There were three age groups: ±70, 60-69, and 59 years old. Maximal bite force was recorded with an appliance at seven different measuring points by placing a biting fork between the antagonistic teeth while at the same time the occlusion was stabilized contralaterally with a plastic tube. Maximal bite force had a correlation with age and sex (P < 0.01). In partial-denture groups high bite force had a positive correlation with the breaking of dentures (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Satisfied patients had a higher bite force than dissatisfied ones. When there was some disturbance in occlusion, the bite forc...
67 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that dietary xylitol in solid sweets resulted in a lower increment of caries than obtained in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001, covariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants).
Abstract: The aim of this 3-year field study was to assess the value of partial substitution of sucrose with peroral xylitol (14-20 g/day) as a caries-preventive measure (X group) in comparison with systemic administration of fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment procedures solely (C group). An F dentifrice was used unsupervised in the X and F groups, the former containing 10% xylitol. The C group used customary, predominantly F-free dentifrices distributed by the local health authorities. The final material consisted of 689 institutionalized children (6-11 years). Caries was scored yearly in duplicate by two continuously calibrated teams. At base line the X group had a significantly higher caries prevalence than the F and C groups. The 3-year DMFS increment was 4.2 in the X group, 6.5 in the F group, and 7.7 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSx, 4.9; RSF, 6.6; and RSC, 8.6. It is concluded that dietary xylitol in solid sweets resulted in a lower increment of caries than obtained in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001, covariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants).
56 citations
TL;DR: Nine commercial dental amalgams were tested for antibacterial properties in vitro and the copper amalgams, Neo-Silbrin and Cupromuc, were the most active in the salivary test but less inhibitory in the growth curve experiments, while Spheraloy, Indiloy, and Amalcap showed intermediate activity in theSalivary bactericidal test but were relatively weak in thegrowth inhibition studies.
Abstract: Nine commercial dental amalgams were tested for antibacterial properties in vitro. A bactericidal test on salivary bacteria, a growth inhibition test on Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176, and a time-dependent bactericidal test on Strep. mutans were used. All amalgams displayed some antibacterial properties. Dispersalloy and Revalloy were strongly antibacterial in all tests; ANA 2000 and Sybraloy killed Strep. mutans but were less potent in the salivary test and in the growth inhibition experiments. The copper amalgams, Neo-Silbrin and Cupromuc, were the most active in the salivary test but less inhibitory in the growth curve experiments. Spheraloy, Indiloy, and Amalcap showed intermediate activity in the salivary bactericidal test but were relatively weak in the growth inhibition studies. Analysis of Hg, Ag, and Cu in media from the growth inhibition studies showed release of Hg from the copper amalgams and, particularly, from Revalloy; Indiloy gave off Ag, whereas Neo-Silbrin, Cupromuc, Sybraloy, and ANA 2000 released more Cu than the other brands.
TL;DR: The proportion of children with caries experience was higher in the present survey than in groups of Norwegian children of corresponding age and the number of daily carbohydrate intakes, duration of use of nursing bottle, family income, and diagnosis were the variables with the strongest association with dmft.
Abstract: The parents of 436 disabled pre-school children were interviewed about habits and problems relevant to dental health. The children, who represented 10 different disabling conditions, were examined and dmft registered. The purpose was to study the relationship between different background variables and caries experience. The dmft score was analyzed in accordance with several sociocultural, medical, and habitual variables, using a multiple classification analysis (MCA). The number of daily carbohydrate intakes, duration of use of nursing bottle, family income, and diagnosis were the variables with the strongest association with dmft. Children with congenital heart disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis had a considerably higher adjusted dmft than the other diagnostic groups. The proportion of children with caries experience was higher in the present survey than in groups of Norwegian children of corresponding age.
TL;DR: Twenty patients with mandibular dysfunction, all women, aged 17-41 years, were randomized for treatment with either a bite plate with a frontal plateau or a full-coverage stabilization splint, and the clinical signs and subjective symptoms improved in both groups.
Abstract: Twenty patients with mandibular dysfunction, all women, aged 17-41 years, were randomized for treatment with either a bite plate with a frontal plateau or a full-coverage stabilization splint. The occlusal appliances were used at night for 6 weeks to compare clinical and electromyographic effects (EMGs). Integrated EMGs were recorded bilaterally from the anterior and posterior parts of the temporal muscle and the masseter muscle in the rest position and during gentle and maximal biting before and after treatment without the appliances in situ. Initially recorded EMG activity in the temporal muscle was correlated to signs of dysfunction in the rest position. Compared with previously investigated healthy subjects, the patients had lower EMG activity in the anterior part of the temporal muscle and in the masseter muscle during maximal biting. Use of occlusal appliances at night for 6 weeks did not change the EMG activity in the rest position or during maximal biting. The clinical signs improved, significantly in the splint group. The subjective symptoms improved in both groups, significantly more in the splint group.
TL;DR: Aureomycin was found to reduce the number of ulcers and diminish pain when compared with placebo, and the pH value of Zendium was stepwise changed from 5.9 to 6.8, an increased fraction of patients reported complete relief from pain and ulcer(s) during the trial periods.
Abstract: Clinical trials with a cross-over double-blind technique were undertaken to test chlor-tetracycline (Aureomycin®) and the enzyme-containing dentifrice Zendium® with regard to therapeutic effects on recurrent aphthous ulcers. Aureomycin was found to reduce the number of ulcers and diminish pain when compared with placebo. When groups of patients treated with Zendium and placebo dentifrice, respectively, were compared, no statistically significant difference could be demonstrated. However, when the pH value of Zendium was stepwise changed from 5.9 to 6.8, an increased fraction of patients reported complete relief from pain and ulcer(s) during the trial periods.
TL;DR: An epidemiological study of dental health, dental health care, and sociodemographic data in 817 4-, 8-, and 13-year-old children was carried out in 1980/81 and showed great differences in dental health in all age groups between the two counties.
Abstract: An epidemiological study of dental health, dental health care, and sociodemographic data in 817 4-, 8-, and 13-year-old children was carried out in 1980/81 in two areas in the county of Vasterbotten, northern Sweden, and in one area in the northern part of the county of Alvsborg, in southwestern Sweden. Dietary habits and nutrient intake were studied in 738 of the children. The aim of the study was to examine the dental health in the different areas and to study the importance of variations in related background factors. The results showed great differences in dental health in all age groups between the two counties. There were also differences between the two areas in the north, but these were not as evident. A discriminant function analysis showed that age when organized dental care started and tooth-brushing frequency had greater explanatory power on dental caries than food habit factors.
TL;DR: A sample of 74 complete-denture wearers has been interviewed with regard to several social variables and the patients' marital status, occupation, interests, social activities, economy, housing conditions, relationship to neighbors, and other people's opinion of their new dentures appeared to influence denture acceptance strongly.
Abstract: It has been suggested that the social conditions under which patients live may influence their acceptance of dentures. In this paper a sample of 74 complete-denture wearers has been interviewed with regard to several social variables. These variables include the patients' marital status, occupation, interests, social activities, economy, housing conditions, relationship to neighbors, and other people's opinion of their new dentures. The last factor appeared to influence denture acceptance strongly. The other social variables tested showed no significant or only minimal effects in this respect.
TL;DR: Temperature, temperature differences between right and left sides, temperature variation with time, and temperature measurement reproducibility were investigated in 42 normal individuals over the origin of the superficial portion of the masseter muscle and the temporomandibular joint with fast- and slow-reacting thermistors with satisfactory results.
Abstract: Temperature, temperature differences between right and left sides, temperature variation with time, and temperature measurement reproducibility were investigated in 42 normal individuals over the origin of the superficial portion of the masseter muscle and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with fast- and slow-reacting thermistors. The average temperature was higher with the fast-reacting thermistor than with the slow-reacting thermistor for all measured locations. The temperature difference between the left and right side was in about 90% of the performed measurements less than or equal to 1°C in both locations. The temperature also differed between the two locations and was highest at the skin surface over the TMJ. The reproducibility of the method according to the standard deviation of a single measurement was satisfactory.
TL;DR: The xylitol regimen resulted in a lower increment of caries than measured in the F and C groups, with convariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants.
Abstract: The aim was to assess caries increment as influenced by partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol (X group) over a 2-year period in comparison with systemic fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment only (C group). The study differed from the 3-year field study of the same series primarily in that existing base-line differences were eliminated because the protocol required that all the new subjects entering the institutions in the 1st year were to be included for a 2-year trial. During this period the number of dropouts was 243 (19.9% of all subjects), the final material consisting of 976 children (6-12 years old). The 2-year DMFS increment was 3.8 in the X group, 4.8 in the F group, and 6.0 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSX, 4.5; RSF, 5.5; and RSC, 7.5. The xylitol regimen resulted in a lower increment of caries than measured in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001; convariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants.
TL;DR: The change in microstructure observed in cross-sections of the corroded specimens was related to the amounts of corrosion products released into the saline solution.
Abstract: One conventional amalgam and two amalgams with a high copper content were stored in 0.9% NaCl solution buffered with phosphate to pH 6. In one experimental series the amalgams were placed in contact with a gold alloy. Every 7 weeks the solutions were changed and analyzed with regard to elements released from the amalgams. The microstructure of the specimens was studied in a scanning electron microscope before immersion and after 7 and 35 weeks in the solution. All the amalgams corroded along the grain boundaries in the γ1 phase. Corrosion was greatest in the γ2 phase of ANA 68, in the' phase of ANA 2000 and in the reaction zone (γ' + γ1) surrounding the Ag-Cu-eutectic particles of Dispersalloy. The microstructure of the corroded amalgams showed similarities to amalgams corroded in vivo. The change in microstructure observed in cross-sections of the corroded specimens was related to the amounts of corrosion products released into the saline solution.
TL;DR: Investigation of the effect of two oral hygiene information programs provided individually to healthy elderly denture wearers found demonstration on how to remove denture plaque gave long-term improvement of denture hygiene.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of two oral hygiene information programs on denture hygiene. The programs were provided individually to healthy elderly denture wearers. Totally, 150 edentulous persons between 67 and 89 years of age were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. In one test group (INFO) the participants were only given individual verbal information on how to remove denture plaque. The participants of the second test group (DEMO) received individual demonstration of denture cleaning in addition. One hundred and thirty-eight persons completed the study. The percentage plaque covering the maxillary denture base was assessed by a morphometric point-estimator scoring method at the start of the study and after 14 and 180 days. Verbal information resulted only in a short-term effect (14 days), whereas demonstration on how to remove denture plaque gave long-term (180 days) improvement of denture hygiene.
TL;DR: Effects of multiple injections of the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) on incisor mesenchymal cells were studied by light microscopy and necrotic alterations expanded in preodontoblast and basal pulp regions when the total dose was increased.
Abstract: Effects of multiple injections of the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) on incisor mesenchymal cells were studied by light microscopy. Rats were killed 1 day after two and three injections, and 1 day and 5 days after four injections. Doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg were used and given on consecutive days. Necrotic alterations expanded in preodontoblast and basal pulp regions when the total dose was increased and finally embraced the entire progenitive part of the incisor. The necrotic area became encapsulated by cellular predentin produced by differentiated pulp cells to prevent further tissue damage, and commencing regeneration was observed after 5 days. When the total dose was split up, the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin increased.
TL;DR: The results indicate a high degree of dental conscientiousness in professional musicians, and trends towards better gingival condition and oral cleanliness were observed with increasing frequency of toothbrushing.
Abstract: The investigation covered 250 professional musicians employed in 3 leading national orchestras in Stockholm, Sweden. The aims were to describe dental care habits, such as frequency of dental visits and frequency and methods of oral hygiene, and to relate these habits to oral cleanliness and gingival health in wind and non-wind instrument musicians. The results showed that 81.2% visited their dentist at least once a year and that 82.8% had had such a regular habit for the past 5 years or more. All subjects claimed to brush their teeth daily, and 66.0% used supplementary oral hygiene aids. The clinical examination showed that oral cleanliness and gingival health were of good standard. Mean plaque index was 0.9 and mean gingival index 1.2. Both measures increased with age and were closely correlated (r = 0.80). The relationships between the dental care habits studied and the clinical conditions with regard to oral cleanliness or gingival health were rather weak, although trends towards better gingival condition and oral cleanliness were observed with increasing frequency of toothbrushing. The results indicate a high degree of dental conscientiousness in professional musicians. No differences were observed between wind and non-wind instrument musicians.
TL;DR: Salivary Streptococcus mutans was quantified to detect possible age, sex, and group-dependent differences at the end of a 3-year field study assessing the value of partial substitution of sucrose with xylitol in comparison with systemic administration of fluoride and restorative treatment solely.
Abstract: Salivary Streptococcus mutans was quantified to detect possible age-, sex-, and group-dependent differences at the end of a 3-year field study assessing the value of partial substitution of sucrose with xylitol (X group) in comparison with systemic administration of fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment solely (C group). The material of this substudy consisted of 390 institutionalized children aged 9–14 years. S. mutans was determined through the spatula technique and grouped into categories 0, 106 CFU/ml saliva. Zero to <105 values included more than 80% of the subjects of the X group. The cross-sectional comparison between groups showed lower S. mutans values in the X group than in the F and C groups. These differences between groups were highly significant. S. mutans was not dependent on age or sex.
TL;DR: The present study describes inter- and intra-observer variation in radiographic assessment of condylar position and the observer variation and limitations of radiographic techniques should be considered when the therapeutic implication of condyle position is discussed.
Abstract: The condylar position at centric occlusion has been considered important in diagnosis of the temporomandibular joint. The present study describes inter- and intra-observer variation in radiographic assessment of condylar position. One radiogram obtained by using an individualized lateral oblique transcranial projection and three corrected sagittal tomograms from the lateral, central, and medial parts of the joint were selected from each of 31 patients. In the resulting 124 radiograms three observers assessed the position of the condyle as posterior, central, or anterior on two occasions, 3 months apart. Concordant reports for all three observers were found in 63%. The interobserver agreement two by two ranged between 69% and 79%, whereas the intraobserver agreement ranged between 81% and 90%. The observer variation and limitations of radiographic techniques should be considered when the therapeutic implication of condylar position is discussed.
TL;DR: In general, the high copper amalgams released more corrosion products into the solutions than the conventional one, and the release of corrosion products was strongly pH-dependent.
Abstract: One conventional amalgam and two amalgams with higher copper content were stored in contact with various dental casting alloys in phosphate-buffered 0.9% NaCl solution, pH 6, at 37 degrees C during 35 weeks. Every 7 weeks the solutions were changed, and the corrosion was measured by analyzing the solutions for the amount of Cu, Zn, Sn, Hg, Ag, Co, Cr, and Ni. In the first 7 weeks the amalgams immersed in contact with acrylic or Co-Cr alloys released small amounts of elements, whereas the release was larger when the amalgams were in contact with the gold alloys. During the rest of the experiment the release of elements tended towards the same level, independent of the casting alloy in contact. In general, the high copper amalgams released more corrosion products into the solutions than the conventional one. The release of corrosion products was strongly pH-dependent. Changing the solutions more often and saturating the solutions with oxygen decreased the amounts of Hg and Ag released.
TL;DR: Eighty-two restorations with a new posterior restorative material showed good wear resistance on the occlusal surfaces after 2 years of service, and Clinically relevant problems were all related to the quality of the contact area.
Abstract: Eighty-two restorations with a new posterior restorative material showed good wear resistance on the occlusal surfaces after 2 years of service. The loss of substance averaged 30-50 µm, which is below the clinically detectable level. Inferior contact points were frequently registered, reflecting the problems with inadequate matrix systems. Clinically relevant problems were all related to the quality of the contact area.
TL;DR: In the total material some improvement occurred during the course of the study, mainly in the X group, and the changes associated with the preventive program should also be considered as related to the improvement in oral hygiene, restorative treatment, andThe mere study effect.
Abstract: The levels of salivary lactobacilli and yeasts were determined annually in half of the subjects of the xylitol (X) and fluoride (F) groups of a 3-year caries study. These measurements were carried out with Dentocult (DC) and Oricult (OC) dip-slide methods. A high level of lactobacilli prevailed throughout the study in these subjects. Significant changes were registered in some subgroups–that is, improvement in one of the X institutions and worsening in one of the F and one of the X institutions. At base line the counts of OC were worse in the X than in the F group. In the total material some improvement occurred during the course of the study, mainly in the X group. The changes associated with the preventive program should also be considered as related to the improvement in oral hygiene, restorative treatment, and the mere study effect.
TL;DR: The consumption of sucrose and xylitol and the exposure to fluoride (F) were analyzed in a field study aimed at assessing the value of peroralxylitol as a caries-preventive measure.
Abstract: The consumption of sucrose and xylitol and the exposure to fluoride (F) were analyzed in a field study aimed at assessing the value of peroral xyfitol as a caries-preventive measure. The coverage of the general background referred to the conditions of 689 institutionalized children observed for a 3-year-period. The material in the dietary substudy consisted of 286 subjects aged 8–13 years. The intake and excretion of F was monitored at all institutions in a total of 380 children. The frequency of the consumption of sucrose was high, its intake increasing over the weekend in comparison with weekdays. The consumption of the xylitol-containing products did not reduce the frequency of sucrose intake. Varying and fluctuating levels of exposure to systemic F was registered, as also reflected in the urinary F/creatinine quotient.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the development was influenced by several factors, such as different snacking habits and access to sweets, the study per se, and xylitol-induced effects.
Abstract: The oral hygiene conditions were evaluated within a 3-year field study aimed at assessing the cariostatic value of partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol (X group) in comparison with systemic fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment only (C group) Parallel to caries and further associated studies the visible plaque index, based on the total number of permanent and deciduous teeth, was determined longitudinally at annual examinations in 688 institutionalized children, initially 6 to 11 years old The observations were analyzed with regard to sex, age, experimental grouping, and total development The oral hygiene conditions were generally poor At the base-line examination only 26% of the children had acceptable oral hygiene; at the end this level was reached by 42% A definite improvement was measured only in the X group, in which the final values differed significantly (p < 0001) from the base-line values and also from the end situation in the F and C groups It is concluded that the developmen