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Showing papers in "Advances in Computers in 1988"


Journal Article
TL;DR: How the field of computer (and robot) vision has evolved, particularly over the past 20 years, is described, and its central methodological paradigms are introduced.

3,112 citations


Book ChapterDOI
S. W. Miller1
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the development of the mass storage systems from a large peripheral device to integration into the distributed computing architectures as multiple storage service nodes.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of the mass storage systems from a large peripheral device to integration into the distributed computing architectures as multiple storage service nodes. As a peripheral, the success of a mass storage system is as dependent on the operational procedures and operating system of the site as it is on the design of the device. The integration of distributed computing and multiple storage service nodes can readily incorporate large peripherals as mass storage subsystems. This can be done by operational procedures and distributed operating systems. Version 2.0 of the IEEE-computer society (CS) mass storage system reference model has a structure that fits almost entirely into the application layer of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The IEEE-CS mass storage system bitfile server defines an alternate set of objects and commands from the OSI model of Virtual Filestore (DIS 8571).

52 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This chapter focuses on the distributed data allocation strategies, determining the most effective partitions of data to be units of distribution, referred to as the data partitioning problem.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the distributed data allocation strategies. Four significant design decisions compose the data allocation design for distributed systems: data partitioning, data placement, data replication, and dynamic data allocation. The decision models used in distributed data allocation employ several different modeling techniques. While most models use mathematical programming—such as linear programming—as a modeling basis, other models use queueing, Petri networks, simulation, or analytical modeling. For each type of model, there exists a group of solution techniques. The selection of a solution technique depends primarily on the size and complexity of the model and the degree of solution performance required. The initial step of a distributed data allocation is determining the most effective partitions of data to be units of distribution, referred to as the data partitioning problem. The vertical partitions group attributes have a high probability of being accessed together while horizontal partitions group records of an entity satisfy a given condition on attribute values.

37 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The characterization of the workload involves the use of supercomputers and includes the characterized of the memory sizes, I/O file sizes, block sizes, level of interactivity, and CPU utilization.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Measuring supercomputers is difficult for various reasons. One of these is that supercomputers themselves are complex systems composed of many cooperating but independent units. Some models of supercomputer performance include the ware model and the vector performance model. The ware model is more general than the vector/scalar applications and can be used to model any dual-mode computation method. The high-level architectural features among supercomputers are remarkably similar. Vector processing and high-speed very-large-scale integration (VLSI) chip technology are the common components of the current supercomputers. Except for the Cyber-205 and the ETA-10, each machine employs register-to-register processors in which operands are fetched from and results are stored to the registers. Every machine uses independent segmented functional units capable of producing results at high rates in a pipelined fashion. The characterization of the workload involves the use of supercomputers. It includes the characterization of the memory sizes, I/O file sizes, block sizes, level of interactivity, and CPU utilization.

28 citations


Book ChapterDOI
John M. Carroll1
TL;DR: This chapter identifies three distinct paradigms, or orientations, to HCI research and application: evaluation, description, and invention.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The race between function and usability has made the area of human computer interaction (HCI) a high-profile research area within computer science and within the computer industry: it is difficult to develop usability science and technology fast enough, but it is also critical to do so. The chapter identifies three distinct paradigms, or orientations, to HCI research and application: evaluation, description, and invention. Structured programming and direct manipulation are important theoretical concepts and they surely carry empirical consequences. Direct empirical measurement is still the only adequate means of assessing the usability of software techniques and computing artifacts. The cognitive description paradigm in HCI provided independent conceptual foundations for the psychology of HCI that made it possible to develop useful theory. The human factors evaluation and cognitive description paradigms share basic assumptions about the position of psychological analysis in HCI. They assume that psychology operates outside the development process, outside even the research prototyping process. HCI is about designing new software tools and user interfaces.

25 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: An automatic pattern generator was successfully made in 1972 and was used successfully in making masks for 256-bit and 1024-bit MOS shift registers, which were among the first generation of large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits being developed in the country.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The new telecommunications are a product of the computer revolution. One of the ways in which China could technologically leapfrog and make a quantum gain in telecommunications capabilities would be through its space program. An automatic pattern generator was successfully made in 1972—this was the first of its kind for photolithography mask making in China. Subsequently, it was used successfully in making masks for 256-bit and 1024-bit MOS shift registers, which were among the first generation of large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits being developed in the country. In the decade from 1978 to 1987 China underwent a very substantial restructuring with deep reforms in the rural and industrial sectors, educational sector, and management of science sector, all seeking to invigorate China to modernize to world standards. In the 1980s, the microprocessor technology was rapidly changing the economies of industrialized countries. The fact for China as well as for all of the developing countries that seek a degree of technological independence is that a computer industry is not a matter of status but is becoming a matter of national survival.

24 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This chapter presents simple and efficiently balancedMultidimensional tree structures that are useful for real-time applications and describes balanced multidimensional and weighted trees as well as their applications in physical database organization, information retrieval, and computational geometry problems.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents simple and efficiently balanced multidimensional tree structures that are useful for real-time applications. It also describes balanced multidimensional and weighted trees as well as their applications in physical database organization, information retrieval, and computational geometry problems. The performance of a multidimensional data structure is measured in terms of three quantities—the preprocessing cost, the storage cost, and the access cost. The multidimensional data structures, such as the k-d trees, quadtrees, and range trees, are comparison-based data structures. Weighted trees and multidimensional trees are related to each other. One can start from an efficient weighted one-dimensional tree structure and use it for constructing efficient multidimensional or even efficient weighted multidimensional tree structures by using it appropriately for implementing nodes of TRIES. Balanced multidimensional and weighted trees have applications in areas, such as physical database organization, information retrieval, self-organizing file structures, and computational geometry.

21 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: For several hundred years, man has been fascinated by the idea of machines playing chess, and when electronic computers arrived in the late 1940s, Wiener, Shannon, Turing, and Turing suggested how man’s new creation might so be used.
Abstract: For several hundred years, man has been fascinated by the idea of machines playing chess. When electronic computers arrived in the late 1940s, Wiener (1948), Shannon (1950a, b), and Turing (1953), all prominent names in the world of cybernetics, suggested how man’s new creation might so be used. How well they might play could only be guessed. Through the years, many have expressed their opinions, including former world chess champions Mikhail Botvinnik (1970) and Max Euwe (1970).

14 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The medical information system is the root of information processing in the health sciences, and provides the foundation for many uses, such as patient care, finance, education, and research.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Economics and technology are key factors in restructuring the health care system aided by a rapidly emerging acceptance and use of computers The medical information system is the root of information processing in the health sciences It draws from many sources, both human and machine, and provides the foundation for many uses, such as patient care, finance, education, and research Some of the functional dimensions of a medical information system include admissions office, ambulatory care department, business office, and medical records departments Some of its benefits include improved quality of the clinical record , improved audit and quality control, and better use of clinical data With the diagnosis-related group (DRG)-based approach, patients are classified by their principal diagnosis or by the condition responsible for their admission The essential steps in diagnosis are acquisition of information from the patient, interpretation of this information, and diagnosis The computer system can help in both the acquisition and interpretation phases of this process With regard to interpretation of the data, two popular approaches are statistical systems and logic-based (expert) systems

7 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the origins and drives of military organizations of the East and West, how they interact with home politics and each other as adversaries, and the resulting combat systems.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the origins and drives of military organizations of the East and West, how they interact with home politics and each other as adversaries, and the resulting combat systems. The superpower economic and political development, are aided by the military, which maintains a status quo while ready for all-out war. Computers as a means, enhance the war fighting capabilities. The National Security Agency (NSA) long backed powerful processors. Politicians believe that military programs lead to civilian jobs, directly through funding programs and indirectly via technology hand-over into consumer products. The commercially driven, pluralist mix in the West has favored the motivational aspects of the multiple source creativity, which planning focuses onto military missions. Naval officers serving on submarines are dependent upon computers. Soviet officers accept “programming” solutions as fundamental to their task and readily accept the application of military computers in combat decision making. The Soviet programmers' accomplishments are based on the first-class mathematicians, clever software, and team continuity over decades.

6 citations