Showing papers in "African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology in 2014"

A review of polyvinyl alcohol derivatives: Promising materials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

Abstract: In recent years, a technological breakthrough in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields have been reflected in the development of more complex, safe and effective dosage forms to improve the administration, delivery, disposition and stability of drugs, as well as at creating more biocompatible and biodegradable materials. As a result, modified release devices and functional coatings which improve the effectiveness and efficacy of drugs have been generated. This advancement has been achieved by physical or chemical modification of natural or semisynthetic polymers which stabilize and protect drugs against harsh environmental factors. Therefore, the development of novel excipients with a high functionality and robustness has become an important quest. Among these materials, polyvinyl alcohol is one of the most versatile and biocompatible, since by chemical or physical modification its properties are modulated, improving drug stability, drug targeting, and ensures patient compliance. Freezing-thawing cycles, heat treatment and formation of composites are the most significant physical modifications to improve the performance of polyvinyl alcohol. On the other hand, the chemical modifications by cross-linking with aldehydes, carboxylic acids, sodium tetraborate, epichlorohydrin have enhanced the physical and mechanical properties, such as the oil sorption ability, oxygen and waterproof characteristics, mechanical strength, drug diffusion and rate of swelling. Key words: Polyvinyl alcohol, composites, crosslinking, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Antibacterial activity of freshwater microalgae: A review

Abstract: The photoautotrophic microorganisms collectively termed ‘micro-algae’ (including micro-eukaryotes and cyanobacteria) are known to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with various biological actions. They are known as well for their richness in bioactive compounds, with promising applications in pharmaceutical formulations. Their cell-free extracts have accordingly been tested as additives for food and feed formulation, in attempts to circumvent use of antimicrobial compounds of synthetic origin, or subtherapeutical doses of regular antibiotics. The increased use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutants for disease treatment leads to emergence of drug resistant forms. It also adversely affects the ecosystem. Microalgae are rich source of antimicrobial agents and provide a safer and cost effective way of treating bacterial infections. This article describes the antibacterial properties of some freshwater microalgae like, Euglena, Microcystis, Chlorella, Chroococcus, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Spirulina. Key words: Antibacterial, Aeromonas hydrophila, bioactive compounds, extraction, Euglena viridis.

The search for new hypoglycemic agents from plants

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a serious endocrine disorder that causes millions of deaths worldwide. The conventional drugs are associated with a number of adverse effects and limitations. In the search for better alternatives, many medicinal plants have been investigated and a variety of compounds have also been isolated. In the present review, medicinal plants selected from those that have been investigated for their antidiabetic potential between the year 2000 and 2013 are presented. The most common families of plants presented are the Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Gentianaecae. The structures of some previously isolated compounds with antidiabetic potential are presented. Most of the isolated antidiabetic principles are alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acid, steroids and organic acids. It was however discovered that most of the investigations are preliminary in nature. More detailed investigations into the efficacy, mode of action and safety profile of these plants and the isolated compounds in preclinical and clinical studies are recommended. Key words: Antidiabetic plants, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, medicinal plants review.

The effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its ingredients on the management of diabetes mellitus and dislipidemia

Abstract: The rapidly increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus is becoming a serious threat to mankindE¼s health in all parts of the world and is in a group of metabolic disorders having hyperglycemia as a common manifestation. Implication of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes is proposed, not only by oxygen free-radical generation, but also due to non-enzymatic protein glycosylation, auto-oxidation of glucose, impaired glutathione metabolism, alteration in antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxides formation. Moreover, oxidative stress induces systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, impaired secretion of pancreatic β cells and impaired glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. Nowadays, the use of antioxidants still remains a controversy, but its use as a therapy for diabetes can be considered, because it demonstrated effectiveness in lowering the risk of diabetes and its complications. Therefore, this review provides an updated overview of experimental in vitro and in vivo investigations on the biological activities of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its principal phenolic ingredients, especially focusing on their anti-diabetics effect. This data has led to the suggestion that saffron (C. sativus L.) and its principal phenolic ingredients might be beneficial for preserving diabetes and its complications; however, the application remains controversial. Therefore, this review highlights the antidiabetic effects of saffron and its main ingredients, related to antioxidant properties of carotenoids of saffron. Key words: Antidiabetic, antioxidant, dyslipidemia, saffron.

Pakistani physicians knowledge and attitude towards reporting adverse drug reactions

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of Pakistani physicians towards adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting. In this study, five hundred and fifty survey forms were distributed among the physicians belonging to different private and public sector clinics and hospitals of Karachi through email or direct correspondence. Two hundred and twenty five physicians provided consent to show their responses for research purposes. Hence, the response rate for filling the questionnaire was 40.9%. Most of the doctors that participated in the study were consultants. The previously validated questionnaire was adopted that sought the demographics of the physicians, their knowledge and attitudes towards ADR reporting. Descriptive statistics were employed to report the response of respondents to questionnaire items. The association of the position and organization on the responses of participants towards ADR reporting was determined by using a chi-square. Majority of the participants (88%) were aware about the ADRs; 31.5% were aware of pharmacovigilance; 7.5% had an access to ADR reporting system; and only 9.7% were informed about the availability of ADR reporting system. Physicians (64%) were considered to be the most qualified health professionals to report ADRs. The knowledge of ADRs among physicians working in different hospitals of Karachi was quite sufficient, but their attitude toward ADR reporting was lacking. Physicians strongly suggested the need of training through frequent continuous medical education sessions to improve reporting. Key words: ADR reporting, knowledge, attitude, physicians.

Availability of essential medicines in public hospitals: A study of selected public hospitals in Nakuru County, Kenya

Abstract: The aim of this study was to confirm the level of availability of essential medicines in public hospitals in Kenya and the factors leading to this. A cross-section approach was adopted for the research which was conducted across several public hospitals in Nakuru County. Data was collected using questionnaires as the main tool. The findings revealed that majority of the essential medicines that include common antibiotics, common analgesics, antihypertensives, emergency drugs and pediatric formulations were found to be stocked out. Stock outs were caused by poor distribution (91.2%), issues of funding (58%), inappropriate selection (58%), and irrational use (56%) of essential medicines. Key words: Health system, essential medicines, public health.

Imbalance of the oxidant - antioxidant status by aspartame in the organs of immune system of Wistar albino rats

Abstract: Aspartame (L- aspartyl- L-phenylalanine methyl ester) is one of the most widely artificial sweeteners consumed in so many products worldwide in various countries which added to a large variety of food, most commonly found in low calorie beverages. On metabolism in humans and experimental animals, aspartame is rapidly and completely metabolized to aspartic acid (40%), phenylalanine (50%) and methanol (10%). Methanol, a toxic metabolite is primarily metabolized by oxidation to formaldehyde and then to formate; these processes are accompanied by the formation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. This study focus is to understand whether the oral administration of aspartame (40 mg/kg b.w) for 15, 30 and 90 days have any effect on the antioxidant status (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) in immune organs such as the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow of rats. To mimic human methanol metabolism, folate deficient rats were used. After 15 days of aspartame administration, animals showed a significant increase in free radical production as indicated by the increase in both enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic (reduced glutathione and vitamin C) antioxidant level along with the marked increase in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide level. However, after repeated long term administration (30 and 90 days), the generation of reactive free radicals overwhelmed the antioxidant defense as indicated by an increase in lipid peroxidation with the decrease in antioxidants level. This study concludes that administration of aspartame even at the Food and Drug Administration permitted level its repeated exposure causes oxidative stress by altering the oxidant/antioxidant balance in immune organs of the rats and its effects also reflected in the histology of the spleen and lymph nodes Key words: Aspartame, folate- deficient, immune organs, oxidative stress.

Determination of some mineral and heavy metals in Saudi Arabia popular herbal drugs using modern techniques

Abstract: The contents of 22 essential mineral elements and trace, heavy and toxic metals in 14 herbal drugs collected from the local markets of the western province of Saudi Arabia have been determined. All investigated elements were detected using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) after pretreatment of the tested samples with microwave digestion system. The levels of the most dangerous heavy metals Cd and Pb in the samples were below the maximum permitted levels reported by World health Organization (WHO) standards. K and Ca were present at high levels in samples 2 (Chamomile) and 11 (Becham), respectively. Ca and Mg were the most abundant mineral elements in all herbal samples. Moreover, it is observed that the concentrations of most of the tested toxic metals in the investigated herbal plants are found below the permitted levels reported by the international regulatory standards of the medicinal plants. Key words: Herbal drugs, mineral elements, toxic metals, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), microwave digestion.

Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae) in vitro and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract: The present study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Cynara scolymus on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, proficient and deficient in antioxidant defenses, and by in vitro methods with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), inhibition of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, formation of nitric oxide, and removal of the hydroxyl radical. A simultaneous quantitative analysis to total phenolics, flavonoids and hydrolysable tannin was also performed, and according to the results obtained, phenolic compounds (661.15 ± 20.11 mg GAE/g of E), flavonoids (123.96 ± 11.47 mg R/g of E) and hydrolysable tannin (14.25 ± 3.18 mg GAE/g of E) were detected in the aqueous extract of C. scolymus. The aqueous extract at study showed high antioxidant capacity in all antioxidant methods in vitro and exhibited significant antioxidant capacity to protect strains of S. cerevisiae from oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. The analysis of the correlation made between the content of phenolic compounds and the different antioxidants in vitro methods, indicated that these compounds are mainly responsible for the antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of C. scolymus. Therefore, this study suggests that the aqueous extract of leaves of C. scolymus is a great natural source of compounds with antioxidant capacity. Key words: Antioxidant capacity, Cynara scolymus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phenolic compounds.

In vitro effects of Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., Myrtaceae: Antimicrobial activity and synergistic interactions with Vancomycin and Fluconazole

Abstract: The Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. species, Myrtaceae, also known by the popular name as uvaia was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity. Broth microdilution method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against selected pathogenic strains of bacteria, and fungi. Checkerboard method was used to evaluate the synergistic interactions of E. pyriformis with Vancomycin and Fluconazole. The leaf and stem crude extract showed for Gram-positive strains MIC values of 125 and 250 µg/ml and for leveduriform fungi MIC values ranging from 7.81 to 62.5 µg/ml. Ethyl acetate, hydroalcoholic fractions, and leaf acetonic extract showed MIC values between 62.5 and 125 µg/ml for Gram-positive strains. The ethyl acetate fraction and leaf acetonic extract showed MIC values ranging from 7.81 to 62.5 µg/ml for leveduriform fungi; the stem acetonic extract MIC value was 62.5 µg/ml against Gram-positive strains and MIC value of 7.81 µg/ml for leveduriform fungi. The combination of E. pyriformis with Vancomycin and Fluconazole showed synergistic activity for strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis with fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) below of 0.5. The extracts and fractions of this medicinal plant were able to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi in vitro. Key words: Eugenia pyriformis Cambess, antimicrobial activity, synergistic interaction.

Evaluation of the anti-ulcer property of aqueous extract of unripe Musa paradisiaca Linn. peel in Wistar rats

Abstract: This study investigated the antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of unripe Musa paradisiacal (plantain) peels in rats using ethanol, aspirin, indomethacin and pyloric ligation-induced ulcer models. Fresh peels of M. paradisiaca were extracted in hot water and the yield lyophilised. Distilled water, standard drugs and extract were injected intraperitoneally before inducing ulcer. Lethality test and quantitative phytochemical analyses were also carried out using standard techniques. Results showed that the extract at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg wt offered 73.87, 80.18 and 81.98% protection, respectively against ethanol-induced ulcer, whereas cimetidine (50 mg/kg) produced 72.07% ulcer protection. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the various groups. The extract also inhibited aspirin-induced ulcer whereas omeprazole (20 mg/kg) significantly enhanced aspirin-induced ulcer. Similar to cimetidine, the extract did not inhibit indomethacin-induced ulceration. Extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and cimetidine (50 mg/kg) inhibited pyloric ligation-induced ulcer by 100 and 75%, respectively. Findings suggest antiulcerogenic potentials of the extract, thereby supporting its ethnomedicinal use as antiulcer agent. Up to 5000 mg/kg of extract did not cause mortality of the animals, indicating safety of the extract. The extract was rich in flavonoids (1.40 ± 0.02 mg/100 g). Key words: Musa paradisiaca, peptic ulcer, antiulcerogenesis, aspirin-induced ulcer, medicinal plants, flavonoids.

Phytochemical screening, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of phytochemical constituents and anti-bacterial activity of Aerva lanata (L.) leaves

Abstract: The present study is aimed to determine the phytochemical screening and anti-bacterial activity of the extracts (acetone, ethyl acetate and ethanol) of medicinal plant, Aerva lanata leaves against bacterial strains. Acetone, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of A. lanata leaves were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. These extracts of A. lanata leaves were checked for their anti-bacterial activity by well diffusion, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) techniques against bacterial strains. Preliminary phytochemical screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of phytochemical constituents of A. lanata leaves were performed. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different extracts of A. lanata revealed the presence of alkaloids, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, quinone, terpenes and coumarins. Among the three different extracts tested, acetone extract of A. lanata leaves showed maximum anti-bacterial activity. The bioactive components of acetone fraction of A. lanata leaves were evaluated by GC-MS analysis which showed the presence of sixteen chemical compounds. The extracts of A. lanata leaves have a broad spectrum of anti-bacterial activity and support the traditional use of these plants as medicines. Key words: Aerva lanata, phytochemical screening, anti-bacterial activity, gas chromatography- mass spectrometry, minimal inhibitory concentration index.

Saponins as immunoadjuvant agent: A review

Abstract: Saponins are triterpene or steroid glycosides widely distributed in the plant and animal kingdom and include a large of number of biologically active coumpounds. Most of them have surface-active and cholesterol-binding properties. They have been shown to exhibit many biological and pharmacological activities as antiphlogistic, antiallergic, cytotoxic, antitumor and antitumor-promoting, antiviral, antihepatotoxic, molluscicidal, antibacterial, antiparasitic and antifungal activities, and especially immunoadjuvant activities. Adjuvants have been used to improve vaccine efficacy since the early 1929s. Nowadays many new vaccines are under development and there is a desired more effective adjuvants. Some triterpene saponins, especially those originating from Quillaja saponaria, are potent immunoadjuvat vaccines.This work will make an overview on the immunomodulatory properties of some adjuvants, especially the saponins, and will explain the main mechanisms of action by which they act. Key words: Saponins, pharmacological activities, immunoadjuvant activity.

Ameliorating effects of thymoquinone in rodent models of schizophrenia

Abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of thymoquinone (TQ) in animal models of schizophrenia. TQ (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered daily for 28 days in mice. Different models of schizophrenia such as haloperidol-induced catalepsy, apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour and elevated plus maze test were used. After the last dose of TQ on the 28th day, behavioural tests were performed followed by biochemical estimations. Pre-treatment of TQ alone and in combination with haloperidol observed cataleptic behaviour. In apomorphine induced climbing behaviour model, administration of TQ reduced maximum time of single climb and climbing index (p < 0.001). Scopolamine-induced prolongation of transfer latency (TL) was reduced by TQ (p < 0.001). There was no change in the percentage alternation in TQ pre-treated group of animals in elevated plus maze test. However, a significant increase in possible alternation was observed (p < 0.001), suggesting its anti-amnesic effect. The anti-amnesic effect of TQ was further confirmed with a decrease in acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity in mice brain. A decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels and increase in glutathione (GSH) and catalase levels were observed in all models used, thus, confirming its antioxidant properties. TQ administration also showed reduction in dopamine levels indicating the involvement of dopamine receptors in all three models; hence, demonstrating its antipsychotic like activities. The present study observed antipsychotic like actions in different animal models of schizophrenia and also improved memory. Our results are preliminary, further research is warranted to establish its role as a new candidate in schizophrenia. Key words: Schizophrenia, thymoquinone, dopamine, antioxidant markers.

Evaluation of topical antinociceptive effect of Artemisia absinthium extract in mice and possible mechanisms

Abstract: This study, evaluated the topical antinociceptive effect of dried extract of Artemisia absinthium in mice, and some mechanisms underlying these effects were also investigated. Four concentrations (1, 2.5, 4, and 6% W/V) of dried extract of the plant in normal saline were evaluated for topical analgesia in tail flick model test. The mice tail was immersed in normal saline supplemented with different concentrations of extract as well as normal saline as control for 2 min before tail flick test. Atropine (5 mg/kg), metoclopramide (1 mg/kg), ondansetrone (0.5 mg/kg) and naloxone (4 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally (IP), 20 min before tail immersion in normal saline containing the extract at 4% concentration. Subsequently, maximum possible effect percentage (MPE%) was calculated for each dose. It was found that the plant extract produced antinociceptive effect at (4 and 6% W/V) concentration in tail flick model. Furthermore, analgesic effect of extract at 4% W/V concentration was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with atropine, metoclopramide, ondansetrone and naloxone. These results suggest that the extract produced antinociception in tail flick model probably through cholinergic, serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and opiodergic system. Key words: Artemisia absinthium, antinociceptive effect analgesia, mechanism of action.

Hypolipidemic and antithrombotic evaluation of Myrtus communis L. in cholesterol-fed rabbits

Abstract: Herbs have been a great source of natural substances used to prevent many cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Blood lipid levels and coagulation parameters are probably the major determinant for producing CVDs. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypo-lipidemic and anti-thrombotic activities of aqueous extract of Myrtus communis L. fruit (AEM) in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Hyper-lipidemia was induced following administration of cholesterol for 45 days. Animals of treated group were administered AEM daily for 30 and 45 days at dose of 50 mg/kg. Biochemical tests were performed at the end of dosing that is, on 31st day and again on 46th day. The administration of AEM (50 mg/kg/day) revealed reduction in serum triglycerides and low density lipoprotein; there was also an increase in thrombin and fibrinogen time. Results of present study indicate that the extract exhibited hypolipidemic effects and has also an effect on blood coagulation parameters which may be of value in CVDs. However, further studies are necessary to explore the precise mechanism of action of these effects. Key words: Herbs, lipid profile, blood coagulation, rabbits.

The mineral, proximate and phytochemical components of ten Nigerian medicinal plants used in the management of arthritis

Abstract: Ethnobotanical investigation revealed the use of ten medicinal plants in the management of arthritis in Ibadan, Nigeria. This study screened the plants for mineral, proximate and phytochemical components that could be responsible for their therapeutic value in arthritis. The powdered plant samples were analysed for nutritional constituents and phytochemical compounds using standard laboratory protocols. The use value of plant-parts was 50% leaves and 50% roots. Three out of the 10 plants had high calcium content: Oncoba spinosa (180.0 mg/100 g), Nymphaea lotus (160.0 mg/100 g) and Solenostemon monostachyus (125.0 mg/100 g). N. lotus had the highest iron content (8.0 mg/100 g). Phosphorus content was highest in O. spinosa (150.0 mg/100 g). Magnesium was highest in Phyllanthus amarus (14.0 mg/100 g). Crude fibre was highest in Solanum aethiopicum (15.90%) and the least in O. spinosa (14.00%). S. aethiopicum had the highest protein content (18.50%) and O. spinosa the least (14.75%). All the medicinal plants tested positive to alkaloids, carotenoids and flavonoids. The plants contained minerals and secondary metabolites that are implicated in arthritis viz. calcium, zinc, carotenoids and flavonoids. The presence of these compounds in the test plants might alleviate pains associated with arthritis. O. spinosa had high potential in the management of arthritis due to its high calcium and phosphorus components. Key words: Arthritis, medicinal plants, mineral analysis, proximate analysis, Nigeria.

Effect of oral supplementation of Aloe vera extract on haematology indices and immune cells of blood in rabbit

Abstract: Aloe vera is being widely used in herbal medicine as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiinflammatory agent. It is also used as topical application for many skin diseases; its antidiabetic effect in rats is also reported. Looking at its enormous medicinal effects, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of oral supplements of Aloe vera extract on hemotology indices and immune cells of rabbit. Total of twenty (n=20) rabbits were selected and divided into 4 group’s i-e A, B, C and D with n=5 in each group. Group A was kept as control while B, C and D were given 400, 500 and 600 mg/kg of Aloe vera extract, respectively daily for 21 days. Blood samples were collected from central ear vein transferred into test tubes containing ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA) on 0 day, 7th day, 14th day and 21st day and analysed for complete blood count (CBC). Results revealed that oral supplementation of A. vera extract significantly increase mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and lymphocytes at level (p< 0.05) and decrease neutrophils in normal domestic rabbits. Results of this study concluded that A. vera has hematopoetic and immunomodulatory effects; thus its extract can be used for the treatment of anemia and immune deficiency problems. Key words: Aloe vera, biological active, anaemia, immunodeficiency.

Toxicological evaluation of extract of Olax subsorpioidea on albino Wistar rats

Abstract: This research work was undertaken in order to evaluate the toxicity effects of the leaf extract of Olax subscorpioidea on albino Wistar rats using the biochemical, haematological and histopathological indices. Five groups (A to E) of eight rats per group were used for this study. Animals in group A was administered with distilled water while the rats in groups B, C, D, and E were administered with 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extract of O. subsorpioidea via oral intubation for 28 days. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized in diethyl ether respectively and blood samples were collected for some biochemical and haematological assays, while the liver and kidney organs were isolated and processed for histopathological studies. Biochemical analysis revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase in the groups treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, while significant elevation (p<0.05) was observed in alkaline phosphatase, and albumin levels. Furthermore, haematological studies showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in white blood cell count and haemoglobin level in the treated groups. Moreover, the group treated with 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extract exhibited a reduced (p<0.05) percentage mean cell haemoglobin and lymphocyte, while the percentage neutrophil was significantly increased (p<0.05). Histopathological studies conducted revealed that there was no significant damage on the liver and kidney tissues. The results suggest that extract of the leaf of O. subscorpioidea could alter the haematopoietic elements as well as some biochemical parameters and may not cause any adverse effect on the liver and kidney tissues. Key words: Olax subscorpioidea, biochemical parameters, haematological parameters, histopathological studies.

Effect of date palm pollen on serum testosterone and intra-testicular environment in male albino rats

Abstract: Date palm pollen (DPP) is suggested to increase the concentration of serum testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in rats. Intra-testicular testosterone (ITT) is thought to play a key role in the control of spermatogenesis but is rarely measured. We therefore planned this study to examine its effect on intra-testicular testosterone levels and serum testosterone in male albino rats. Adult rats were divided into two groups, control and experimental, with 12 rats in each. Blood samples were drawn for analysis from tail vein at day 0, 12, 24 and 35. The experimental group was given DPP suspension in a single oral dosage of 120 mg/kg daily, starting at day 1, for 35 days (dose was confirmed by a pilot study). At the end of the experimental period, the rats were dissected and the testes were removed and weighed. Testes were minced in phosphate buffer solution at a proportion of 1:10. The tissue homogenate obtained was cold centrifuged. The supernatant was taken for the estimation of ITT levels. There was a statistically significant increase in serum testosterone levels at day 24 which increased from (mean ± SD) 1.81 ± 0.05 to 2.12 ± 0.13 and from 1.82 ± 0.05 to 3.09 ± 0.22 on day 35, and ITT levels were raised from 76.48 ± 2.4 to 129.90 ± 9.66 on day 35 in experimental groups as compared to control group. The results of the present study demonstrate that date palm pollen is involved in the increased reproductive activity and serum levels of testosterone and intra-testicular testosterone. Key words: Date palm pollen, serum testosterone, intra-testicular testosterone, infertility.

Antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of honey in human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3): Possible mechanism of cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction

Abstract: Honey has long been used in medicine for different purposes. Only recently, however, its antioxidant property and preventive effects against different diseases, such as cancer, have been highlighted. In this study, we investigated the potential of honey to induce cytotoxic and apoptosis effects in cultured carcinomic human prostate cells (PC-3), a commonly used cell culture system for in vitro studies on prostate cancer. The cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium and treated with different concentrations of honey for three consecutive days. Cell viability was quantitated by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were determined using Annexin-V-FITC by flow cytometry. Honey could decrease cell viability in malignant cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The IC50 values against PC-3 were determined at 14.3, 9.2 and 4.3% after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Honey induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells, as determined by flow cytometry histogram of treated cells which inducing apoptotic cell death is involved in honey toxicity. It might be concluded that honey could cause cell death in PC-3 cells, in which apoptosis plays an important role. Honey could also be considered as a promising chemotherapeutic agent in prostate cancer treatment in future. Key words: Anexin-V, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, honey, 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), carcinomic human prostate cells (PC-3), chrysin.

Evaluation of spermatogenesis in prepubertal albino rats with date palm pollen supplement

Abstract: It is suggested that Date Palm Pollen (DPP) increases the concentration of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in rats. We therefore planned this study to examine the effect of DPP on spermatogenesis using prepubertal rats. 4-day old rats were randomly divided into four groups of 12 pups each (Control I, Experimental I, Control II, and Experimental II). Experimental groups I and II were given DPP suspension in a single oral dose of 120 mg/kg daily for 18 and 35 days, respectively. Pups were sacrificed on days 22 and 39 post-natally. Testes were removed for microscopic studies, and spermatogenesis was assessed by a method which depended upon scoring ‘cross sectional’ profiles of seminiferous tubules according to Johnsen’s criterion. There was no statistically significant difference in Control and Experimental groups I. However Pups of the treated group II, who received DPP for 35 days, showed statistically significant increase in seminiferous tubules containing spermatozoa, resulting in a higher Johnsen Score (Control group II: 6.28 ± 0.21, Experimental group II: 8.06 ± 1.21). This implied that spermatogenesis was present at an advanced stage in the Experimental group as compared to the Control group of animals. Key words: Spermatogenesis, infertility, testes.

Isolation and characterization of an anti-microbial biflavonoid from the chloroform-soluble fraction of methanolic root extract of Ochna schweinfurthiana (Ochnaceae)

Abstract: The chromatographic investigation of the chloroform soluble fraction of methanolic root extract of Ochna schweinfurthiana using a combination of silica and sephadex LH-20 led to the isolation of tri-methoxy derivative of lophirone A. The structure of this new compound was determined using both 1 and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antimicrobial activity of the isolated compound was also investigated using agar diffusion and broth dilution techniques. Clinical isolates obtained from the Department of Medical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria were used for the studies. The compound was found to show activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Samonella typhi, but was not active at the tested dose on methicillin resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Corynobacterium ulcerans, Escherichia coli and the only fungi tested Candida albicans. The low concentration for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 5 μg/ml) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC, 20 μg/ml) suggests the compound has a good antimicrobial activity against the susceptible organisms and validates the ethno medicinal use of the plant in the treatment of various bacterial infections, including infected wounds and typhoid fever. Key words: Ochna schweinfurthiana extract, antimicrobial, tri-methoxy, lophirone A, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Development and evaluation of antimicrobial herbal cosmetic preparation

Abstract: This study was conducted to formulate a polyherbal cosmetic cream comprising plant extracts such as Glycyrrhiza glabra root, Piper betle leaves and Azadirachta indica leaves and to check their antimicrobial potential which can be used in the treatment of infectious skin diseases. Stability studies and patch test were also performed to check the efficacy of the formulations in comparison to base (control). Four types of different herbal cream formulations, namely A, B, C and D were prepared by incorporating different concentrations of herbal extracts in combination. These cosmetic preparations were evaluated at storage conditions (8 and 40°C with relative humidity 75%) on different parameters like pH, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, total fatty matter, centrifugation, stability studies, and patch test for one month. Antimicrobial activity of the formulations was also checked by well diffusion method. Formulation D was found to be the best and A was better among all the other preparations and base. Formulations A and D showed good spreadibility, pH, appearance, viscosity, good antimicrobial potential and no evidence of phase separation. Formulations A and D showed no redness, inflammation and irritation during patch test. These formulations are safe to use for skin. Thus, the result showed that formulation D containing minimum amount of herb extracts (0.1% each) exhibited good stability during storage, antimicrobial activity and also no major changes was observed during the entire study as compared to other formulations and base. Key words: Azadirachta indica, Piper betle, Glycyrrhiza glabra, antimicrobial, cream formulation, extract, cosmetics, pH, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, total fatty matter, centrifugation, stability study, well diffusion method, patch test.

Pharmacological effect of some fractions obtained from Sapindus trifoliatus acting as an antioxidant and against mammary cell proliferation

Abstract: To explore the naturally-occurring antioxidants having anticancer properties from plant origin since oxidants play a crucial role in developing various human diseases. The purpose of this research was to explore the antioxidant and anticancer properties of Sapindus trifoliatus (ST). The dried leaves of S. trifoliatus were ground into coarse powder and were exhaustively extracted with methanol; and the resulting crude methanolic extract (CME) was successively fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate to obtain final extracts of petroleum ether (PEF), chloroform (CHF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and lastly the fractions of aqueous (AQF). Several assays were employed to determine the antioxidant activities, such as, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity assay, ferrous reducing antioxidant capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. The in vivo anticancer activity of S. trifoliatus was deduced on Ehrlich’s Ascites cell (EAC) induced Swiss albino mice. Majority of the extracts showed strong antioxidant activities related to the standard. Key words: Sapindus trifoliatus, Sapindaceae, free radicals, polyphenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity.

Effect of Punica granatum on behavior in rats

Abstract: The importance of diet in depression is now increasingly recognized, since balanced diet not only reduces the risk of various chronic diseases but also promotes normal development and functioning of all systems including brain. Hence the present study was designed to observe the effect of three doses of Punica granatum 2, 5 and 8 ml/kg on the behavioral changes in rats, particularly anxiolytic and antidepressant activity. During 15 days study, experimental paradigm for anxiety and depression were assessed twice using open field, elevated plus maze and forced swimming test. In open field, distance travelled, number of centre entries and number of rearing’s were increased. In elevated plus maze, number of open arm entries were increased and in forced swimming test, there was decrease in duration of immobility and increase in duration of climbing. All these changes were significant at moderate and high doses of P. granatum. Thus it may be suggested that P. granatum possesses anxiolytic and antidepressant activity at moderate and high doses. Key words: Punica granatum, anxiolytic, antidepressant.

Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) juice using response surface methodology

Abstract: Preparations of pectic enzymes are used for more efficient extraction of desirable blackberry pigments, facilitating faster release. In this study, we validated the use of response surface methodology (RSM) for the optimization of enzymatic treatment for extraction of anthocyanins from blackberry juice. Tristimulus colorimetry was used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the process. Our results showed that the optimal yield (639 g/L) of anthocyanins extracted from blackberries by this study’s enzymatic mixture was obtained under the following conditions: enzyme loading 0.2% and 52°C for 1.1 h. The yield of anthocyanins showed high correlations with lightness (L*) (r = -0.833), chroma (C*) (r = 0.796) and hue angle (h) (r = 0.752), and was significantly affected by the extraction temperature (p = 0.0011). Key words: Anthocyanins, blackberry, response surface methodology, optimization, pectic enzyme.

Preparation of magnetic microspheres of mesalamine by phase separation emulsion polymerisation technique

Abstract: The study involved magnetic microspheres of mesalamine prepared by phase separation emulsion polymerization (PSEP) method technique. Magnetic microspheres were prepared by PSEP method to target them to the colon. Three polymers namely Eudragit S 100, ethylcellulose and chitosan were used for the preparation of magnetic microspheres. Magnetite content and entrapment of mesalamine was evaluated. Eudragit S 100, ethylcellulose and chitosan were used as polymers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of drug and polymer was taken to visualize the compatibility of drug and polymer. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the uniformity and particle size of the microspheres formed. The in vitro release study was carried out in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The various results obtained were fit into the mathematical models and the Higuchi model was found to be most suitable for the formulations. Chitosan magnetic microspheres prepared by phase separation emulsion polymerization were found to be best in all the evaluation parameters (practical yield, magnetite content, magnetic responsivity of microspheres, particle size, in vitro release studies). They contain maximum magnetite content which is the utmost feature for the magnetic microspheres. Microspheres can be targeted by the external magnetic field applied due to magnetite entrapped. Thus toxicity and reticuloendothelial clearance can be minimized. Key words: Chitosan, Eudragit S 100, ethylcellulose, magnetic, phase separation emulsion polymerization (PSEP).

Evaluation of the modulatory and antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract and fractions of Duguetia furfuracea A. St.-Hil.

Abstract: Medicinal plants have been the subject of research in several countries such as Brazil. The Duguetia furfuracea A. St.-Hil., popularly known as araticum-bravo, ata-brava and ata de lobo, has been used in folk medicine as anti-rheumatic drugs, for the treatment of renal dysfunction, spinal pain and stomach, and against pediculosis. This work aimed to analyze the antibacterial effect of the crude extract and fractions obtained from the leaves of D. furfuracea. The characterization of secondary metabolites was carried out through phytochemical prospection, being checked for the presence of tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using broth microdilution method and its modulating activity of antibiotic activity in sub-inhibitory (MIC/8) concentration. When standard bacterial strain is used for the MIC and multidrug-resistant strains of modulation, all samples had a MIC ≥ 1024 µg/ml. The samples when combined with aminoglycosides demonstrated synergistic activity against the Escherichia coli 27 and Staphylococcus aureus 358. The results of this study indicate the species D. furfuracea as a promising source in combating bacterial multidrug resistance, increasing the potential of antibiotics. Key words: Duguetia furfuracea A. St.-Hil., modulation, antibacterial activity, aminoglycosides.

The effect of medium chain saturated fatty acid (monolaurin) on levels of the cytokines on experimental animal in Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infection

Abstract: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of medium chain saturated fatty acid (monolaurin) on experimentally infected Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, and measurement of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β levels of cytokines. To study the effect of monolaurin on the duodenal mucosa of the studied infected hamsters, a group of sixty golden Syrian hamsters were used, which were further divided into two subgroups: Subgroup I, in which hamsters were infected by oral administration of 10,000 G. lamblia cysts and Subgroup II, in which hamsters were infected by 10,000 E. histotytica cysts. Each subgroup was divided into (6) groups. Subgroup I included the group from (1 to 6), although subgroup II included from 7 to 12 groups. In G. lamblia infected subgroup I, best results were observed by the reduction in both vegetative and cystic forms, respectively shown in group (6) treated with combination of metronidazole and monolaurin post infection 94.68 and 96.55%, respectively. In the Subgroup II infected with E. histolytica, the high reduction in trophozoite and cystic forms in intestinal contents were in the group (12) which was treated with a combination of metronidazole and monolaurin post infection (90.12 and 92.56%, respectively). Cytokines levels IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β were measured in serum using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The best result was shown in the group (6) treated with a combination of metronidazole and mololaurin post infection 130,129, 35, 165 and 240 Pg/ml. Also histopathological examination gave the best healing in the groups (6) infected with G. lamblia than thos infected by E. histolytica. Key words: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, lauric acid, monolaurin, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, histopathological examination.