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JournalISSN: 1461-9555

Agricultural and Forest Entomology 

Royal Entomological Society
About: Agricultural and Forest Entomology is an academic journal published by Royal Entomological Society. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Population & Biology. It has an ISSN identifier of 1461-9555. Over the lifetime, 1113 publications have been published receiving 28334 citations.
Topics: Population, Biology, Aphid, Bark beetle, Pollinator


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Since the late 1970s, the western flower thrips has spread from its original distribution in western North America to become a major worldwide crop pest.
Abstract: 1 Since the late 1970s, the western flower thrips has spread from its original distribution in western North America to become a major worldwide crop pest. 2 A wide range of data sources have been used to map the original distribution in the U.S.A. and Canada, and the progress of the spread in the U.S.A., Canada, Europe, northern Africa and Australia. 3 The possible reasons for the start of the spread are discussed. The most likely reason is that intensive insecticide use in horticulture in the 1970s and 1980s selected an insecticide resistant strain or strains. These then established in glasshouses across North America and spread from there to Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. 4 The international spread of the western flower thrips occurred predominantly by the movement of horticultural material, such as cuttings, seedlings and potted plants. Within Europe, an outward spread from the original outbreak in the Netherlands is discernible. The speed of spread was 229 ± 20 km/year. 5 The spread has not been restricted to glasshouses. The western flower thrips has established outdoors in areas with milder winters; for example, across the southern U.S.A., southern Europe and Australia. It also overwinters in some regions with colder winters. 6 Polyphagous phytophagous thrips have many factors predisposing them to become worldwide crop pests, particularly in glasshouses. Some other species that might spread in a similar way to the western flower thrips are listed.

418 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: When searching for suitable hosts in flight, conifer‐inhabiting bark beetles will encounter not only suitable host trees and their odours, but also unsuitable hosts and nonhost trees.
Abstract: When searching for suitable hosts in flight, especially in mixed forests, conifer- inhabiting bark beetles will encounter not only suitable host trees and their odours, but also unsuitable hosts and nonhost trees. Rejection of these trees could be based on an imbalance of certain host characteristics and/or a negative response to some nonhost stimuli, such as nonhost volatiles (NHV). 2 Recent electrophysiological and behavioural studies clearly indicate that conifer- inhabiting bark beetles are not only able to recognize, but also to avoid, nonhost habitats or trees by olfactory means. Green leaf volatiles (GLV), especially C6-alcohols, from the leaves (and partly from bark) of nonhost angiosperm trees, may represent nonhost odour signals at the habitat level. Specific bark volatiles such as trans-conophthorin, C8-alcohols, and some aromatic compounds, may indicate nonhosts at the tree species level. Flying bark beetles are also capable of determining whether a possible host is unsuitable by reacting to signals from conspecifics or sympatric heterospecifics that indicate old or colonized host tree individuals. 3 Combined NHV signals in blends showed both redundancy and synergism in their inhibitory effects. The coexistence of redundancy and synergism in nega- tive NHV signals may indicate different functional levels (nonhost habitats, species, and unsuitable hosts) in the host selection process. Combinations of NHV and verbenone significantly reduced the number of mass attacked host trees or logs on several economically important species (e.g. Dendroctonus ponderosae, Ips typographus, and I. sexdentatus). 4 We suggest a semiochemical-diversity hypothesis, based on the inhibition by NHV of bark beetle host-location, which might partly explain the lower outbreak rates of forest insects in mixed forests. This 'semiochemical-diversity hypothesis' would provide new support to the general 'stability-diversity hypothesis'. 5 Natural selection appears to have caused conifer-inhabiting bark beetles to evolve several olfactory mechanisms for finding their hosts and avoiding unsuit- able hosts and nonhost species. NHV and unsuitable host signals have potential for use in protecting trees from attack. The use of these signals may be facilitated by the fact that their combination has an active inhibition radius of several metres in trap test, and by the observation of area effects for several trees near inhibitor soruces in tree protection experiments. Furthermore, incorpora- tion of negative signals (such as NHV and verbenone) and pheromone-based

307 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Predicting the effects of climate change on insect pests and bene-cial insects of agriculture and forestry in the northern hemisphere's temperate zones focuses mainly on temperature because it is the one for which there is most confidence in predictions of future climate change scenarios.
Abstract: Global environmental change is amongst the greatest long-term threats to humans. We need suf®cient food, clean air and a comfortable environment in which to live and our current way of life threatens all of these. We have thrived as a result of the major changes that we have imposed on the planet, particularly with respect to clearing space for modern agriculture and the development and use of related technologies. However, we now understand suf®ciently the nature of interactions and feedbacks within and between abiotic and biotic components of the environment to realize the potential dangers from perturbation of any of these components. Insects are the most diverse class of organisms on Earth (May, 1990). As insects have many detrimental and bene®cial effects on humans and natural ecosystems, both directly and indirectly, it is not surprising that considerable thought has already been given to the impacts that global environmental change may have on them (e.g. Porter et al., 1991; Cammell & Knight, 1992; chapters in Kareiva et al., 1993; chapters in Harrington & Stork, 1995; Patz & Martens, 1996; Cannon, 1998; Epstein, 2000; Rogers & Randolph, 2000). The reason for trying to predict the impacts of climate change within the context of agriculture and forestry is to help to determine whether present systems will be sustainable. Relevant questions include: will we be able to manage insects and their habitats in the future the way we do today and, if not, what can we do about it; will we need to consider every insect in every situation independently or is there any hope of generalizing; can we expect to develop adequately predictive process-based models of change, and can statistical analyses of long-term data lead to useful predictions? This paper is concerned mainly with predicting the effects of climate change on insect pests and bene®cial insects of agriculture and forestry in the northern hemisphere's temperate zones, although the general principles may be applied more widely. Whilst mindful of interactions with other factors, we concentrate mainly on temperature because, of the climate variables, it is the one for which there is most con®dence in predictions of future climate change scenarios (Houghton et al., 2001) and for which we have most evidence from which predictions of impacts might be derived. The potential rate of increase of many insects is strongly dependent on temperature, and their survival is impaired at low and high temperatures. Changes in both mean temperature and the extent and frequency of extremes can hence have major impacts on insect populations. First we outline what one might intuitively expect to happen to insects as a result of a general rise in temperature and then we look at various complicating factors that have the potential to confound these expectations. Next we give examples of changes that are already occurring and are consistent with expectation. Finally we consider some of the possible implications of these changes for insect pest management and insect conservation.

290 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Control failures of insecticides used against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Brazil led to the investigation of the possible occurrence of resistance of this insect pest to abamectin, cartap, methamidophos and permethrin.
Abstract: 1 Control failures of insecticides used against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Brazil led to the investigation of the possible occurrence of resistance of this insect pest to abamectin, cartap, methamidophos and permethrin. 2 The insect populations were collected from seven sites in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo. These populations were subjected to concentration–mortality bioassays using insecticide-impregnated filter papers. 3 We were unable to obtain a single population which provided a susceptibility standard for all insecticides tested. Therefore, the resistance levels were estimated in relation to the most susceptible population to each insecticide. Resistance to abamectin and cartap were observed in all populations when compared with the susceptible standard population, with resistance ratios ranging from 5.2- to 9.4-fold and from 2.2- to 21.9-fold for abamectin and cartap, respectively. Resistance to permethrin was observed in five populations with resistance ratios ranging from 1.9- to 6.6-fold, whereas resistance to methamidophos was observed in four populations with resistance ratios ranging from 2.6- to 4.2-fold. 4 The long period and high frequency of use of these insecticides against this insect pest suggest that the evolution of insecticide resistance on them has been relatively slow. Alternatively, the phenomenon might be widespread among Brazilian populations of T. absoluta making the finding of suitable standard susceptible populations difficult and leading to an underestimation of the insecticide resistance levels in this pest. 5 Higher levels of resistance to abamectin, cartap and permethrin are correlated with greater use of these compounds by growers. This finding suggests that local variation in insecticide use was an important cause of variation in susceptibility.

282 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Natural and recurring disturbances caused by fire, native forest insects and pathogens have interacted for millennia to create and maintain forests dominated by seral or pioneering species of conifers in the interior regions of the western United States and Canada.
Abstract: Natural and recurring disturbances caused by fire, native forest insects and path- ogens have interacted for millennia to create and maintain forests dominated by seral or pioneering species of conifers in the interior regions of the western United States and Canada. 2 Changes in fire suppression and other factors in the last century have altered the species composition and increased the density of trees in many western forests, leading to concomitant changes in how these three disturbance agents interact. 3 Two- and three-way interactions are reviewed that involve fire, insects and path- ogens in these forests, including fire-induced pathogen infection and insect attack, the effects of tree mortality from insects and diseases on fuel accumulation, and efforts to model these interactions. 4 The emerging concern is highlighted regarding how the amount and distribution of bark beetle-caused tree mortality will be affected by large-scale restoration of these fire-adapted forest ecosystems via prescribed fire. 5 The effects of fire on soil insects and pathogens, and on biodiversity of ground- dwelling arthropods, are examined. 6 The effects of fire suppression on forest susceptibility to insects and pathogens, are discussed, as is the use of prescribed fire to control forest pests.

271 citations

Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Journal in previous years
YearPapers
202336
202269
202169
202039
201947
201857