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Showing papers in "Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in 2016"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the synthesis that resulted from this review as well as the researcher's critical appraisal of the state of the research field of intensification system and its effect under climate change which the objective remaining stakeholder relevant to the sustainable intensification of farming practices of the poor smallholder farmers in Indonesia.
Abstract: The Indonesian cocoa sector has experienced tremendous growth in the past twenty five years with massive growth, driven by rapid expansion of smallholder farmer participation. Cocoa production provides the main source of income of millions smallholder farmers and their families in Indonesia. Smallholders contribute more than ninety percent of national production; the remainder comes from state-owned plantations and private estates. In parts of Indonesia, cocoa is responsible for the opening up of primary forests and the establishment of settlements in these previously forested areas. Cocoa intensification system, which increases the fragmentation of primary forests and is considered agriculturally unsustainable, is becoming common in Indonesia. This paper presents the synthesis that resulted from this review as well as the researcher’s critical appraisal of the state of the research field of intensification system and its effect under climate change which the objective remaining stakeholder relevant to the sustainable intensification of farming practices of the poor smallholder farmers in Indonesia.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted at Kejo and Ongobo farmers' fields, located at GobuSeyo District of East Wollega Zone of Oromia region in 2011 to evaluate the effects of blended fertilizers for maize production.
Abstract: Appropriate fertilization practices based on actual limiting nutrients and crop requirement for a given crop is economic and judicious use of fertilizers for sustainable crop production. In view of this, a study was conducted at Kejo and Ongobo farmers’ fields, located at GobuSeyo District of East Wollega Zone of Oromia region in 2011 to evaluate the effects of blended fertilizers for maize production. The five treatments used for the field experiment were control (without fertilizer), recommended NP, recommended NP + Cu + Zn, blended fertilizer and blended fertilizer + Cu+ Zn. The treatments were laid out in RCBD design with four replications. The results of the study revealed that the analysis of variance among fertilizers types showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) on almost all the maize characters tested. However, applied Cu and Zn to either of the recommended NP fertilizers or blended fertilizer showed no significant difference on maize agronomic characters and yield except leaf area. The shortest mean days to 50% tasseling (85.25), silking (87.25) and maturity (154.25) of maize were obtained from blended fertilizers with Cu and Zn, whereas the longest days were recorded for the control plot. The maximum mean grain yield (8399.7 kg ha-1), stover yield (8553.1 kg ha-1) and total biomass yield (16867.7 kg ha-1) were recorded for blended fertilizers with Cu and Zn, whereas the lowest mean grain yield (2824.8 kg ha-1) were recorded for control. Blended fertilizers had improved grain nutrient uptakes and agronomic efficiency of maize. It was also apparent that much of the nutrients applied were assimilated by the grain than that achieved by the stover. The result of the study showed that blended fertilizers increased maize productivity compared to the previously existing NP fertilizers in the country and appropriate fertilization practices can improve the current situation.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential and limitations of volcanic soil were identified and described using soil samples collected from different pedogenic horizons and analyzed in the laboratory for physico-chemical properties.
Abstract: Soils formed from volcanic materials have high potential for agricultural production and support high human population densities. This study was carried out on soils developed from volcanic parent materials of Northern Province of Rwanda aiming largely on pedological characterization but to a certain extent on assessment of potentials of soils for production of major crops in the area. Three representative pedons namely Kinigi Pedon 1 (KNG-P1), Kinigi Pedon 2 (KNG-P2) and Gahunga Pedon 1 (GHNG-P1) were identified and described. Sixteen soil samples were collected from different pedogenic horizons and analyzed in the laboratory for physico-chemical properties. Pedons were classified using USDA Soil Taxonomy and FAO-WRB for Soil Resources. Potentials and limitations of the soils were also identified. Results show that soils were shallow to very deep and well drained. Topsoils were very dark coloured with colour values of ≤ 2 in all pedons. Texture was generally loamy with bulk densities of 32 cmol (+)/kg) in Pedons KNG-P1 and KNG-P2. Base saturation was low ( 50%) in Pedon GHNG-P1. pHNaF was > 9.5 in Pedons KNG-P1 and KNG-P2 reflecting exchange complex dominated by amorphous materials and/or humus complexes. Phosphorus retention capacity ranged from 6.25% to 99.58% and only Pedons KNG-P1 and KNG-P2 met the “andic properties” requirement of PRC ≥ 85%. Melanic index values indicated that these two pedons were characterized more by fulvic than humic acids. Nutrient imbalance with reference to basic cations was common in all studied soils, implying suboptimal nutrient uptake and toxicity. Fe2O3, SiO2 and Al2O3 were the dominant oxides in the studied soils. Degree of weathering of studied soils was low as indicated by their weathering indices. Using field and laboratory data, Pedons KNG-P1 and KNG-P2 classified as Andisols/Andosols and GHNG-P1 as Mollisols/Phaeozems. Land units represented by Pedons KNG-P1 and KNG-P2 were rated as marginally suitable while land unit represented by Pedon GHNG-P1 was rated as moderately suitable for the major crops of the area. Application of P fertilizers coupled with efficient placement was recommended to enhance P, and soil conservation should be underscored in study area.

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a field experiment was conducted during 2012 at Mechara Agricultural Research Center with theobjectives of identifying best compatible combinations of maize with soybean varieties and N rates for maximum yield and yield components of the associated crops and productivity of intercropping system.
Abstract: Due to decreasing land units and decline in soil fertility integrating soybean in to the maize production system is a viable option for increasing productivity and protein source. In view of this, field experiment was conducted during 2012 at Mechara Agricultural Research Center with theobjectives of identifying best compatible combinations of maize with soybean varieties and N rates for maximum yield and yield components of the associated cropsand productivity of intercropping system. Three varieties of soybean (Awasa-95, Cocker-240 and Crowford) were intercropped with early maturing maize variety Melkasa-2 with three rates of nitrogen (32, 64 and 96 kg N ha-1). The experiment waslaid out in factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design in three replications. Highest maize grain yield (2196kg ha-1) was obtained from soybean variety Crowford and 32 kg N ha-1 and lowest yield (1352 kg ha-1) was recorded from maize intercropped with soybean variety Awasa-95 at 96 kg N ha-1. The grain yield of intercropped soybean was increased from 586 kg ha-1 to 842kg ha-1 as the nitrogen rates increased from 32 kg N ha-1 to 96 kg N ha-1. The higheist LER (1.10) was obtained from maize intercropped with soybean variety Crowford and lowest LER (1.08) was from maize intercropped with variety Cocker-240 due to main effects of soybean varieties while due to main effects of N, the highest (1.16) and the lowest (1.1) LER were obtained from higher rate of nitrogen (96 kg N ha-1) and lowest rate of nitrogen (32 kg N ha-1), respectively. On the other hand, the highest Gross Monetary Value (17315 Birr ha-1) was recorded from interaction of Cocker-240 at highest rate of nitrogen (96kg N ha-1) which was not significantly different from Awasa-95 at 32 kg N ha-1 (15304 birr ha-1) and Crowford at 32 kg N ha-1 (15103) while lowest GMV (12362birr ha-1) was obtained from variety Cocker-240 at 32 kg N ha-1. Therefore, variety Awasa-95 at lower rate of nitrogen (32 kg ha-1) could be best in intercropping system to reduce cost of fertilizer and maximize total productivity.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey was conducted with 138 cassava growers in two provinces (Kampong Cham and Pailin) to understand their current situation of cassava cultivation practices and their constraints.
Abstract: Within the framework of Cambodia-China-UNDP South-South Cooperation Cassava Project Phase II, the need assessment of cassava production in Cambodia was carried out in order to understand the current situation of the cultivation practices of cassava. A survey was conducted with 138 cassava growers in two provinces (Kampong Cham and Pailin) to understand their current situation of cassava cultivation practices and their constraints. The data were supplemented with semi-structured interviews with 12 key informants. Results indicate that cassava farmers in both Kampong Cham and Pailin provinces are smallholder-based, with an average owned cassava cultivated land of 1.01 ha and 3.55 ha, respectively. Farmers use different cassava varieties, which are most imported from Thailand and Vietnam. Most of the farmers in Kampong Cham province plant cassava stem cuttings horizontally, while all farmers in Pailin province grow them vertically. The planting space was similar (between 60 cm and 80 cm) in both provinces. Farmers grow cassava continuously on the same field and do not intercrop with other crops. And farmers apply little or no organic and inorganic amendments to the cassava field. In 2013, the cassava production cost was US$ 845 ha-1 in Kampong Cham and US$ 981 ha-1 in Pailin. Of this, labor costs for harvesting accounts for 30% and 38% in these provinces, respectively. Farmers generated a gross margin of US$ 682 ha-1 in Kampong Cham and US$ 834 ha-1 in Pailin. In Cambodia, cassava yields can be markedly improved by growing better adapted cassava varieties and by improving soil fertility management and erosion control.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the vulnerability and adaptability of women along the southern slopes of the Rumpi Hills forest, Ndian Division of Cameroon and found that despite adjusting sowing dates, adopting petty trading and changing cropping patterns, climate variability affects their livelihood strategies.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine the vulnerability and adaptability of women along the southern slopes of the Rumpi Hills forest, Ndian Division of Cameroon. We used primary weather data and household livelihood surveys, to identify a broad range of climate variability that combine to create different adaptation and household livelihood outcomes. We used this information to explore the ways in which livelihoods have changed and adapted over a 38 year period (1976-2014), as well as considered the factors that have contributed to these outcomes. Using this approach, we assessed 858 women across six villages, our results showed decreasing amounts of rainfall, receding forests, increasing temperatures and water scarcity, and increasing costs of living. We also found that, despite adjusting sowing dates, adopting petty trading and changing cropping patterns, climate variability affects their livelihood strategies.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of the effect of organic amendments on colonisation of soybean roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi concluded that the organic amendments enhanced the activity of the already-present mycor RH fungi in the soil, without requiring the introduction of commercial mycor rhizal amendments and biochar enhances microbial activity which stimulates crop productivity.
Abstract: Pollution and contamination of soil is one of the major concerns in the world today. Excessive use of synthetic fertilisers has caused tremendous harm to the environment and the human population indirectly. Chemical residues accumulated in crops that find their way to into the human food chain have been found to have adverse health effects. Enrichment of lakes with runoff from heavily-fertilised farms has resulted in eutrophication and pollution of water bodies. Application of organic matter and use of mycorrhiza have been recommended as ways of mitigating these problems. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of organic amendments on colonisation of soybean roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The study consisted of a field experiment of seven treatments with 3 replications in a complete randomized block design. The treatments were biochar (B), vermicompost (V), mycorrhiza (M), biochar and vermicompost (BV), biochar and mycorrhiza (BM), biochar, vermicompost and mycorrhiza (BVM), mycorrhiza and vermicompost (MV), and the control block which had no amendments (NT). Before planting of soybeans and application of amendments, soil samples were collected for characterization of soil chemical properties and mycorrhizal spores. Soybean seeds were planted in each plot. At flowering time, roots were screened for percentage mycorrhizal colonisation and dry mass of plants from each plot was taken. At harvest time, soil samples, plants and harvested soybeans from each plot were collected and dry weight taken. There was mean increase of 53.38% in levels of phosphorous and 15.33% of carbon in the soil after application of amendments. Levels of nitrogen decreased in all treatment blocks. There was a significant (P<0.0000) increase in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores after application of treatments. The colonization percentage of arbuscules in roots was highest (14.7%) in the bio char and vermicomposting blocks (BV) while the blocks without any treatment, NT, had the lowest colonization percentage of 1.2%. The highest dry weight of both shoots and roots were recorded in blocks treated with biochar which also had the highest weight of harvested soy bean seeds with a mean of 171.28g. Blocks treated with mycorrhiza had the lowest harvest weight of soybean seeds with a mean of 58.17g. From this study it was concluded that the organic amendments enhanced the activity of the already-present mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, without requiring the introduction of commercial mycorrhizal amendments and biochar enhances microbial activity which stimulates crop productivity.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results showed that high dose of 60Co-γ ray treatment dramatically reduced the ability of cochineal to produce offspring, and low dose treatment dramatically increased the number of female F1, while theNumber of male F1 was only slightly increased compared with those untreated co chineal.
Abstract: 60Co-γ ray has been used to develop new varieties of cochineal. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of 60Co-γ ray radiation on the reproduction of cochineal. Different doses of 60Co-γ ray were used to treat cochineal and the ability of generating offspring was determined. The results showed that high dose of 60Co-γ ray treatment dramatically reduced the ability of cochineal to produce offspring. F1 generation of cochineal treated with high dose of 60Co-γ (3000rad) only produced small number of F2 generation and F2 cochineal were no longer able to produce offspring. In contrast, low dose of 60Co-γ ray treatment dramatically increased the number of female F1, while the number of male F1 was only slightly increased compared with those untreated cochineal. Under the dose of 500rad, the reproductive ability of F2 generation was significantly increased, but the female body volume and the number of brooding eggs were relatively small. Under the dose of 1000rad, the female body volume and the number of brooding eggs were not significantly different from those untreated cochineal. The female body volume and the number of brooding eggs in F3 generation were slightly higher than the control under both 500rad and 1000rad doses.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assessed land cover change, carbon stock and sequestration potential of Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP), Ethiopia, using satellite images of different periods.
Abstract: The study assessed land cover change, carbon stock and sequestration potential of Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP), Ethiopia. Landscape was stratified into four zones based on the vegetation ecology and land uses: Afro-alpine grassland (AAGL), Afro-alpine woodland (AAWL), Afro-montane forest (AMF) and Cultivated and overgrazed land (COL). 40 sample plots were taken randomly (10 from each zone). Nested plot design with size of 50m*50m and subplots of 20m*20m, 10m*10m, 5m*5m, 2m*2m and 1m*1m was used for the measurement of trees of different diameter classes. Soil sampling was done at the four corners of the 10m*10m subplots to a depth of 30cm and taken to laboratory for analysis along with litter and undergrowth. Allometric equation was used for determination of above ground biomass (AGB) carbon. Below ground biomass (BGB) carbon was taken as 24% of AGB carbon. Land cover change was analyzed comparing satellite images of different periods. It was found that the COL has increased from 20% in 1972 to 48% in 2013. As a result, the AMF and AAWL have shrunk by nearly 50%. A future projection with a simple linear model indicated 73ha and 251.3ha of annual deforestation rate in the AAWL and AMF zones respectively, implying that it will take only 71 and 49 years for the AMF and AAWL respectively to be completely lost. Above ground carbon (AGC), below ground carbon (BGC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) holds 34.4%, 8.3% and 55.2% of the total carbon stock respectively. Dead wood and Litter Biomass together contributed only to the 2.2%. From land cover point of view AMF, AAGL, AAWL and COL stored 47.5%, 22%, 20.9% and 9.6% of the total carbon stock in the area respectively. A linear regression of Shannon diversity index against total carbon and AGC was calculated for AMF zone and as such no strong relationship was found for the total C (R2 = 0.242) and also AGC (R2 = 0.337), but it appeared that the stored carbon tends to decrease as the Shannon diversity index increases.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: On-farm experiments were conducted in the Bandarban valley during dry season, October 2015 through March, 2016 to investigate the possibility of introducing white maize as human food with positive results.
Abstract: On-farm experiments were conducted in the Bandarban valley during dry season, October 2015 through March, 2016 to investigate the possibility of introducing white maize as human food. Yield response of two maize hybrids (PSC 121 and KS 510) planted in three different row arrangements was evaluated in one experiment. The other experiment determined the optimum fertilizer rate for maize hybrids. Grain yield ranged between 7,103 kg and 10,126 kg per ha across hybrids and planting arrangements. Hybrid PSC 121 recorded 19% more yield than KS 510. Generally grain yield increased with increasing planting density. Planting in twin-rows giving 80,000 plants per ha produced 17.7% higher yield compared with planting in single rows 60 cm apart giving 66,667 plants per ha. Planting in twin-rows produced significantly higher yield compared with single rows. Application of fertilizers at 100% and 50% of recommended rate produced identical but significantly higher grain yield compared to 25% of recommended rates. Increase of maize grain yield was associated with the number of grains per ear and individual grain weight.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of organic and inorganic soil amendments on soil pH and the content of heavy metals in maize tissues and grain on maize grown in soil ameliorants were investigated.
Abstract: Manure from livestock is an important source of nutrient for crop production in the small holder sector. It helps farmers reduce inputs of commercial fertiliser, thereby, increasing the profit margin of the farmer. Not much been done to determine the effects of kraal, goat, poultry and lime on soil pH in Swaziland and nothing has been done to assess if the levels of heavy metals each of these manure contributes to the soil in maize production are within the WHO’s safe standards for human consumption. The objectives of the study were to find out the effects of organic and inorganic soil amendments on soil pH and to find the content of heavy metals in maize tissues and grain on maize grown in soil amended with organic and inorganic soil ameliorants. A field experiment, in a randomised complete block design was conducted at Nhlangano Research Station in the 2014/2015 cropping season. Treatments were effective in increasing the soil pH. Goat manure treatment improved soil pH from 4.77 to pH 5.14 whilst the lime treatment improved the soil pH to pH 5.13 at full rate. Chicken manure treatment raised the pH to 4.86 at half rate whilst the goat manure treatment raised soil pH to 4.86 at half rate. The content of Zn was highest in the grain with the goat manure treatment at full rate (0.128 g/kg) and lowest in the chicken manure and lime treatments at half rate (0.025 and 0.021 g/kg). This was due to the high Zn content in the manure. The control treatment had 0.117 g/kg Fe in the grain while the cattle manure treatment at half rate had 0.101 g/kg Fe in the grain. Cadmium was highest in the lime treatment at full rate, goat manure at full rate and both chicken manure treatments (0.022 g/kg Cd). Copper was highest in the control treatment (0.009 g/kg) and lowest in the chicken manure treatment at half rate, goat and lime at full rate (0.003 g/kg). Goat and cattle manure was recommended for amelioration of acid soils.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of salt concentration on growth and yield of two lines of forage sorghum were investigated at the nursery of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum.
Abstract: A nursery experiment was conducted during the summer of 2007 at the nursery of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, latitude 15° 40' and longitude 32° 32', to investigate the effect of salt concentration on growth and yield of two lines of forage sorghum. The salt levels were: the control that no salt was added to the tap water, adding 40 gramme of NaCl to a liter of tap water to give an electric conductivity (E. C.) of 6 dsm -1 , adding 50 gramme of NaCl to a liter of tap water to give E. C. of 8 dsm -1 and adding 60 gramme of NaCl to a liter of tap water to give E. C. of 10 dsm -1 . The two lines of sorghum were R5 and KHS. The treatments were randomly assigned in a Factorial experiment as completely randomized design with ten replications. The growth parameters that were measured included: stem diameter (mm), average relative growth rate (ARGR), and average relative leaf area rate (ARLAR), dry weight per plant, in addition to the percentage of some elements. The effect of the treatments on stem diameter was significant regarding the two selected genotypes only at 37 and 48 days after sowing, while there was no significant difference between salt levels and the interaction at all sampling occasions. On the other hand, the effect of the treatments on ash, Na + and P was not significant, but the effect of the genotypes and the interaction on K + was significant. Average relative growth rate increased with plant age, and KHS line was superior to R5. Average relative leaf area rate decreased at the end of crop life and R5 genotype obtained higher ARLAR that was 3.7 than KHS, which were 3. 4 with the overall mean 3.5.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted on Lake Hawassa, one of the series Ethiopian rift valleys lakes, where data were collected from the area where fish are landed at one major landing site called fish market informally known as Amora Gedel, for one year (365 days) on a daily basis.
Abstract: The study was conducted on Lake Hawassa, one of the series Ethiopian rift valleys lakes. Data were collected from the area where fish are landed at one major landing site called fish market informally known as Amora Gedel, for one year (365days) on a daily basis. The length composition of tilapia caught by the fishery, total tilapia yield, fishing effort expanded as well as the price of tilapia and the cost of fishing operation were the basic information collected from the site. The aim of the analysis was to assess sustainability of fish stock, fishing level and to predict optimum yield and the bio-economic features of Lake Hawassa fisheries. Jones length based cohort analysis Model and length-based Thompson and Bell yield Prediction Model have been employed to estimate the maximum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield with their corresponding effort level. The estimated current annual yield was 182.94 tons of tilapia with the annual sale value of 4,158,760 ETB and 3,199,210 ETB of net profit for the fishermen cooperative. The predicted value of MSY was 186.72 tons/yr and this is obtained at fishing mortality factor of 1.6. And also MEY was 178.20 tons/yr and this is obtained at fishing mortality factor of 0.8. The fishery sector was found inefficient; the production was below its maximum sustainable yield level. Therefore harvest level should increase to its maximum sustainable yield level this might be possible by reducing the operating cost in order to increase both the level of yield as well as the net profit gained by the fishery sector.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted at Qamata and Tyefu irrigation schemes in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, where 108 smallholder farmers were interviewed as source of primary data.
Abstract: Farmers’ goals in complementarity with natural, physical and financial assets are crucial for efficient production and productivity especially for rural development and economic growth. Goals can be defined as aspirations for which a person has decided to undertake for improved well-being. This article examined correlates of farmers’ production efficiency, and their goals and other farmer/farm characteristics. The study was carried out at Qamata and Tyefu irrigation scheme in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, respectively. The study involved about 108 of farmers who were interviewed as source of primary data. This article assumes that farmers’ goals have a greater impact on their production efficiency. The principal component analysis was employed to establish generalized perceived farmers’ goals. Established principal component coefficients were regressed with generated production efficiency scores. A stochastic production frontier analysis was employed to generate the efficiency scores. Generated perceived principal component of farmers’ goals included self-expression (Farm status), business (profit) related goals, social (internal and external network and rules) related goals and independence goals (self-reliance). On average, smallholder farmers were technically inefficient in maize production with a score of about 44%. Farm and farmers’ characteristics found to be significantly related to technical efficiency included household size (at 5% level of significance), years spent in school (at 5% level of significance), access to training on agronomy (at 5% level), crop incomes (at 5% level), and government social grants (at 1% level of significance). The perceived farmers’ goal found to have a positive and significant impact on technical efficiency was farm status at 10% level, while farmers’ goal related to business (profit maximization) had a negative relationship with technical efficiency at 5% level of significance. This study recommends that all stakeholders in smallholder agricultural sector should participate in planning and implementing policies that match farmers’ goals and aspiration, and farmers’ improved formal education and access to farm loans, without changing the existing technology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted on the hatchery labors in some selected area of Jessore Sadar Upazila in Bangladesh under the district ofJessore by using a logical questionnaire on socioeconomic condition of hatchery labor.
Abstract: The study was conducted on the hatchery labors in some selected area of Jessore Sadar Upazila in Bangladesh under the district of Jessore by using a logical questionnaire on socio-economic condition of hatchery labor. The main objective of the study is to know the socio-economic condition of the hatchery labors in some selected area of Chanchra region of Jessore district. The specific objectives are to know the different labor categories in hatcheries of Chanchra region and to know the socio-economic condition of hatchery labors. A total of 40 hatchery labors were selected and interviewed. It was found that the average age group of hatchery labor is 26-35 years, predominantly all of them are male and any presence of female labor was not found. It was found that about 95% labor use tube-well water and 5% use deep tube-well water. Regarding mean of transport, 65% labor move by on foot. It was found that about 75% hatchery had no medical treatment facility. However, further study about the socio-economic condition is needed and institutional, organizational, technical and credit supports are needed for their better socio-economic and sustainable livelihood.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Growth and yield of three indigenous varieties of aman rice was compared with that of two high yielding varieties in tidal floodplain ecosystem for two growing seasons and growing of indigenous rice varieties in the south central coastal region of Bangladesh could be the farmers’ better choice.
Abstract: Growth and yield of three indigenous varieties (Lalmota, Moulata and Sadamota) of aman rice was compared with that of two high yielding varieties (BRRI dhan 41 and BRRI dhan 44) in tidal floodplain ecosystem for two growing seasons 45 d old seedlings transplanted in seedbed experienced repeated cycles of tidal submergence Depth and duration of tidal flood differed between two growing seasons Compared with high yielding varieties (HYVs), indigenous varieties developed longer seedlings and accumulated more dry mass prior to transplanting that helped survive repeated submergence Planting density of indigenous varieties was about the half that of HYVs but developed more tillers per unit areas than HYVs Seedlings of HYVs that survived had moderate tillering HYVs ceased to develop tillers prior to flowering stage but the indigenous varieties continued growing tillers till maturity In 2011-2012 season, HYVs produced higher yield than indigenous varieties but the trend reversed in the subsequent growing season Number of panicles per unit area, number of spikelets per panicle, and 1000-grain weight largely contributed to higher yield In absence of submergence tolerant HYVs, growing of indigenous rice varieties in the south central coastal region of Bangladesh could be the farmers’ better choice

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: First year’s trial results indicated that irrespective of seedling age, transplanting in rows produced higher yield compared with farmers’ traditional practice, and late transplanting of 45 d old seedlings of both the varieties gave higherield compared with early transplanting.
Abstract: Major constraint of growing rice in south central coastal region of Bangladesh is the tidal submergence of land and crops. Indigenous rice is generally grown in tidal floodplain harvesting poor yield. Transplanting seedlings of optimum age on appropriate date may potentially increase rice yield. We carried out on-farm trials for evaluating growth and yield performance of two indigenous rice varieties (Sadamota and Lalmota) and a high yielding variety (BRRI dhan 44) in response to variable seedling age and transplanting dates for two years. In the first year, 45 d and 60 d old seedlings of Sadamota were transplanted on a single date either in rows at 40 cm x 40 spacing or following farmers’ traditional practice of random transplanting. The second year’s trial compared the performance of one indigenous variety Lalmota and one modern variety BRRI dhan 44. Two age groups (45 d and 60 d) of seedlings of Lalmota and single age group (45 d) of BRRI dhan 44 were transplanted on two different dates (August 8 and August 24). First year’s trial results indicated that irrespective of seedling age, transplanting in rows produced higher yield compared with farmers’ traditional practice. In the second year’s trial, late transplanting of 45 d old seedlings of both the varieties gave higher yield compared with early transplanting. BRRI dhan 44 produced significantly higher yield than Lalmota. Late transplanting of 60 d old seedlings of Lalmota produced higher yield than transplanting younger seedlings. Lower yield of earlier planted rice was associated with greater hill mortality and seedling damage, and production of relatively lesser number of tillers and panicles. For increasing yield in tidal floodplain, late planting (late August) with 60 d old seedlings of indigenous varieties in rows (40 cm x 40 cm) has been suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the soil chemical properties and fertility status in selected traditional irrigation schemes in Babati District Council in Manyara Region, Tanzania were assessed using zigzag sampling techniques, thirty (30) disturbed soil samples were collected at depth 0 − 30 cm from the delineated pedogeomorphic units.
Abstract: Aim: To assess the soil chemical properties and fertility status in selected traditional irrigation schemes in Babati District Council in Manyara Region, Tanzania. Place and Duration of Study: The survey was conducted in Mkombozi, Muungano and Endamajek proposed irrigation schemes, Babati District, in Tanzania during the dry season of 2002. Methodology: Soil sampling was done after the soils were grouped into similar soil types following pedogeomorphic approach whereby eleven (11) mapping units were delineated but only ten (10) mapping units were sampled. Using zigzag sampling techniques, thirty (30) disturbed soil samples were collected at depth 0 – 30 cm from the delineated pedogeomorphic units. The soil samples were bulked thoroughly mixed and sub sampled to obtain a representative composite sample and sent for laboratory analysis at the Selian Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Arusha, Tanzania. Results: The results showed significant difference in the fertility status in the selected sites of each scheme. Based on guidelines of soil nutrient contents established elsewhere, pH of the soils in the study areas were rated as mildly alkaline in 2% in Endamajek and moderately alkaline in 80% in Muungano, 29% in Mkombozi and 73% in Endamajek. The soils were also rated as strongly alkaline in 66% of the area in Mkombozi. Crop production was moderately constrained by sodicity and strongly sodic in 26.6% of the total surveyed area in Endamajek. TN and OM were low, in Muungano; very low or low to medium,; in Mkombozi and low to medium, in Endamajek respectively. Available P was rated as low in 74% and high in 26% of the area in Muungano; high in Mkombozi as well as medium in Endamajek. Of the total surveyed area, 66% in Mkombozi and 26.6% in Endamajek have low CEC. C/N ratio in 46% of the total area surveyed in Muungano was of good quality suggesting ideal conditions for plant growth as compared with Mkombozi and Endamajek. Results also indicated that Ca: Mg ratios to be less than suggested guidelines in 35% of the surveyed areas in Muungano and all the surveyed areas in Endamajek suggesting that plants would probably respond to the addition of Ca or Mg in such areas. Conclusion: The soil fertility status and overall information from this study could be used in fertilizer and sodicity and/or salinity management studies to establish nutrient and drainage requirements for different crops which are grown in these areas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A long-term cotton exhaustion trial was conducted on lowland Vertisols and Fluvisols at Werer Agricultural Research Center during the 1968-2002 in Ethiopia to investigate nutrient depletion rate and changes in selected soil chemical properties as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A long-term cotton exhaustion trial was conducted on lowland Vertisols and Fluvisols at Werer Agricultural Research Center during the 1968–2002 in Ethiopia to investigate nutrient depletion rate and changes in selected soil chemical properties. Treatments used include cultivated fallow, control, 80kgN ha-1, 80-80 kgNP ha-1, 80-80kgNKha-1 and 80-80-80kgNPKha-1 arranged in RCBD with four and six replications in Vertisols and Fluvisols, respectively. The cotton was grown as a test crop and the status of soil N, P, K, OC, pHe and ECe were periodically monitored every seasons. Seed cotton yield had shown significant response to treatments imposed after 10 and 3 years of continuous cotton mono-cropping, respectively, on Vertisols and Fluvisols, and consistently continued for further 3 consecutive periodical checking years. Then onwards, until the end of the experiment, seed cotton yield didn't showed consistent yield response. Combined analysis revealed highly significant (p < 0.01) yield response to N applications. Despite the long-term continuous mining of soil nutrients through seed cotton harvest and crop residue removal, soil analytical result revealed no indication of depletion in total nitrogen, available K and P. Soil pHe (in both soil types) and ECe only in Fluvisols tend show gradual increase.

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TL;DR: In this article, a preliminary study on the population status of mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona) was conducted in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS) in April and December of 2014.
Abstract: Preliminary study on the population status of mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona) was conducted in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS) in April (wet season) and December (dry season) of 2014. Data were collected from 20 transects randomly selected from the Northern Sector (12 transects) and Southern Sector (8 transects) using the systematic segmented trackline sampling option. Data generated were analysed with density equation (D) and chi-square (χ2) statistical analysis at 5% level of significance. Population parameters assessed are troop density and troop size. Wet season troop densities for the Northern Sector, Southern Sector and entire sanctuary were 8.69±1.80, 7.71±1.93 and 8.20±1.87 troops/km2 respectively. Troop sizes recorded were 4.44±0.30, 3.80±0.36 and 4.12±0.33 individuals/troop for the Northern Sector, Southern Sector and entire sanctuary respectively for the same season. Dry season troop densities of 7.80±0.23, 6.66±2.04 and 7.23±1.14 troops/km2 were also obtained for the Northern Sector, Southern Sector and entire sanctuary respectively. Within the same period, the values for troop sizes (individuals/troop) were 3.16±0.91 (Northern Sector), 3.20±3.30 (Southern Sector) and 3.18±0.61 (entire sanctuary). There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the wet and dry seasons as well as between the Northern and Southern Sectors in relation to troop sizes and troop densities. The AMWS habours a high population of Cercopithecus mona as indicated in this study. It is recommended that regular population census should be conducted to ascertain more population parameters for effective conservation of the species.

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate farmers' knowledge and perceptions of mango pests and diseases and orchard management practices in West Nile zone (WNZ) of Uganda and find that there are several factors that limit mango production and productivity.
Abstract: Exotic mango varieties can improve the livelihood security and increase profitability of mango growers in Uganda. There are however, several factors like pests, diseases and orchard management practices which limit mango production and productivity. The study sought to investigate farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of mango pests and diseases and orchard management practices in West Nile zone (WNZ) of Uganda. Farmers growing exotic mango varieties were selected from six districts namely, Arua, Maracha, Koboko, Yumbe, Moyo and Nebbi in WNZ. Both purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to identify 90 respondents who were interviewed with a semi structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. Chi square tests were used to analyze farmers’ perception on pests and diseases. Multinomial logit was used to analyze factors influencing choice of orchard management practices. The results showed a significant variation in perception of farmers on incidence, severity and yield loss due to various pests (fruit flies, seed borer, termites, scales and mealy bugs) and, diseases (anthracnose, bacterial black spot, powdery mildew, algal leaf spot and sooty mould). Farmers’ choice to take a particular management practice like pruning, spraying, manuring and mulching were influenced by age of mangoes, extension service, education level and sex. It was concluded that many pests and diseases of exotic mangoes existed in WNZ and sound scientific orchard management practices were still lacking among the mango farmers. The study recommended awareness creation on various mango pests and diseases, and capacity enhancement of farmers and extension staff on scientific orchard management practices.

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TL;DR: Although there will be some uncertainties related to biomass estimates for large areas, for practical reasons, the selected models should be applied to the entire area where Itigi thicket extends outside the study site, and also to those thicket and associate tree species present that were not included in the data used for modelling.
Abstract: Itigi thicket is a unique vegetation type for Tanzania and is regarded as ecologically sensitive, thus earmarked for conservation. The objective of this study was to develop species-specific biomass models for two dominating thicket species and mixed-species biomass models for associate trees in Itigi thicket vegetation. Data were collected through destructive sampling (60 thicket clumps and 30 associate trees) and covered two dominant thicket species: Combretum celastroides Laws and Pseudoprosopsis fischeri (Tab) Harms and five dominant associate tree species: Canthium burtii Bullock sensu R. B. Drumm, Cassipourea mollis (R. E. Fr.) Alston, Haplocoelum foliolosum L, Lannea fulva (Engl.) England Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmelin. Different nonlinear multiplicative model forms were tested, and models were selected based on Akaike Information Criterion. Large parts of the variation in biomass of thicket clumps were explained by basal area weighed mean diameter at breast height of stems in the clump and number of stems in the clump, i.e. for aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB) of C. celastroides up to 89% and 82% respectively and for AGB and BGB of P. fischeri up to 96% and 95% respectively. For associate trees most variation was explained by diameter at breast height (dbh) alone, i.e. up to 85% and 69% for ABG and BGB respectively. Although there will be some uncertainties related to biomass estimates for large areas, for practical reasons, we recommend the selected models to be applied to the entire area where Itigi thicket extends outside our study site, and also to those thicket and associate tree species present that were not included in the data used for modelling.

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TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted in the Village of Mondoke, District of Lambandia, Regency of KolakaTimur in Ghana, where two purposively-chosen farmers' groups each consisted of 20 members, therefore, the total number of samples was 40 farmers.
Abstract: The existence of cocoa farmers’ groups is expected to play a role in improving the cocoa farmers’ prosperity. The objectives of the study were (1) to formulate strategies for strengthening cocoa farmers’ groups in order to improve the cocoa farmers’ prosperity, and (2) to analyze a strengthening model for sustainable cocoa farmers’ groups. The study was conducted in the Village of Mondoke, District of Lambandia, Regency of KolakaTimur. The samples were members of two purposively-chosen farmers’ groups each of which consisted of 20 members, therefore, the total number of samples was 40 farmers. The data were analyzed descriptively and by using SWOT analysis according to the in-depth interview and focus group discussion. The results showed that (1) strategies for strengthening cocoa farmers’ groups were (a) by developing groups into joint ventures in supporting their cocoa agribusiness; (b) by creating collaborations and partnerships with third parties in improving yield, quality, and marketing; (c) by playing significant roles in providing training and guidance to farmers; and (d) by improving cohesiveness of farmers’ groups via reliable leaderships, and (2) farmers’ group strengthening model could be done through social empowerment approach, such as intensified trainings of cocoa farming, farmers’ group capacity improvement, social capital increase, and inter-farmers’ group network establishment.

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TL;DR: The results indicate the occurrence of broad genetic base in the case of the Indian arrowroot populations studied and also the feasibility of selection of superior genotypes in Maranta arundinacea based on the characters that show broad range of variation.
Abstract: West Indian arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) is a major component of family farming in Kerala state of India. The starch obtained from its rhizomes is used both for food and nutraceutical purposes. A study was carried out to assess the genetic variability of West Indian arrowroot in the region in relation to morphological growth and yield characters. Sixty accessions collected from farmer homesteads were grown in the experimental garden and assessed for variability in terms of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability (H2) and genetic advance (GA). High estimates of PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance in the case of the characters studied indicated the presence of substantial variability in the genetic resources of this important crop in the study area and also the scope for selection for crop improvement and release of promising varieties. Yield per plant showed the highest range of performance followed by starch content and leaf area. The minimum range of performance was observed for diameter of primary fingers. Wide range of characters indicates the involvement of higher number of contributing alleles and higher involvement of environmental factors in the expression of the character whereas narrow range indicates the involvement of lower number of contributing alleles and lesser involvement of environment. Heritability of characters varied from 16.69% to 99.22% and the highest heritability was shown by starch content, which was followed by plant height (79.08%) and yield per plant (72.13%). Genetic advance was found to be the maximum for starch content followed by number of primary fingers and number of tillers. The results indicate the occurrence of broad genetic base in the case of the Indian arrowroot populations studied and also the feasibility of selection of superior genotypes in Maranta arundinacea based on the characters that show broad range of variation.

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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that tilapia fish from the two study sites were of good quality for human consumption based on microbial faecal contamination, and treated wastewater of the quality found in this study may be used for aquaculture.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess faecal bacterial contamination in tilapia fish from wastewater treatment ponds at Mzumbe and in pristine water in Mindu dam. Tilapia fish (fish flesh and fish intestines) and water samples were analysed for Escherichia coli and total plate count. The concentration of E. coli in fish intestines ranged from about 1 - 3.5 log cfu/g and <1 log cfu/g in fish flesh. Total plate count ranged from 1 – 3 log cfu/g in fish flesh and 2 – 6 log cfu/g in fish intestines. The concentration of E. coli in pristine water in Mindu dam ranged from 0 to 15 cfu/mL. From the inlet to outlet of Mzumbe wastewater treatment pond, there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) of E. coli concentration along the gradient from 2.05 to 0.55 log cfu/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrated that tilapia fish from the two study sites were of good quality for human consumption based on microbial faecal contamination. On the other hand treated wastewater of the quality found in this study may be used for aquaculture. However, continuous monitoring for bacteriological quality and safety parameters including E. coli and total plate count is required.

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TL;DR: Catfish Synodontis membranaceus in the Lower Benue River was found to be omnivorous, feeding on food items, which included artificial meal, plant remains, variety of algae, insect parts and larvae, bivalves (Molluscs), crustaceans, protozoa, worms, detritus, sand particles and mud and many unidentified quantities of food items.
Abstract: Food and Feeding, length-weight and condition factor of the Catfish Synodontis membranaceus from the Lower Benue River at Makurdi, Nigeria, was studied for 12- month period from July, 2013 to June, 2014. A total number of 202 specimens, comprising of 101 males and 101 females at a ratio of 1:1 were studied. The Length-Weight Relationship (LWR), correlation coefficient (r) for all males and females were highly positive and significant at (P<0.01), with r values of 0.972 for males, 0.899 for females and 0.952 for combined sexes. The mean b values (regression coefficient) were 2.68 in all the males, 2.46 in all the females and 2.63 in combined sexes indicating that all the sexes had negative allometric growth pattern. The mean condition factor (K) for both sexes ranged from 2.21-3.35. The lowest K range (1.81) for males was observed in July, 2013 while the highest K range (3.05) was observed in April, 2014. Similarly, the lowest K range (1.83) for females was observed in August, 2013 with the highest K range of 3.14 in the same month. Out of the 202 stomachs examined, only 9 males (8.91%) and 5 females (4.95%) had empty stomachs, about 91.09% of males and 95.0% of females had varied quantities of food items in their stomachs. Synodontis membranaceus in the Lower Benue River was found to be omnivorous, feeding on food items, which included artificial meal, plant remains, variety of algae, insect parts and larvae, bivalves (Molluscs), crustaceans, protozoa, worms, detritus, sand particles and mud and many unidentified quantities of food items.

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TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to access the ground water level fluctuation and impacts on irrigation cost of Jessore sadar and Jhikargacha upazilla.
Abstract: The study was conducted to access the ground water level fluctuation and impacts on irrigation cost of Jessore sadar and Jhikargacha upazilla. Questionnaire survey and Key Information Interview (KII) were done to collect primary data from local farmers, pump operator, DAE officials and personnel from BADC. The secondary data were collected from BADC. From study area it was found that the Maximum ground water level varies 5.1 to 9.35m at the month of April to May where minimum ground water level varies 1.15 to 4.88m at October to November from 2004 to 2013. The trends of maximum fluctuation level increased 5.65 to 9.35m and 5.1 to 8.36m at Jessore sadar and Jhikargacha respectively, in April 2004 to April 2013. From the study it was also found that ground water level fluctuation mostly affect the STW irrigation where 100% of STW at the study area have faced pump failure and for the remedial measure 100% taken measure to deep set method. Pumping hour for both STW and DTW has increased in 2013 than 2009. It was found 99% of the respondents were aware of lowering of ground water level in their agriculture fields, 85% of farmers complained that they did not get enough water during the dry season irrigation period. Over 95% of the respondents were well aware about excessive pumping. Most important thing was that 95% of the respondents replied that they didn’t get training for irrigation and have not enough knowledge for irrigation efficiency and the crop water use. To obtain desired economic benefits from groundwater resource, the management of ground water is essential.

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TL;DR: In this article, an experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons to determine the appropriate planting time of Dekoko that maximizes its productivity under rain fed conditions, and the analyzed result showed that days to maturity, number of pods plant-1, grain and biomass yields were significantly influenced (P < 0.05) by planting time.
Abstract: Dekoko is highly appreciated by the local people for its taste and high market value. However, productivity of Dekoko is limited by improper planting time. An experiment on Dekoko planting time was, therefore, conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons to determine the appropriate planting time of Dekoko that maximizes its productivity under rain fed conditions. Treatments comprised combinations of four planting time (dry planting about 5-7 days before the beginning of main rain season, when the rain fall amount received greater or equal to 10 mm at once or cumulative, when the rain fall amount received greater or equal to 20 mm at once or cumulative and when the rain fall amount received greater or equal to 30 mm at once or cumulative) were carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The analyzed result showed that days to maturity, number of pods plant-1, grain and biomass yields were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by planting time. Dekoko matured late during dry planting. Dekoko planted when the rain fall amount received is greater or equal to 20 mm at once or cumulative gave high (21) number of pods plant-1. Similarly, the maximum grain (533.53 - 638.00 kg ha-1) and biomass (1635.23 - 1820.06 kg ha-1) yields were produced during planting time when the rain fall amount received is greater or equal to 20 mm at once or cumulative, while the minimum values were due to dry planting. It is, therefore, concluded that planting of Dekoko when the rain fall amount received is greater or equal to 20 mm at once or cumulative can be recommended for the growers in the study area to improve Dekoko productivity. Moreover, further research works on different varieties along with different soil moisture levels, planting dates and soil types can be a step forward to identify best sustainable technology on the growth and yield improvements of Dekoko.

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TL;DR: The results indicate that exogenous glucose and sucrose improved ASA-GSH cycle efficiency by participating in the pentose phosphate pathway (OPP), therefore enhanced antioxidant capacity and reduced the damage of active oxygen free radical, and the G6PDH activity induced by glucose and Sucrose might serve as signal molecules and be involved in salt resistance of maize seedings.
Abstract: Effects of exogenous glucose (Glc) and sucrose (Suc) on salt resistance, (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) G6PDH activity, ASA-GSH cycle and reactive oxygen species metabolism in maize leaves were studied. Seedings at two leaf stage were pretreated by 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution with 0.5 mmol•L-1 Glc, Suc and mannitol for 3 days, some seedlings were left in normal nutrient solution and isotonic maninitol as control and permeability control respectively. Then the plants were cultured by 1/2 Hoagland solution at the concentration of 150 mmol•L-1 NaCl for 4 days or 6 days. The results showed that pretreatment with 0.5 mmol•L-1 glucose and sucrose for 3 days significantly decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), H2O2 contents and increased ASA, GSH contents, ASA/DHA, GSH/GSSG ratio and G6PDH activity in leaves of maize seedings under salt stress. We also found that sucrose pretreatment induced the increase of Ca2+-ATPase and maintained the balance of Ca2+ contents under salt stress. In addition, compared with S treatment, isotonic mannitol pretreatment did not induce any changes of the physiological and biochemical indicators that meant it could not cause improvement of biological indicators of maize seedings. These results indicate that exogenous glucose and sucrose improved ASA-GSH cycle efficiency by participating in the pentose phosphate pathway (OPP), therefore enhanced antioxidant capacity and reduced the damage of active oxygen free radical, and the G6PDH activity induced by glucose and sucrose might serve as signal molecules and be involved in salt resistance of maize seedings.

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TL;DR: BotaniGard may be used as a viable alternative to reducing the use of chemical insecticides in the management of whiteflies in green house produced plants and resulted in lower number ofwhiteflies than the conventional insecticides.
Abstract: Efficacy of the entomopathogen fungus, Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard) was compared with conventional insecticides against whiteflies on Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) and Dahlia (Dahlia coccinea) in Maranque plant located at Doni in Eastern Shoa zone of Ethiopia between December 2010 and March 2011. The experimental site measuring 1250 m² was divided in 6 bays. Three bays in alternative fashion were allocated for treatment with the test pesticide, BotaniGard and the other three for spraying with the conventional insecticides according to the routine practice of the farm. BotaniGard was applied at the concentration of 0.15% by mixing 150 ml of the product with 100 l of water weekly for the first ten weeks and twice weekly thereafter until the termination of the experiment. Mean whitefly number per treatment was calculated to examine population fluctuation in adjacent BotaniGard and control treatments of both Dahlia and poinsettia. To assess presence of statistical differences in whitefly population between treatments as well as between plant species, a student t-test was used using counts recorded from each of the 12 cards per treatment at the different weeks. Population of whiteflies was generally low in both plant species until 17 January 2011 without appreciable difference in whiteflies number between the BotaniGard and the conventional insecticides. Whiteflies number increased after 17 January in both plant species and peaked on 7 February 2011. Pest population in BotaniGard treated bed was lower than conventional insecticides treated bed during this period in both plant species. Whiteflies population in Poinsettia fluctuated between 3.9 and 42 per trap compared to between 0.6 and 24.8 in Dahlia in the conventional insecticide treatment. On BotaniGard treated plot, whiteflies number fluctuated between 2.5 and 17.6 in poinsettia and between 1.8 and 12.5 in Dahlia. This difference between Dahlia and poinsettia was significant (P<0.05) in 5 out of 12 sampling dates in the conventional treatment and in 7 out of 12 weeks in BotaniGard treatment. Dahlia was less susceptible to whiteflies and BotaniGard resulted in lower number of whiteflies than the conventional insecticide treatment. Hence, BotaniGard may be used as a viable alternative to reducing the use of chemical insecticides in the management of whiteflies in green house produced plants.