Showing papers in "Agronomy Journal in 1954"
2,442 citations
TL;DR: All possible crosses between heterozygous (Msms) Day, Double Dwarf Yellow Sooner milo and Texas Blackhull kafir were made to determine if cytoplasmic factors might account for the F, male-sterility in the combination of msms Day x kafIR, and the evidence indicated that theF, sterility was genetic rather than cytop lasmic.
Abstract: NVES'TIGATIONS with three-way crosses as a method 1 for hybrid sorghum seed production have been reported previ~usly.~ All possible crosses between heterozygous (Msms) Day, Double Dwarf Yellow Sooner milo and Texas Blackhull kafir were made to determine if cytoplasmic factors might account for the F, male-sterility in the combination of msms Day x kafir. The evidence indicated that the F, sterility was genetic rather than cytoplasmic. The F, plants of milo x kafir and its reciprocal grown in 1949 were fully fertile. However, some partial male-sterility was observed the following year in small F, populations of milo x kafir but not in the reciprocal cross, kafir x milo. The defective anthers in partially male-sterile panicles were somewhat longer than those typical of malesterile Day. In the same year, in certain progenies of ms Day x kafir, F, male-sterile, crossed with various combine kafirs, some rows segregated in a ratio of approximately one fertile to one male-sterile as expected. However, most of the plants in other rows were sterile or partially sterile. Part of the plants in rows having excess male-sterility had the long, pinched-appearing anthers observed in the F,2 plants of milo x kafir. Since Day is derived from milo and presumably has milo cytoplasm, it was reasoned that the unexpected sterility might be accounted for if some degree of cytoplasmic male-sterility was being expressed in part of the populatioas. N o seed stocks of cytoplasmic male-sterile lines for distribution to producers have been developed but the results obtained 1:hrough 1952 warrant a preliminary report. Considerable interest in this material has been shown by visitors who have inspected the experiments in progress at this Station.
200 citations
TL;DR: In 1947, a yield test of BC,S, selections from the cross Lincoln x (Lincoln x Richland) was grown at Urbana, Ill., and at Stonington, Ill, and it was noted that all four replications of strain L6-1743 showed a yellow leaf color in theUrbana test.
Abstract: In 1947, a yield test of BC,S, selections from the cross Lincoln x (Lincoln x Richland) was grown at Urbana, Ill., and at Stonington, Ill. In early August it was noted that all four replications of strain L6-1743 showed a yellow leaf color in the Urbana test. At first it was thought that this was a chlorophyll mutation, but when the strain was examined at Stonington the leaves were found to have a normal green color.
127 citations
TL;DR: One of the major objectives of the grass breeding program with crested wheatgrass at the U. S. Northern Great Plains Field Station is the development of varieties with increased seedling vigor, which should result in an increase in the acreage planted to crested Wheatgrass.
Abstract: ONE of the major causes of failure to establish stands of crested wheatgrass [Standard, Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult., and Fairway, A. cristatum (L.) Gaertn.] can be attributed to planting seed at too great a depth. Most seedlings do not have sufficient vigor to emerge and become established when the seed is planted more than 1 to l$/2 inches deep. The development of varieties with greater seedling vigor should help to reduce this hazard. Not only could seed be planted deeper where moisture conditions are generally more satisfactory for germination but more vigorous seedlings would have a better chance to break through soil crusts that often form at the surface after planting. At shallower depths these seedlings would also be more likely to survive because of more rapid development of both top and root growth. They should more easily overcome the hazards of establishment such as damage from root rots, insect damage, hail, sand blast, weed competition and other growth limiting factors. The development of varieties that can be planted with greater assurance of stands should result in an increase in the acreage planted to crested wheatgrass. One of the major objectives of the grass breeding program with crested wheatgrass at the U. S. Northern Great Plains Field Station is the development of varieties with increased seedling vigor. The most direct approach has been the selection toward heavy or large seeded types. The results of experiments showing the relationship between seed size
82 citations
TL;DR: Strong morphological similarities between them and strikingly similar findings in reproductive details made a joint paper seem desirable, and the value of cytogenetic information in a breeding program has been clearly demonstrated in many economic species.
Abstract: BUFFELGRASS, Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link, and birdwoodgrass, Cencbras setigerus Vahl., are perennial grasses which have been introduced from Africa and India. Several introductions of these two species have recently received wide publicity as new pasture plants for Texas and other southern states. Both species have limitations from the standpoint of forage and seed production, making it desirable to attempt improvement of the available types through breeding. Cytogenetic investigations were undertaken in order to obtain basic information for the breeding program. Although the two species were investigated independently, strong morphological similarities between them and strikingly similar findings in reproductive details made a joint paper seem desirable. The value of cytogenetic information in a breeding program has been clearly demonstrated in many economic species and needs no further elaboration here. A survey of the literature revealed nothing concerning the cytology and
70 citations
TL;DR: LFALFA, medium red clover, a n d biennial sweetclover is among the most important legumes used for forage and soil improvement in the nor thern areas of the United States.
Abstract: LFALFA, medium red clover, a n d biennial sweetclover A a re among the most important legumes used for forage and soil improvement in the nor thern areas of the United States. Even in short rotations, killing or weakening of stands of these legumes during the winter period is a problem in most of the nor thern areas. Winter survival of these legumes is dependent not only upon the development of cold resistance but also on its maintenance during the winter months.
55 citations
TL;DR: The studies reported here were begun in an effort to appraise the relative drought resistance or drought escapement of several Southern pasture grasses.
Abstract: ROUGHT, to some degree, is experienced almost every D year in the southeastern United States because of poor distribution of rainfall. More than half of the average annual rainfall of approximately 50 inches in this area occurs in winter months. The past two years have demonstrated that such droughts may be of long duration and of serious consequence. The shortage of pasture and hay throughout these drought-stricken areas has placed increased emphasis upon the need for drought-resistant .grasses and legumes in the Southeast. The studies reported here were begun in an effort to appraise the relative drought resistance or drought escapement of several Southern pasture grasses.
55 citations
TL;DR: Researchers have studied environmental, morphological, cytological, physical and chemical factors in an attempt to find the reasons for lodging in small grains.
Abstract: THE problem of lodging in small grains has already received considerable attention, and rightly so, as resistance to lodging is an important limiting factor in the yield of a small grain variety. Researchers have studied environmental, morphological, cytological, physical and chemical factors in an attempt to find the reasons for lodging. Environmental factors such as thickness of stand (8, 12), soil nutrients (8) and sunlight and temperature (12) have been investigated. Plant characteristics, such as amount of schle-
47 citations
TL;DR: The glandless condition of the hypocotyl was pointed out to the writer by Stephens and the lint and seed characteristics of glandless boll are comparable to that of normal boll cotton.
Abstract: GLANDLESS BOLL IN UPLAND COTTON AND ITS USE IN THE STUDY OF NATURAL CROSSING GLANDLESS boll is described as the complete absence of oil glands in the bolls of upland cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. The stem, hypocotyl, and petiole were later found to be without oil glands. The glandless condition of the hypocotyl was pointed out to the writer by Stephens. The leaves and bractioles of the glandless mutation, however, have as many oil glands per unit area as is found in the corresponding parts of normal plants. The appearance of glandless boll plants is otherwise similar to normal plants. Also, the lint and seed characteristics of glandless boll are comparable to that of normal boll cotton. Oil glands are an important taxonomic character useful in the classification of cotton and cotton relatives. The in-
TL;DR: Backcrossing the F.,̂ plants to one of the parents will reduce the number of genotypes expected in the following generation and selection problems increased if the recurrent parent contributes a majority of undesirable allels.
Abstract: THE selection of desirable genotypes from populations segregating for characters controlled by several genes, indiscrete in their expression, presents many difficulties. The desirable genotypes may be difficult to identify accurately. They also may occur in such low frequencies that the number of individuals required to provide a reasonable chance of. including them may be almost prohibitive. For example, if a character is controlled by 10 pairs of genes, an F2 population segregating for all genes would require 1,048,576 individuals to provide opportunity of including one individual of each genotype. Backcrossing the F.,̂ plants to one of the parents will reduce the number of genotypes expected in the following generation. If the recurrent parent contributes a majority of undesirable allels, however, the frequency of desirable genotypes will be reduced and selection problems increased.
TL;DR: Evaluation of the Bray and Kurtz No. 1 and NaHCO3—'soluble phosphorus methods were outstanding among those investigated, and further evaluation of other soluble phosphorus testing methods was obtained to calibrate them to Nebraska conditions.
Abstract: SOIL testing can be a most useful tool for prescribing to farmers the fertilizer nutrient needs of crops to be grown. Recently in Nebraska, as throughout much of the United States, a considerable demand for quick and reliable testing procedures has been placed on the Extension Service and Experiment Station for supplying these prescriptions. It goes without saying that the efficacy of any soil testing program depends upon an accurate calibration of the procedures employed and knowledge of the contingent limitations of each test. In recent work measuring correlations between quick tests for phosphorus and \"A values\", the Bray and Kurtz No. 1 and NaHCO3—'soluble phosphorus methods were outstanding among those investigated (9, 21). It thus seemed expedient to obtain further evaluation of these and other soluble phosphorus testing methods at this time and to calibrate them to Nebraska conditions. Other objectives were to classify further the major Nebraska soil series as to their phosphorus status, and to study the availability of soil phosphorus throughout the growing season.
TL;DR: The aim of this study is to ascertain the effect of grazing management on production of both pasturage and grain and on such productions.
Abstract: 1 Paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta., Rutgers University—the State University of New Jersey, Department of Farm Crops, New Brunswick, N. J. Received for publication July 15, 1953. 2 Associate Research Specialist, Department of Farm Crops, Rutgers University. The author wishes to thank Dr. J. W. Bartlett, Chairman of the Department of Dairy Husbandry, for making animals available for these studies and for use of the pasture areas. Recognition is also due Dr. G. M. Wood, Associate Agronomist, Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. for aid in making sample harvests the first two years of the study. production of both pasturage and grain and to ascertain the effect of grazing management on such productions.
TL;DR: NITROGEN can be supplied to forage grasses of humid and irrigated regions either by fixation from legumes grown in association with grasses 'or by applying fertilizer 'nitrogen to grasses in pure stand.
Abstract: NITROGEN can be supplied to forage grasses of humid and irrigated regions either by fixation from legumes grown in association with grasses 'or by applying fertilizer 'nitrogen to grasses in pure stand. The former is most widely accepted and is generally considered to have certain advantages. Recently, however, there has been renewed interest in the relative merits of these two methods of obtaining productive and nutritious forage. Difficulties encountered in maintaining stands of legumes in mixed seedings, the increased incidence of bloat, and larger supplies of fertilizer
TL;DR: This paper is a report on one cross involving a resistant importation from Africa and a susceptible domestic sorgo, which appears to be resistant to red rot, one of the most prevalent diseases of sorgo in southeastern United States.
Abstract: Sart 9 ____________.___________________________ Resistant (LL) Resistant (LsLs) White Rex C? -. -. -. Susceptible (11) Susceptible (Isls) Reddish brown F1_____.-_________________________________--.-Resistant (Ll) Resistant (Lsls) Light reddish ~ TALK red rot, caused by Colletotrichum grdrninicoltlm S (Ces.) G. W. Wils., is one of the most prevalent diseases of sorgo in southeastern United States. It is especially important in the production of sorgo sirup because the red discoloration is usually carried over into the sirup. Also, very susceptible varieties may lodge before harvest, thus increasing the cost of harvesting and processing. During the process of evaluating sorghum importations from all over the world at the U. S. Sugar Plant Field Station, Meridian, Miss., several sorgo varieties that appear to be resistant to this disease have been tested. This paper is a report on one cross involving a resistant importation from Africa and a susceptible domestic sorgo.
TL;DR: During the past 5 years the application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to corn has greatly increased (nearly eight-fold in Missouri).
Abstract: CORN, with average protein content, contains about three-fourths of a pound of nitrogen perbushel. An additional one-half pound is normally required by the vegetative portion to produce this amount .of grain. A yield of 100 bushels will require a minimum of 120 pounds of this element. Few soils can deliver this quantity in a single season, and'in many areas nitrogen is the limiting element in corn production. During the past 5 years the application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to corn has greatly increased (nearly eight-fold in Missouri). Rates of application in excess of 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre have produced significant and profitable increases in yield and are becoming a regular practice in many areas. There has been much interest in the effect of these liberal applications on the composition of grain.