Showing papers in "Ai Magazine in 2003"
TL;DR: This article presents the methodology that has been successfully used over the past seven years to create the International Committee for Documentation of the International Council of Museums (CIDOC) CONCEPTUAL REFERENCE MODEL (CRM), a high-level ontology to enable information integration for cultural heritage data and their correlation with library and archive information.
Abstract: This article presents the methodology that has been successfully used over the past seven years by an interdisciplinary team to create the International Committee for Documentation of the International Council of Museums (CIDOC) CONCEPTUAL REFERENCE MODEL (CRM), a high-level ontology to enable information integration for cultural heritage data and their correlation with library and archive information. The CIDOC CRM is now in the process to become an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard. This article justifies in detail the methodology and design by functional requirements and gives examples of its contents. The CIDOC CRM analyzes the common conceptualizations behind data and metadata structures to support data transformation, mediation, and merging. It is argued that such ontologies are property-centric, in contrast to terminological systems, and should be built with different methodologies. It is demonstrated that ontological and epistemological arguments are equally important for an effective design, in particular when dealing with knowledge from the past in any domain. It is assumed that the presented methodology and the upper level of the ontology are applicable in a far wider domain.
545 citations
TL;DR: The DOLCE upper-level ontology is introduced, which is inspired by such principles but with a clear orientation toward language and cognition, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications.
Abstract: Despite its original intended use, which was very different, WORDNET is used more and more today as an ontology, where the hyponym relation between word senses is interpreted as a subsumption relation between concepts. In this article, we discuss the general problems related to the semantic interpretation of WORDNET taxonomy in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition. Then we introduce the DOLCE upper-level ontology, which is inspired by such principles but with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. We report the results of an experimental effort to align WORDNET'S upper level with DOLCE. We suggest that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WORD-NET, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications.
313 citations
TL;DR: It is explained that shopping agents work in the complete absence of any explicit account of the semantics of web content because the meaning of the web content that the agents are expected to encounter can be determined by the human programmers who hardwire it into the web application software.
Abstract: The most widely accepted defining feature of the semantic web is machine-usable content. By this definition, the semantic web is already manifest in shopping agents that automatically access and use web content to find the lowest air fares or book prices. However, where are the semantics? Most people regard the semantic web as a vision, not a reality--so shopping agents should not "count." To use web content, machines need to know what to do when they encounter it, which, in turn, requires the machine to know what the content means (that is, its semantics). The challenge of developing the semantic web is how to put this knowledge into the machine. The manner in which it is done is at the heart of the confusion about the semantic web. The goal of this article is to clear up some of this confusion.I explain that shopping agents work in the complete absence of any explicit account of the semantics of web content because the meaning of the web content that the agents are expected to encounter can be determined by the human programmers who hardwire it into the web application software. I therefore regard shopping agents as a degenerate case of the semantic web. I note various shortcomings of this approach. I conclude by presenting some ideas about how the semantic web will likely evolve.
194 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the theories within the PSL ontology is given, some of the design principles for theOntology are discussed, and examples of process specifications that are based on the ontology are finished.
Abstract: The PROCESS SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE (PSL) has been designed to facilitate correct and complete exchange of process information among manufacturing systems, such as scheduling, process modeling, process planning, production planning, simulation, project management, work flow, and business-process reengineering. We give an overview of the theories within the PSL ontology, discuss some of the design principles for the ontology, and finish with examples of process specifications that are based on the ontology.
172 citations
TL;DR: The CAWICOMS WORKBENCH for the development of configuration services, offering personalized user interaction as well as distributed configuration of products and services in a supply chain is described.
Abstract: For the last two decades, configuration systems relying on AI techniques have successfully been applied in industrial environments. These systems support the configuration of complex products and services in shorter time with fewer errors and, therefore, reduce the costs of a mass-customization business model. The European Union-funded project entitled CUSTOMER-ADAPTIVE WEB INTERFACE FOR THE CONFIGURATION OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WITH MULTIPLE SUPPLIERS (CAWICOMS) aims at the next generation of web-based configuration applications that cope with two challenges of today's open, networked economy: (1) the support for heterogeneous user groups in an open-market environment and (2) the integration of configurable subproducts provided by specialized suppliers.This article describes the CAWICOMS WORKBENCH for the development of configuration services, offering personalized user interaction as well as distributed configuration of products and services in a supply chain. The developed tools and techniques rely on a harmonized knowledge representation and knowledge-acquisition mechanism, open XML-based protocols, and advanced personalization and distributed reasoning techniques. We exploited the workbench based on the real-world business scenario of distributed configuration of services in the domain of information processing-based virtual private networks.
145 citations
TL;DR: This article describes this first-year effort by the GRACE team, including not only the various techniques each participant brought to GRACE but also the difficult integration effort itself.
Abstract: In an attempt to solve as much of the AAAI Robot Challenge as possible, five research institutions representing academia, industry, and government integrated their research into a single robot named GRACE. This article describes this first-year effort by the GRACE team, including not only the various techniques each participant brought to GRACE but also the difficult integration effort itself.
107 citations
TL;DR: An extensive survey and analysis of research work related to machine learning as it applies to automated planning over the past 30 years reveals learning techniques that have extensively been applied and a number that have received scant attention.
Abstract: This article reports on an extensive survey and analysis of research work related to machine learning as it applies to automated planning over the past 30 years. Major research contributions are broadly characterized by learning method and then descriptive subcategories. Survey results reveal learning techniques that have extensively been applied and a number that have received scant attention. We extend the survey analysis to suggest promising avenues for future research in learning based on both previous experience and current needs in the planning community.
98 citations
TL;DR: A broad view of the discovery process is given, from data acquisition through data visualization to inductive model building and pattern discovery, and it turns out that AI plays an important role in all stages of such an ambitious enterprise.
Abstract: The article introduces the reader to a large interdisciplinary research project whose goal is to use AI to gain new insight into a complex artistic phenomenon We study fundamental principles of expressive music performance by measuring performance aspects in large numbers of recordings by highly skilled musicians (concert pianists) and analyzing the data with state-of-the-art methods from areas such as machine learning, data mining, and data visualization The article first introduces the general research questions that guide the project and then summarizes some of the most important results achieved to date, with an emphasis on the most recent and still rather speculative work A broad view of the discovery process is given, from data acquisition through data visualization to inductive model building and pattern discovery, and it turns out that AI plays an important role in all stages of such an ambitious enterprise Our current results show that it is possible for machines to make novel and interesting discoveries even in a domain such as music and that even if we might never find the "Horowitz Factor," AI can give us completely new insights into complex artistic behavior
96 citations
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TL;DR: WEBODE presents a framework to integrate new ontology-based tools and services, where developers only worry about the new logic they want to provide on top of the knowledge stored in their ontologies.
Abstract: WEBODE is a scalable workbench for ontological engineering that eases the design, development, and management of ontologies and includes middleware services to aid in the integration of ontologies into real-world applications. WEBODE presents a framework to integrate new ontology-based tools and services, where developers only worry about the new logic they want to provide on top of the knowledge stored in their ontologies.
82 citations
TL;DR: For the fourth edition of this competition, TAC-03, to be held in August 2003, the authors have created a novel supply-chain trading game with the aim of investigating automated agents in the context of dynamic supply- chain management.
Abstract: The Trading Agent Competition (TAC) has now become an annual fixture since its inception in 2000. The competition was conceived with the objective of studying automated trading strategies by focusing the research community on the development of competing solutions to a common trading scenario. The success of past TAC events has motivated broadening the scope of the competition beyond the context of the travel agent scenario used thus far. For the fourth edition of this competition, TAC-03, to be held in August 2003, the authors have created a novel supply-chain trading game with the aim of investigating automated agents in the context of dynamic supply-chain management.
74 citations
TL;DR: Issues of ontology integration and the related problem of semantic mapping are focused on, that is, the mapping of ontologies and taxonomies to reference ontologies to preserve semantics.
Abstract: In this article, we discuss some issues that arise when ontologies are used to support corporate application domains such as electronic commerce (e-commerce) and some technical problems in deploying ontologies for real-world use. In particular, we focus on issues of ontology integration and the related problem of semantic mapping, that is, the mapping of ontologies and taxonomies to reference ontologies to preserve semantics. Along the way, we discuss what typically constitutes an ontology architecture. We situate the discussion in the domain of business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce. By its very nature, B2B e-commerce must try to interlink buyers and sellers from multiple companies with disparate product-description terminologies and meanings, thus serving as a paradigmatic case for the use of ontologies to support corporate applications.
TL;DR: The article details the development approach, the successes and failures of the system, and the lessons learned, and concludes with a summary of spinoff benefits to the AI community and areas of AI research that can be useful for future ALS systems.
Abstract: This article discusses our experience building and running an intelligent control system during a three-year period for a National Aeronautics and Space Administration advanced life support (ALS) system. The system under test was known as the Integrated Water-Recovery System (IWRS). We used the 3T intelligent control architecture to produce software that operated autonomously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 16 months. The article details our development approach, the successes and failures of the system, and our lessons learned. We conclude with a summary of spinoff benefits to the AI community and areas of AI research that can be useful for future ALS systems.
TL;DR: This article summarizes 16 agent strategies that were designed for the 2002 Trading Agent Competition and found that the most successful agents were primarily heuristic based and domain specific.
Abstract: This article summarizes 16 agent strategies that were designed for the 2002 Trading Agent Competition. Agent architects use numerous general-purpose AI techniques, including machine learning, planning, partially observable Markov decision processes, Monte Carlo simulations, and multi-agent systems. Ultimately, the most successful agents were primarily heuristic based and domain specific.
TL;DR: This article presents the methodology that has been successfully used over the past seven years by an interdisciplinary team to create the International Committee for Documentation of the Internations to be used for documentation of human rights abuses.
Abstract: This article presents the methodology that has been successfully used over the past seven years by an interdisciplinary team to create the International Committee for Documentation of the Internati...
TL;DR: In this review, Nello Cristianini and John Shawe-Taylor discuss the development of support vector machines and other Kernel-Based Learning Methods.
Abstract: Review of "An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-Based Learning Methods, Nello Cristianini and John Shawe-Taylor, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 189 pp., $45, ISBN 0-521-78019-5.
TL;DR: SPADES is a powerful new tool for creating simulations for the study of AI that focuses on the agent as a fundamental simulation component and is robust to variations in network performance and machine load.
Abstract: Simulations are an excellent tool for studying AI. However, the simulation technology in use by, and designed for, the AI community often fails to take advantage of much of the work in the larger simulation community to produce stable, repeatable, and efficient simulations. I present SPADES (SYSTEM FOR PARALLEL-AGENT DISCRETE-EVENT SIMULATION) as a simulation substrate for the AI community. SPADES focuses on the agent as a fundamental simulation component. The "thinking time" of an agent is tracked and reflected in the results of the agents' actions. SPADES supports and manages the distribution of agents across machines while it is robust to variations in network performance and machine load. SPADES is not tied to any particular simulation and is a powerful new tool for creating simulations for the study of AI.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, an extensive survey and analysis of research work related to machine learning as it applies to automated planning over the past 30 years is presented, and major research contributions are discussed.
Abstract: This article reports on an extensive survey and analysis of research work related to machine learning as it applies to automated planning over the past 30 years. Major research contributions are br...
TL;DR: The task requirements are reviewed, the robots that participated at AAAI-2002 are introduced and the strengths and weaknesses of their performance are described.
Abstract: The Eighteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-2002) Robot Challenge is part of an annual series of robot challenges and competitions. It is intended to promote the development of robot systems that interact intelligently with humans in natural environments. The Challenge task calls for a robot to attend the AAAI conference, which includes registering for the conference and giving a talk about itself. In this article, we review the task requirements, introduce the robots that participated at AAAI-2002 and describe the strengths and weaknesses of their performance.
TL;DR: The semantic web is already manifest in shopping agents that automatically access and automatically access machine-usable content, according to this definition.
Abstract: The most widely accepted defining feature of the semantic web is machine-usable content. By this definition, the semantic web is already manifest in shopping agents that automatically access and us...
TL;DR: The current state of the art for USAR robotics is provided, an overview of the AAAI-2002 Robot rescue event, and a discussion of the future of the Robot Rescue event are provided.
Abstract: The purpose of the AAAI-2002 Robot Rescue event is to challenge researchers to design useful robotic systems for urban search and rescue (USAR). The competition rules are written to simulate a real rescue response in a simulated disaster environment developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This article provides an overview of the current state of the art for USAR robotics, an overview of the AAAI-2002 Robot Rescue event, and a discussion of the future of the Robot Rescue event.
Journal Article•
Journal Article•
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TL;DR: The 2019 edition of AI in Practice will be held February 12, 2020 at the Hilton New York Midtown, colocated with AAAI-20, and will focus on emerging applications ofAI in healthcare.
Abstract: s for the Student Abstract and Poster Program will be due September 20, 2019. AI in Practice Returns in 2020! The 2020 edition of AI in Practice will be held February 12, 2020 at the Hilton New York Midtown, colocated with AAAI-20. AI in Practice will focus on emerging applications of AI in healthcare. Organizers Evgeniy Gabrilovich (Google Research) and Ashish Jha (Harvard School of Public Health) intend to offer a venue for exchanging ideas among participants fromdifferent disciplines, from general computer science, to AI and ethics, to medicine and public health. The event program will include keynotes, invited talks, and a discussion panel. Full details will be available soon at the AAAI-20 website. Copyright © 2019, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. All rights reserved. ISSN 0738-4602 SUMMER 2019 75 AAAI News
TL;DR: The Process SPECIFICATION Language (PSL) as discussed by the authors was designed to facilitate correct and complete exchange of process information among manufacturing systems, such as scheduling, process modeling, and proc...
Abstract: The PROCESS SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE (PSL) has been designed to facilitate correct and complete exchange of process information among manufacturing systems, such as scheduling, process modeling, proc...
TL;DR: The Eleventh Annual AAAI Robot Competition and Exhibition was held at the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in August 2002.
Abstract: The Eleventh Annual AAAI Robot Competition and Exhibition was held at the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in August 2002. This article describes each of the events that were held: Robot Challenge, Robot Exhibition, Robot Host, and Robot Rescue.
TL;DR: The AAAI-2002 Fall Symposium Series was held Friday through Sunday, 15 to 17 November 2002 at the Sea Crest Conference Center in North Falmouth, Massachusetts.
Abstract: The AAAI-2002 Fall Symposium Series was held Friday through Sunday, 15 to 17 November 2002 at the Sea Crest Conference Center in North Falmouth, Massachusetts. The five symposia in the 2002 Fall Symposia Series were (1) Chance Discovery: The Discovery and Management of Chance Events; (2) Etiquette for Human-Computer Work; (3) Human-Robot Interaction; (4) Intent Inference for Users, Teams, and Adversaries; and (5) Personalized Agents. The highlights of each symposium were presented at a special plenary session. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) technical reports of most of the symposia will be made available to AAAI members.
TL;DR: Robots in the Robot Host competition faced two challenges: a serving task that was similar to the Hors d'Oeuvres, Anyone?
Abstract: Robots in the Robot Host competition, part of the Eighteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-2002) Mobile Robot Competition faced two challenges: (1) a serving task that was similar to the Hors d'Oeuvres, Anyone? event of previous years and (2) a new information kiosk task. Both tasks required moving carefully among people, politely offering them information or hors d'oeuvres, recognizing when the people are making a request, and answering the request.
TL;DR: Despite its original intended use, WORDNET is used more and more today as an ontology, where the hyponym relation between word senses is interpreted as a subsumption relat...
Abstract: Despite its original intended use, which was very different, WORDNET is used more and more today as an ontology, where the hyponym relation between word senses is interpreted as a subsumption relat...
TL;DR: The AAAI-2002 Robot Exhibition offered robotics researchers a venue for live demonstrations of their current projects and entries demonstrated robots that performed tasks ranging from improvisational comedy to urban search and rescue.
Abstract: The AAAI-2002 Robot Exhibition offered robotics researchers a venue for live demonstrations of their current projects. Researchers ranging from undergraduates working on their own to large multilab groups demonstrated robots that performed tasks ranging from improvisational comedy to urban search and rescue. This article describes their entries.
TL;DR: A large interdisciplinary research project whose goal is to use AI to gain new insight into a complex artistic phenomenon to study fundamental principles of ex...
Abstract: The article introduces the reader to a large interdisciplinary research project whose goal is to use AI to gain new insight into a complex artistic phenomenon. We study fundamental principles of ex...