Showing papers in "Algae in 2014"
TL;DR: A revaluation of algal diseases in Korean Pyropia (Porphyra) sea farms and their economic impact is presented.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 249 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 A revaluation of algal diseases in Korean Pyropia (Porphyra) sea farms and their economic impact Gwang Hoon Kim*, Kyoung-Hyoun Moon, Je-Yoon Kim, Junbo Shim and Tatyana A. Klochkova Department of Biology, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Korea National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Mokpo 530-420, Korea Kamchatka State Technical University, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Klyuchevskaya Str. 35, 683003, Russia
76 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that the compounds derived from E. bicyclis can be a potential source of natural antibacterial agents and a pharmaceutical component against acne- related bacteria.
Abstract: -1 . Furthermore, FF clearly re- versed the high-level erythromycin and lincomycin resistance of Propionibacterium acnes. The MIC values of erythromy- cin against P. acnes were dramatically reduced from 2,048 to 1.0 μg mL -1 in combination with MIC of FF (64 μg mL -1 ). The fractional inhibitory concentration indices of erythromycin and lincomycin were measured from 0.500 to 0.751 in com- bination with 32 or 64 μg mL -1 of FF against all tested P. acnes strains, suggesting that FF-erythromycin and FF-lincomycin combinations exert a weak synergistic effect against P. acnes. The results of this study suggest that the compounds derived from E. bicyclis can be a potential source of natural antibacterial agents and a pharmaceutical component against acne- related bacteria.
76 citations
TL;DR: The effects of climate change on the physiology of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and grazing by purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus are studied.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 203 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Effects of climate change on the physiology of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and grazing by purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Matthew B. Brown*, Matthew S. Edwards and Kwang Young Kim Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
48 citations
TL;DR: Assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity of the poly phenol-rich fraction (PRF) from E. cava processing by-product (EPB) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells found that PRF had a protective effect against LPS-stimulated toxicity in zebrafish embryos.
Abstract: 3Taerim Trading Co., Ltd., Jeju 699-932, Korea Ecklonia cava is a common edible brown algae that is plentiful in Jeju Island of Republic of Korea. Polyphenols from E. cava have strong anti-inflammatory activity. However, a large number of the by-products from E. cava processing are discarded. In the present study, to utilize these by-products, we assessed the anti-inflammatory activity of the poly phenol-rich fraction (PRF) from E. cava processing by-product (EPB) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Four compounds, namely eckol, eckstolonol, dieckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol-A, were isolated and identified from PRF. We found that PRF suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the LPS-induced cells. Furthermore, the protective effect of PRF was investigated in vivo in LPS-stimulated inflammation zebrafish model. PRF had a protective effect against LPS-stimulated toxicity in zebrafish embryos. In addition, PRF inhibited LPS-stimulated reactive oxygen species and NO generation. According to the results, PRF isolated from EPB could be used as a beneficial anti-inflammatory agent, instead of discard.
37 citations
TL;DR: This work has shown that integration of seaweed and land-based marine finfish culture can convert these nu-trients to a usable product and may pose a risk of local eutrophication.
Abstract: Many aquaculture businesses are intent not only on maximizing productivity and profitability, but also ac-complishing this using environmentally responsible practices. Efficient use of energy (e.g., pumping of water) and natural resources (surrounding environment, ambi-ent water supply, and waste streams) are key elements in this approach. Land-based recirculating aquaculture systems facilitate greater control over culture water and waste discharge than flow-through systems (Blancheton et al. 2009). Though the surrounding environment may be enhanced by moderate volumes of aquaculture discharge (White et al. 2011), the trend toward larger land-based fa -cilities (e.g., 1,000 metric tons finfish production per year) and the associated effluent waste may pose a risk of local eutrophication. Alternatively, integration of seaweed and land-based marine finfish culture can convert these nu-trients to a usable product. Previous investigations into land-based seaweed integration have included
36 citations
TL;DR: Mixotrophy in the newly described dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera: feeding mechanism, prey species, and effect of prey concentration is described.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 137 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Mixotrophy in the newly described dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera: feeding mechanism, prey species, and effect of prey concentration Sook Kyung Lee, Hae Jin Jeong*, Se Hyeon Jang, Kyung Ha Lee, Nam Seon Kang, Moo Joon Lee and Eric Potvin KHNP-Central Research Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Corporation, Daejeon 305-343, Korea School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Korea
34 citations
TL;DR: Heterotrophic protists grazing on M. rubrum increased rapidly with increasing mean prey concentration, but became saturated or slowly at higher concentrations, and G. dominans may sometimes have a considerable grazing impact on populations of M. Rubrum.
Abstract: Mesodinium rubrum is a cosmopolitan ciliate that often causes red tides. Predation by heterotrophic protists is a critical factor that affects the population dynamics of red tide species. However, there have been few studies on protistan predators feeding on M. rubrum. To investigate heterotrophic protists grazing on M. rubrum, we tested whether the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense, Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium spirale, Luciella masanensis, Oblea rotunda, Oxyrrhis marina, Pfiesteria piscicida, Polykrikos kofoidii, Protoperidinium bipes, and Stoeckeria algicida, and the ciliate Strombidium sp. preyed on M. rubrum. G. dominans, L. masanensis, O. rotunda, P. kofoidii, and Strombidium sp. preyed on M. rubrum. However, only G. dominans had a positive growth feeding on M. rubrum. The growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans on M. rubrum increased rapidly with increasing mean prey concentration , but became saturated or slowly at higher concentrations. The maximum growth rate of G. dominans on M. rubrum was , while the maximum ingestion rate was 0.55 ng C . The grazing coefficients by G. dominans on populations of M. rubrum were up to . Thus, G. dominans may sometimes have a considerable grazing impact on populations of M. rubrum.
30 citations
TL;DR: Nitrogen allocation of Gracilaria tikvahiae grown in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound and New York City, USA: a preliminary evaluation of ocean farmed GracilarIA for alternative fish feeds is presented.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 227 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Nitrogen allocation of Gracilaria tikvahiae grown in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound and New York City, USA: a preliminary evaluation of ocean farmed Gracilaria for alternative fish feeds Ronald B. Johnson*, Jang K. Kim, Lisa C. Armbruster and Charles Yarish Resource Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, CT 06901, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, CT 06901, USA
29 citations
TL;DR: Dinophyceae, a new dinoflagellate from the coastal waters of Korea, is described.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 75 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Ansanella granifera gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new dinoflagellate from the coastal waters of Korea Hae Jin Jeong*, Se Hyeon Jang, Øjvind Moestrup, Nam Seon Kang, Sung Yeon Lee, Éric Potvin and Jae Hoon Noh School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Korea Biological Institute, Section of Marine Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen K, Denmark Marine Resources Research Department, KIOST, Ansan 425-600, Korea
29 citations
TL;DR: Kim et al. as mentioned in this paper developed a sustainable land-based Gracilaria cultivation system for sustainable use in the Korean Society of Phycology 217 http://e-algaekr pISSNs: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 217 http://e-algaekr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Development of a sustainable land-based Gracilaria cultivation system Jang K Kim* and Charles Yarish Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT 06901, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT 06901, USA
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a re-evaluation of green tide-forming species in the Yellow Sea is presented, where the authors evaluate the green tide forming species in a Yellow Sea environment.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 267 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Re-evaluation of green tide-forming species in the Yellow Sea Eun Ju Kang, Ju-Hyoung Kim, Keunyong Kim, Han-Gu Choi and Kwang Young Kim* Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 406-840, Korea
TL;DR: Findings provide the first evidence of anti-inflammatory potential of -hydroxypalisadin B isolated from the red alga L. snackeyi and hence, it could be exploited as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and functional food applications.
Abstract: In this study, four compounds isolated from the red alga Laurencia snackeyi were evaluated for their potential anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Since -hydroxypalisadin B showed the best activity it was further tested for the production of prostaglandin- (), expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin- (IL-), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). -Hydroxypalisadin B significantly reduced the release and suppressed the iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also significantly reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-, IL-, and IL-6. These findings provide the first evidence of anti-inflammatory potential of -hydroxypalisadin B isolated from the red alga L. snackeyi and hence, it could be exploited as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and functional food applications.
TL;DR: The phylogenetic position of eight Amphora sensu lato (Bacillariophyceae) species and comparative analysis of morphological characteristics are presented.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 57 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Phylogenetic position of eight Amphora sensu lato (Bacillariophyceae) species and comparative analysis of morphological characteristics Pengbin Wang, Bum Soo Park, Jin Ho Kim, Joo-Hwan Kim, Hae-Ok Lee and Myung-Soo Han* Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
TL;DR: Three new species of Polysiphonia sensu lato at a 10-20 m water depth from Jeju Island, Korea are described and the phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences demonstrated that three new species are clearly distinguished from other species.
Abstract: There are recognized three new species of Polysiphonia sensu lato at a 10-20 m water depth from Jeju Island, Korea. We described the morphology of three new species and analyzed rbcL sequences to infer phylogenetic relationships among Polysiphonia sensu lato. Polysiphonia amplacapilli sp. nov. is characterized by an epiphytic, discoid holdfast, 5-7 pericentral cells, large trichoblasts, lateral branches connecting with trichoblasts, only slightly corticated in the basal parts, cut-off rhizoids and a spiral arrangement of tetrasporangia. Polysiphonia morroides sp. nov. is characterized by saxicolous, cut-off rhizoids, four pericentral cells, ecorticate, spiral arrangement of tetrasporangia, and it was collected at the fast-flowing water habitat in 20-25 m depth. Polysiphonia sabulosia sp. nov. is characterized by ecorticate, 5-6 pericentral cells, a single filamentous trichoblast, lateral branches connecting with the trichoblasts, cut-off rhizoids, and spiral arrangement of tetrasporangia, and is growing in the sandy locations. The phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences demonstrated that three new species are clearly distinguished from other species of Polysiphonia sensu lato.
TL;DR: This work has shown that the epiphyte Vertebrata lanosa performs better photosynthetically when attached to Ascophyllum than when alone when alone.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 321 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Ascophyllum nodosum and its symbionts: XI. The epiphyte Vertebrata lanosa performs better photosynthetically when attached to Ascophyllum than when alone David J. Garbary*, Anthony G. Miller and Ricardo A. Scrosati Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
TL;DR: Comparative observations on Cephaleuros parasiticus and C. virescens from India show clear differences in the phytochemical properties of the two species, which suggest that the former is more Gram-positive and the latter is moregram-negative.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 121 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Comparative observations on Cephaleuros parasiticus and C. virescens (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from India Yasuo Suto, E. K. Ganesan* and John A. West 5-11-46, Agenogi, Matsue, Shimane, Japan Instituto Oceanografico, Universidad de Oriente, Cumana 6101, Venezuela School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that suppression of the NF-κB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways may inhibit PMA-induced MMP-2 and M MP-9 activity and may be useful in noninvasive therapeutic strategies against fibrosarcoma metastasis.
Abstract: , we investigated their inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells. FcA and FcB reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein and mRNA levels, as well as the migration of these cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, FcA and FcB increased levels of MMPs inhibition factors such as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. FcA and FcB significantly inhibited the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor кB (NF-кB) and by inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our results demonstrate that suppression of the NF-κB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways may inhibit PMA-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Therefore, FcA and FcB may be useful in noninvasive therapeutic strategies against fibrosarcoma metastasis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the biocidal efficiency and cellular toxicity of NaOCl on the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides.
Abstract: The biocide sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely used for controlling algal growth, and this application can be extended to marine environments as well. This study evaluates the biocidal efficiency and cellular toxicity of NaOCl on the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, with emphasis on pigment production and antioxidant enzyme activity. The test organism showed dose-dependent decrease in growth rate on exposure to NaOCl, and the 72 h EC50 was measured to be 0.584 mg L. NaOCl significantly decreased pigment levels and chlorophyll autofluorescence intensity, indicating possible detrimental effects on the photosystem of C. polykrikoides. Moreover, it significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting the production of reactive oxygen species in the cells. These data indicate that NaOCl exerted deleterious effects on the photosynthetic machinery and induced oxidative damage in the dinoflagellate and this biocide could be effectively used for the control of algal blooms.
TL;DR: This study investigates the morphology, genetic variation and distribution of an unde-scribed red algal parasite growing on its host.
Abstract: Red algal parasites are common within red algae and are mostly closely related to their hosts, but have a reduced habit. In the past, red algal parasites, due to their reduced morphology, have been given distinct generic names, even though they are often phylogenetically nested in their host’s genus. This is a problem nomenclaturally for maintenance of a taxonomy based on monophyly. This study investigates the morphology, genetic variation and distribution of an unde-scribed red algal parasite growing on its host
TL;DR: A new species of Bangiopsis: B. franklynottii sp.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 101 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 A new species of Bangiopsis: B. franklynottii sp. nov. (Stylonematophyceae, Rhodophyta) from Australia and India and comments on the genus John A. West*, Susan Loiseaux de Goer and Giuseppe C. Zuccarello School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia 11 Rue des Moguerou, 29680 Roscoff, France School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
TL;DR: A new diminutive species from Korea belonging to Polysiphonia sensu stricto Danilo Edson Bustamante, Boo Yeon Won and Tae Oh Cho is identified.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 111 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Polysiphonia ulleungensis sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta): a new diminutive species from Korea belonging to Polysiphonia sensu stricto Danilo Edson Bustamante, Boo Yeon Won and Tae Oh Cho* 1Department of Marine Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea 2Marine Bio Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
TL;DR: Morphological characterization of Symbiodinium minutum and S. psygmophilum belonging to clade B is characterized.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 299 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Morphological characterization of Symbiodinium minutum and S. psygmophilum belonging to clade B Sung Yeon Lee, Hae Jin Jeong*, Nam Seon Kang, Tae Young Jang, Se Hyeon Jang and An Suk Lim 1School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
TL;DR: Kim et al. as mentioned in this paper reported new records of three endophytic green algae from Grateloupia spp. (Rhodophyta) in Korea Chansong Kim, Young Sik Kim*, Han Gil Choi and Ki Wan Nam Department of Marine Biotechnology.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 127 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 New records of three endophytic green algae from Grateloupia spp. (Rhodophyta) in Korea Chansong Kim, Young Sik Kim*, Han Gil Choi and Ki Wan Nam Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-701, Korea Faculty of Biological Science and Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
TL;DR: This paper aims to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of EMMARM, as to provide real-time information about concrete mechanical properties such as E-modulus and compressive strength to study the response of the immune system to EMTs.
Abstract: National Natural Science Foundation [40930846, 41120164007, 41206132]; Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team [IRT_13R51]; China-Japan collaboration project from MOST [S2012GR0290]; Special Research Fund for the National Non-profit Institutes [2008M15]; MEL Visiting Fellowship Program [MELRS1006]
TL;DR: Results of this study demonstrate that the CJE inhibits LPS-induced inflammation by blocking the MAPK pathway in macrophages.
Abstract: Despite the extensive literature on marine algae over the past few decades, a paucity of published research and studies exists on red algae. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic properties of the ethanol extract of the red alga Callophyllis japonica against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage inflammation. The C. japonica extract (CJE) significantly inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) production and the induced dose-dependent reduction of the protein and mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Additionally, the CJE reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. We investigated the mechanism by which the CJE inhibits NO by examining the level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation, which is an inflammation-induced signaling pathway in macrophages. The CJE significantly suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAPK. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the CJE inhibits LPS-induced inflammation by blocking the MAPK pathway in macrophages.
TL;DR: Akashiwo sanguinea (Dinophyceae) extruding mucous from pores on the cell surface using Electron Microscopy and BioImaging Laboratory.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 197 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Akashiwo sanguinea (Dinophyceae) extruding mucous from pores on the cell surface Susan Badylak, Edward J. Phlips*, A. Loren Mathews and Karen Kelley Fisheries and Aquatic Science, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71 St., Gainesville, FL 32653, USA ICBR Electron Microscopy and BioImaging Laboratory, University of Florida, 1052 Museum Rd., Gainesville, FL 32611-0700, USA
TL;DR: The phylogenetic relationships of Rosenvingea (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) from Vietnam based on cox3 and psaA sequences based on data from Chungnam National University and Institute of Biotechnology are described.
Abstract: Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Phycology 289 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Phylogenetic relationships of Rosenvingea (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) from Vietnam based on cox3 and psaA sequences Kyung Min Lee, Dang Diem Hong and Sung Min Boo* Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea Algal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
TL;DR: Hwang & Lee (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), distinguished on the basis of habitat, colour, shape, thal-lus margins and arrangement of reproductive cells.
Abstract: Hwang & Lee (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), distinguished on the basis of habitat, colour, shape, thal-lus margins and arrangement of reproductive cells. In Korea, this species is known from the eastern coast, with specimens collected in an estuarine area growing in the shallow subtidal zone (Hwang and Lee 1994, 2001, Kim and Kim 2011). As part of a major revision of the order Bangiales, Sutherland et al. (2011) transferred this spe-cies to the genus
TL;DR: The results suggest that the antibacterial activity of the fu-coidan is partly due to the methanol-extractable contaminants that can also contribute to the cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 and U937 cells.
Abstract: ). How -ever, the antibacterial activity of the fucoidan significantly reduced after methanol-extraction, and the methanol-extract showed a potent antibacterial activity. The extract also showed cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 and U937 cells, and induced apoptotic nuclear morphological changes in U937 cells. These results suggest that the antibacterial activity of the fu-coidan is partly due to the methanol-extractable contaminants that can also contribute to the cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 and U937 cells. On the other hand, the activities to induce secretion of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-