Showing papers in "American Journal of Applied Sciences in 2012"

The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention

Abstract: Problem statement: The objective of this study were to determine the effect of job satisfaction on turnover intentions among the emplo yees in XYZ Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia. Approach: A total of 32 set of complete questionnaires gather ed from executives and non-executives of a local printing company were involved in the study a nd 32 completed the questionnaires. Using structured questionnaires in a controlled environme nt, the results manage to extract both intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction that influences the turnover intention. Results: The statistical results obtained in this study showed that both forms of jo b satisfaction (intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction) have inverse relationship on employee s' turnover intentions. Conclusion: Eventhough Instrinsic Job Satisfaction have stronge r influence on Turnover Intention. Existence of Extrinstic Job Satisfaction also must be conside r in measuring the intention.

Current and Future Nanotech Applications in the Oil Industry

Abstract: Problem statement: Nanotech applications in the oil industry are not completely new: nanoparticles have been successfully used in drilling muds for the past 50 years. Only recently all the other key areas of the oil industry, such as exploration, primary and assisted production, monitoring, refining and distribution, are approaching nanotechnologies as the potential Philosopher's stone for facing critical issues related to remote locations (such as ultra-deep water and artic environments), harsh conditions (high-temperature and high-pressure formations), non-conventional reservoirs (heavy oils, tight gas, tar sands). The general aim is to bridge the gap between the oil industry and nanotechnology community using various initiatives such as consortia between oil and service companies and nanotechnology excellence centres, networking communities, workshops and conferences and even dedicated research units inside some oil companies. Quite surprisingly, even if a lot of discussion is taking place, no substantial research on these topics is currently being undertaken around the world by the petroleum industry. A very different attitude is demonstrated by other industries and the advances they achieved are outstanding. Approach: This study provides an overview of the most interesting nanotechnology applications and critically highlights the potential benefits that could come from transposing the same-or adapted-solutions to the oil industry. Results/Conclusion: As extensively illustrated, some technologies which are already available off-the-shelf can offer real improvements in dealing with some specific issues of the oil industry. Other technologies can require further elaboration before direct use, but their potential is enormous.

Malware Detection Based on Hybrid Signature Behaviour Application Programming Interface Call Graph

Abstract: Problem statement: A malware is a program that has malicious intent. Nowadays, malware authors apply several sophisticated techniques such as packing and obfuscation to avoid malware detection. That makes zero-day attacks and false positives the most challenging problems in the malware detection field. Approach: In this study, the static and dynamic analysis techniques that are used in malware detection are surveyed. Static analysis techniques, dynamic analysis techniques and their combination including Signature-Based and Behaviour-Based techniques are discussed. Results: In addition, a new malware detection framework is proposed. Conclusion: The proposed framework combines Signature-Based with Behaviour-Based using API graph system. The goal of the proposed framework is to improve accuracy and scan process time for malware detection.

Mathematics Anxiety and Achievement Among Secondary School Students

Abstract: Research has shown that mathematics achievement in students is influenced by psychological factors such as mathematics anxiety. Weaknesses among students in learning mathematics in particular will affect the efforts of various sectors in making Malaysia a fully developed nation by 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine mathematics anxiety and mathematics achievement among secondary school students in Selangor, Malaysia. The research examined the differences in mathematics anxiety according to gender as well as the differences in mathematics achievement of students based on the level of mathematics anxiety. The study involved195 Form Four students (86 male and 109 female). The instrument used to measure differences was adapted from the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitudes Scale. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to determine the mean, frequency, t-test and one-way ANOVA. The findings of the study indicated that there is mathematics anxiety among secondary school students. The t-test showed that the mean difference between mathematics anxiety and gender is not significant. The ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences in achievement based on the level of mathematics anxiety. Thus, math anxiety is one factor that affects student achievement. Therefore, teachers should strive to understand mathematics anxiety and implement teaching and learning strategies so that students can overcome their anxiety.

Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles Formed Using Sulfate Anions as Crosslinking Bridges

Abstract: Problem statement: The preparation of new simple Chitosan nanoparticle delivery system is very important and could have many applications particularly in pharmaceutical field to be used as a drug delivery system. In this study, the production of robust Chitosan nanoparticles has been developed and characterized by chemical crosslinking using sulfate anions. Approach: Chitosan polymer is considered one of the best polymers used in the field of Nanomedicine due to its safety, biocompatibility, biodegradability and environment friendly. Therefore, the development of a new method for the production of Chitosan nanoparticles should be of great importance for the pharmaceutical industry applications. The method was found to produce Chitosan sulfate capable carrying drug molecules which could explain the importance of such technique. Results: The size of Chitosan sulfate nanoparticles was determined using different LMW Chitosan HCl and sodium sulfate were confirmed by Laser diffraction, DSC and FTIR spectroscopy and it was tested for its dissolution rate. Conclusion/Recommendations: LMW Chitosan sulfate nanoparticles were relatively stable in aqueous medium and exert a slow rate of dissolution when placed in acidic medium. The properties of the Chitosan sulfate nanoparticles are considered suitable carriers in Nanomedicine and drug delivery technology.

Ganoderma species associated with basal stem rot disease of oil palm

Abstract: Problem statement: Basal Stem Rot disease (BSR) is one of the most ser ious diseases that have been causing major losses in the oil palm indu stry in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. Several species of Ganoderma have been reported pathogenic to oil palm, however , the diversity and differentiation of the Ganoderma species were not widely studied and the identity o f these species are still unclear which may lead to i naccurate and inefficient decision-making in diseas e management. Approach: In this study, several isolates of Ganoderma were collected in Sarawak, Malaysia and the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction was carried out to differentiate the isolates into species level. This was followed by morphologi cal studies of basidiocarp of the Ganoderma isolates cultivated via artificial cultivation wher eby parameters, such as basidiocarp and spore size, color and physical morphology were recorded. Results: Multiplex PCR could be used to differentiate the Ganoderma isolates, however, optimization had to be done to o btain convincing results. Morphology studies of the Ganoderma isolates showed that spore length could be used to distinguish among the Ganoderma species. Conclusion: Three Ganoderma species viz., G. boninense , G. zonatum and G. miniatocinctum are associated with the basal stem rot disease in Sarawak. Further studies on Ganoderma morphological traits is suggested so that immediate identification method can be developed to give guidance in deciding the most sui table way for control measures without any delay, leading to reduced palm deaths and disease control cost, thus, reducing losses in the oil palm industr y.

Physical Properties of Rice Residues as Affected by Variety and Climatic and Cultivation Onditions in Three Continents

Abstract: Rice husk and straw are by-products of rice cultivation and processing industry and can be used as an energy source. Proper understanding of the physical properties of rice residues is necessary for utilizing them in thermochemical conversion processes such as gasification and combustion. The physical properties (moisture content, particle size, bulk density and porosity) of rice husks and straws obtained from three countries (Egypt, Cuba and China) were evaluated in this study. The moisture contents of rice husks and straws were in the ranges of 4.60-6.07% and 6.58-6.92%, respectively. For all rice varieties tested, the moisture content of the straws was higher than these of the husks. The particle sizes of rice husks and straws were in the ranges of 0.212-0.850 mm and 0-0.710 mm, respectively. All the rice husk varieties had a normal distribution of particle size around the main value of 0.6 mm while the particle size distribution for the rice straws showed a decreasing trend, the larger the particle size the higher was the weight percentage. The bulk density of rice husks and straws were in the ranges of 331.59-380.54 kg m-3 and 162.03-194.48 kg m-3, respectively. The bulk density values of rice straws were lower than those of rice husks. A negative linear relationship between the bulk density and the average particle size was observed for rice husks and straws. The porosity of rice husks and straws were in the ranges of 63.64-68.94% and 71.21-85.28%, respectively. A positive linear relationship between the porosity and the average particle size was observed for rice husks and straws. Also, a negative linear relationship between the porosity and the bulk density was observed. The results obtained from this study showed significant differences in the physical properties of the rice husks and straws collected from different countries (located in three different continents). These differences may be due to variations in climatic conditions, soil type, methods of cultivation and type of fertilizer used. The results also indicated that different parts of rice plant (straw and husk) had different physical properties. Also, significant differences were observed among rice varieties even though they were grown under the same climatic conditions using same soil type and cultivation method as in the case of the long and short grain rice variety of Egypt.

A Survey of Intrusion Detection Schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are currently used in many application areas including military applications, health related applications, control and tracking applications and environment and habitat monitoring applications. The harsh and unattended deployment of these networks along with their resource restrictions makes their security issue very important. Prevention-based security approaches like cryptography, authentication and key management have been used to protect WSNs from different kinds of attacks but these approaches are not enough to protect the network from insider attacks that may extract sensitive information even in the presence of the prevention-based solution. Detection-based approaches are then proposed to protect WSNs from insider attacks and act as a second line defense after the failure of the prevention-based approaches. Many intrusion detection schemes have been introduced for WSN in the literature. In this article, we present a survey of intrusion detection schemes in WSNs. First, we present the similar works and show their differences from this work. After that, we outline the fundamentals of intrusion detection in WSNs, describing the types of attacks and state the motivation for intrusion detection in WSNs. Then, we demonstrate the challenges of developing an ideal intrusion detection scheme for WSNs followed by the main requirements of a good candidate intrusion detection scheme. The state-of-the-art intrusion detection schemes are then presented based on the techniques used in each scheme and categorizing them into four main categories: rule-based, data mining and computational intelligence based, game theoretical based and statistical based. The analysis of each scheme in these categories is presented showing their advantages and drawbacks. By the end of each category, we state the general advantages and shortcomings of each category. The survey ends by recommending some important research opportunities in this field for future research.

Evaluation on Antibacterial Activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus Strains Isolated from Honey

Abstract: Problem statement: This study reports the isolation of lactic acid bac teria from 13 honey samples produced in Malaysia, Libya and Saudi Arabia and their antibacterial activity against three Gram negative pathogenic bacteria. Approach: A modified MRS agar with 0.8% CaCO 3 and MRS with 1% glucose was found to facilitate isolation o f LAB compared to MRS, tomato juice agar and modified tomato juice agar. 32 isolates were confir med LAB by catalase test and Gram staining. Six isolates were screened for antibacterial activity a nd identified as strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus 1 by API CH50. Results: All the isolates showed very good inhibitory activi ty against target Gram negative bacteria as indicated by the diameter of i nhibition zone: Salmonella Typhimurium (23-30 mm), Escherichia coli (7-18 mm) and Enterobacter aerogenes (10-18 mm) after 24 h incubation at 30°C. Supernatants of L. acidophilus 1 strains showed good antibacterial activity again st all target bacteria. Heating the supernatants at 90 and 121°C for 1 h enhanced the antibacterial activity against all target bacteria except supernatants H006-A and H010-G against S. Typhimurium . Antibacterial activity of supernatants were maintained after pH a djustment to 3, but at pH5 supernatants H006-A, H008-D and H010-G lost the activity against S. Typhimurium and E. coli within 48 h of incubation while at pH 6 all supernatants lost activity except against E. aerogenes . Enzymes treatments of supernatants with RNase II and Proteinase K for 1 h inhibited all target bacteria except supernatants H008-D, H008-E and H006-A which were relatively sensitive to both enzymes against S. Typhimurium and E. coli . Conclusion/Recommendations: In conclusion, honey from different sources contains strains of L. acidophilus 1 that produced compounds with good antibacterial activity which may be responsible for the antibacterial prop erties of honey.

Educational Technology Media Method in Teaching and Learning Progress

Abstract: Problem statement: The objective of this research was to evaluate the level of understanding and students' interest in Jawi educat ion, after educational technology media was used in teaching and learning at primary schools. This stud y emphasizes with more detail on the aspects of usage and effectiveness media-aided teaching system. Exploring the notion of instrument, recognized positive attitude and students associated with the use of educational technology media in teaching and learning process. Approach: A total of 52 students taken as a respondent at Na tional School of Changgai Kelantan, reviewed the Educational Technology Media as a teaching method. Purpose of this study was to compare the scoring percentage, after using the ordinary method and educational technology media as a teaching aid. In order to rea lize the ultimate objective, field studies, questionnaire and survey libraries were implemented . Results: Proceeds from the research found that teaching and learning process with the use of Jawi in Educational Technology Media had a positive effect on students. The results showed that more th an 63.4% student achievement increased in Jawi education after using this instrument. Conclusion: Computer usage can stimulate effective learning and improve the performance of Jawi education, enhancing the high level of interactivity among students.

Feature Extraction and Classification of Blood Cells Using Artificial Neural Network

Abstract: Problem statement: One method of evaluating the clinical status is counting of cell types based on features that it contains. There is a need for a rapid, reproducible method, superior to human inspection and for the classification of cells. For solving these problems, quantitative digital-image analysis is applied and a novel method for classifications of affected blood cells from normal in an image of a microscopic section is presented. These blood cell images are acquired from different patient with sickle cell anemia, sickle cell disease and normal volunteers. Approach: The segmentation of blood cells is made by morphological operations such as thresholding, erosion and dilation to preserve shape and size characteristics. These features are extracted from segmented blood cells by estimating first, second order gray level statistics and algebraic moment invariants. In addition geometrical parameters are also computed. The analysis of extracted features is made to quantify their potential discrimination capability of blood cells as normal and abnormal. The results obtained prove that these features are highly significant and can be used for classification. In addition, we use back propagation neural network to classify the blood cells more efficiently. Results: For testing purposes, different sizes and various types of microscopic blood cell images were used and the classification efficiency is 80% and 66.6% for normal and abnormal respectively. Conclusion: The proposed system has a good experimental result and can be applied to build an aiding system for pathologist.

Customers’ Attitude towards Diminishing Partnership Home Financing in Islamic Banking

Abstract: Problem statement: Diminishing partnership or musharakah mutanaqisah contract in home financing is recently introduced by the Islamic banking industry as an alternative of the bay bi’thaman ajil contract which has received many criticism from shariah scholars as mimicking conventional loan. This study aims to examine customers’ attitude upon diminishing partnership home financing and their intention to subscribe into the financing scheme. Approach: This study gauges customers’ perception on the salient features of diminishing partnership home financing from Islamic banks through a survey of 504 respondents comprise officers, managers and academician in Kuala Lumpur. The structural equation modeling was utilized to find out factors that influence customers’ intention for diminishing partnership home financing under the framework of the theory of reasoned action. Results: The main finding indicates that customers perceived the equity sharing features in diminishing partnership home financing mode differ from the conventional loan and other existing Islamic home financing modes. The result from structural equation modeling shows that customers’ intention for diminishing partnership is more influenced by their subjective norms compared to their attitude toward diminishing partnership home financing. Conclusion: The customers have perceived diminishing partnership as more shariah compliant than bay bi’thaman ajil. Afterwards, opinions from people perceived important by customers are giving more influence towards their decision making process.

Seasonal ARIMA for forecasting air pollution index: a case study

Abstract: Problem statement: Both developed and developing countries are the major reason that affects the world environment quality. In that case, without limit or warning, this pollution may affect human health, agricultural, forest species and ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the monthly and seasonal variations of Air Pollution Index (API) at all monitoring stations in Johor. Approach: In this study, time series models will be discussed to analyze future air quality and used in modeling and forecasting monthly future air quality in Malaysia. A Box-Jenkins ARIMA approach was applied in order to analyze the API values in Johor. Results: In all this three stations, high values recorded at sekolah menengah pasir gudang dua (CA0001). This situation indicates that the most polluted area in Johor located in Pasir Gudang. This condition appears to be the reason that Pasir Gudang is the most developed area especially in industrial activities. Conclusion: Time series model used in forecasting is an important tool in monitoring and controlling the air quality condition. It is useful to take quick action before the situations worsen in the long run. In that case, better model performance is crucial to achieve good air quality forecasting. Moreover, the pollutants must in consideration in analysis air pollution data.

Machining performance study on Metal Matrix Composites-A response surface methodology approach

Abstract: Problem statement: Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) have become a leading material among composite materials and in particular, particle reinforced aluminum MMCs have received considerable attention due to their excellent engineering properties. These materials are known as the difficult-to-machine materials because of the hardness and abrasive nature of reinforcement element-like Alumina (Al2O3). Approach: In this study, an attempt has been made to model the machinability evaluation through the response surface methodology in machining of homogenized 10% micron Al2O3 LM25 Al MMC manufactured through stir casting method. Results: The combined effects of three machining parameters including cutting speed (s), feed rate (f) and depth of cut (d) on the basis of three performance characteristics of tool wear (VB), surface Roughness (Ra) and cutting Force (Fz) were investigated. The contour plots were generated to study the effect of process parameters as well as their interactions. Conclusion: The process parameters are optimized using desirability-based approach response surface methodology.

An Overview on Studying 222 Rn Exhalation Rates using Passive Technique Solid-State Nuclear Track Detectors

Abstract: Problem statement: Uranium is a radiotoxic element found in trace qua ntities in alomost all natural accurring materials like soil, rock. Ra don an inert radioactive gas whose predecessor in uranium, is emitted from soil beneath the house and from building materials. Accurate knowledge of exhalation rate plays an important role in characte rization of the radon source strength in some building materials and soil. It is a useful quantit y to compare the relative importance of different sample of building materials and soil. Approach: This study provides an overview of measurements of radon exhalation rates for selected samples in E gypt were carried out using passive measuring techniques were measured by Can Technique using LR-115 type II plastic track detectors. Results: The radon concentration varies from 2.44-29 k Bq m -3 and the corresponding values of surface exhalation rates from 4.16-26.24 Bq m -2 . h the radium content 226Ra results in all samples under test in increasing order of magnitude. From the results it can be noticed that The lowest value of 226Ra is 7 Bq kg -1 in Sand sample, while the highest value is 85 Bq k g -1 Ordinary Cement. Conclusion: All the values of radium content in all samples under test were found to be quite lower than the permissible value of 370 Bq kg -1 recommended by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

GC-MS Analysis and PLS-DA Validation of the Trimethyl Silyl-Derivatization Techniques

Abstract: Problem statement: Comparison and validation analysis of the conventional and power-adjusted Microwave-Assisted (MA) techniques of TMS derivatization using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Multivariate Analysis (MVA) of Partial Least Squares Analysis (PLS-DA). Further improvement of the conventional technique using vigorous shaking was tested and analyzed. Approach: Cross-validation and response permutation test of PLS-DA and S-plot of Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied to the extracellular data of Lactococcus lactis, which was analyzed by GC-MS. The analyzed samples were firstly derivatized using Methoximination (MeOX) and N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl fluoroacetamide (MSTFA) followed by conventional and power-adjusted Microwave-Assisted (MA) heating treatment. Results: The supervised PLS-DA applied to extracellular data failed to show the same clustering results between conventional and power-adjusted Microwave-Assisted (MA) techniques. It was suggested that the type of heating used in the derivatization techniques had affected the detection of groups of metabolites. Furthermore using the UV-scaling method, S-plot and Variable Importance for Projection (VIP), about 40 metabolites that were responsible towards the clustering and separation showed in PLS-DA score plots were successfully indicated. Conventional technique with vigorous shaking showed clear clustering according to groups compared to MA technique. Conclusion: Type of heating applied to the TMS derivatization showed effects towards the detection of metabolites where conventional technique indicated strong clustering compared to MA technique.

Quality of Life of the Elderly Residents

Abstract: Problem statement: A preliminary investigation of the Orem self-care training effects on the Quality Of Life (QOL) of the health care centers’ elderly residents in the city of Masjed Solaiman, Iran Approach: The Orem self-care training was administered to 349 elderly free of chronic disorders (aged 65 and older) The eligible participants were selected from 11 health centers The training was administered by research assistants The cumulative training time was four months The training consisted of six 40 min sessions The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to compare QOL scores before and after the training using a paired t-test Results: The overall health survey scores improved significantly after the training (p<0001, mean increase from 492-590) The physical role score increased from 487-574; physical functioning from 553-663; mental health from 521-622; social functioning from 574-685; body pain tolerance from 474-533; vitality from 470-576 and emotional role from 472-619 Conclusion: The Orem self-care training can improve the QOL scores in the elderly population Additional studies including a random selected subjects and paired controls to are required to validate our preliminary findings A significant statistical bias could have been introduced by the lack of controls and accounting for other variables such as sex and literacy

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Date Seed Oil Grown in Sudan

Abstract: Problem statement: Studies were conducted on the physical-chemical properties of Sudanese date seed oil extracted from two date palm cultivar s (Phoenix dactylifera L.) ALBarakawi and Alqundeila . The extracted oil from ALBarakawi seeds weighed 6.833% w/w oil, Alqundeila oil extracted weighed 5.064% w/w. Approach: The physical properties of ALBarakawi oil were: viscosity: 17cp, refractive Index: 1.444, density: 0.9116 g cm -3 color: Within the range 1. 6-11.1 (red-yellow). Fo r Alqundeila the physical properties were: viscosity: 20cp, ref ractive index: 1.458, density: 0.9174 g cm -3 color: 1.8-12.1 (red yellow). Results: The chemical properties were: Acid value 2.55, sapo nfication value 0.255 mg g -1 , iodine value 71.12 gm I 2/100 gm fat, peroxide value: 4.8 mg. Peroxide/Kgoil for ALBarakawi. For Alqundeila they were: acid value 2.47, saponfication value 0. 267 mg g -1 and iodine value 83.31gm I2/100 gm fat, peroxide value: 7.4 mg Peroxide/Kgoil. In this study, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was utilized for the identification and quantification of vitamin E in these samples. The content of vitamin E for ALBarakawi was 5.821 and 6.054 ppm for Alqundeila . For the fatty acid content in these oils, Gas Chromatog raphy-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. The constituents of fatty acids (calculated % relative to total fatty acid constituents) in ALBarakawi were: Saturated lauric acid 37.10%, palmitic acid: 9.24%, Stearic acid 1.71%, Unsaturated fatty acids: Linol eic acid (Omega-6) 4.33%, Oleic acid (Omega-9) 32.66%. For Alqundeila , the found fatty acids were: Saturated lauric acid o.11%, Palmitic acid: o.42%, Stearic acid 46.93%. Conclusion/Recommendations: The elements types and contents in these oils were: Iron 0.27 ppm, Magnesium 0.204 ppm, Sodium 60 ppm, Potassium 470 ppm, Calcium 25 ppm, Selenium 34.4 ppb for ALBarakawi. The contents of these elements in Alqundeila were: iron 0.27 ppm Magnesium 0.07 ppm, Potassium 2.3 ppm, Selenium 12.6 ppb. The methods involved in this study covered, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Refractometry. Physico-chemical properties of date seed oil reported in this study were found similar to most of the early published results in this field.

A General Formula for Ion Concentration-Dependent Electrical Conductivities in Polymer Electrolytes

Abstract: Problem statement: The aim of this study is to develop a model for de scribing the effect of ion concentration on the electrical conductivity of polymer electrolytes by considering two mechanisms simultaneously: Enhancements of ion concentration and amorphous phase. Approach: The problems based on new observations in polymer electrolyte when ion concentration in the polymer electrolytes wa s increased, both the fraction of amorphous phase and the charge carriers increase simultaneously. The model was based on the assumption when ions were inserted into the polymer host, there was an optimum distance between ions at which the ions move easily throughout the polymer. The average distance between ions in the polymer depends on the ion concentration. And we also considered the effe ct of ion concentration on the amorphous phase in the polymer. Results: We inspected the validity of the model by comparing the model predictions with various experimental data. The new analytical expressions for the electrical conductivity depende nt of ion concentration was developed by considerin g two mechanisms simultaneously in polymer electrolytes, i.e., enhancement of the carries concentration and amorphous phase fraction. Interestingly, most o f fitting parameters were not arbitrarily selected, but were derived from the appropriate experimental data . Conclusion: The model can be used to explain the conductivity behavior of other polymer electrolyte systems by selecting appropriately less number of parameters. This model result is fully supported by available experimental data.

Study on Optical Constants and Refractive Index Dispersion of Neutral red Doped Polymer Film

Abstract: Problem statement: The some optical constants polymer thin film with red dye 3-amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methyl phenazine (NR) as the guest material and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the host material were prepared by adulteration and spin-coating methods. Approach: The values of some important parameters (refractive index n, extinction coefficient K and dielectric constant e∞) of polymer thin film are determined from these spectra. Results: It has been found that the dispersion data obey the single oscillator relation of the Wemple-DiDomenico model, from which the dispersion parameters and high-frequency dielectric constant were determined. The estimation of the E0, Ed and e∞ are 1.27, 3.175 and 3.5 eV respectively. Conclusion: The single oscillator model was used to calculate their optical constants from the transmittance and reflectance spectra. The dispersion of the refractive index in film follow the single electronic oscillator mode relation. The UV-Visible spectroscopic studies showed that, the NR film have high refractive index and high dielectric constant. The variation of the dielectric constant with the wavelength indicates that some interactions between photon and electrons in the films are produced in this wavelength range. These interactions are observed on the shapes of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant and they cause the formation of peaks in the dielectric spectra which depends on the material type.

Compositional Analysis on Ancient Bricks from Candi Sungai Mas (Site 32/34), Bujang Valley, Kedah

Abstract: Problem statement: The significance of Kampung Sungai Mas as an importance archaeology site in Lembah Bujang was revealed in the year 1979 when a cannel was built along Kampung Sungai Mas area. During the construction study of this cannel, thousands of ceramic pieces from India, Middle East, China, Southeast Asia and Europe was discovered, pieces of glasses from Middle East and Europe, stone and glasses beads from Middle East, India and local also pieces and blocks of construction substance from brick and mud stone or slate stone. An inscription also was discovered by one of the villagers when the cannel construction was in progress and this inscription sized estimated 46×23 cm produced from mud stone and relative estimation based on Pallawa script on the stone and can be dated around 56th century AD. Scientific study done onto Candi Sungai Mas (Site32/34) ancient brick was prominent for archaeology data because since the very beginning, archeologist who was doing research in Kampung Sungai Mas questioned whether the brick discovered was produced by the local society or brought from other area. Approach: Technique used was X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique. X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) can determine the major and trace elements of the bricks whilst X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) can determine the mineral content of the bricks. Results: Compositional analysis on Candi Sungai Mas (Site 32/34) showed that open firing technique was used to burnt the bricks and that there were two different raw sources used to produce the brick at Kampung Sungai Mas. The raw material used for making the bricks were taken from Bujang River and Muda River basin. Conclusion: It can be concluded here that the protohistory society at Kampung Sungai Mas especially Malay society has succeeded to conquer knowledge and technology on making the brick and showed that we have developed long ago.

Content Based Image Retrieval of Ultrasound Liver Diseases Based on Hybrid Approach

Abstract: Problem statement: In the past few years, immense improvement was obtained in the field of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). Nevertheless, existing systems still fail when applied to medical image databases. Simple feature-extraction algorithms that operate on the entire image for characterization of color, texture, or shape cannot be related to the descriptive semantics of medical knowledge that is extracted from images by human experts. Approach: In this study, we present a hybrid approach called Support vector machine combined with relevance feedback for the retrieval of liver diseases from Ultrasound (US) images is introduced. SVM and RF are supervised active learning technique used to improve the effectiveness of the retrieval system. Three kinds of liver diseases are identified including cyst, alcoholic cirrhosis and carcinoma. The diagnosis scheme includes four steps: image registration, feature extraction, feature selection and image retrieval. First the ultrasound images are registered in the database based on the modality. Then the features, derived from first order statistics, gray level co-occurrence matrix and fractal geometry, are obtained from the Pathology Bearing Regions (PBRs) among the normal and abnormal ultrasound images. The Correlation Based Feature Selection (CFS) algorithm selects the certain features for the specific diseases and also reduces dimensionality space for classification. Finally, we implement our hybrid approach for retrieval of specific diseases from the database. Results: This hybrid approach can get the query from user and has retrieved both positive and negative samples from the database, by getting feedback in each round from the radiologist is help to improve the retrieval of correct images. Conclusion: The hybrid approach (SVM+RF) comprises several benefits when compared to existing CBIR for medical system by neural network algorithms. Fractal geometry in feature extraction plays crucial role in ultrasound liver image retrieval. CFS also reduce the dimensionality issue during storage. Image registration plays an important role in the retrieval. It reduces the redundancy of retrieval images and increases the response rate. Getting relevance feedback from physician helps to improve the accuracy of retrieval images from the database.

Thermal Comfort Assessment-A Study Toward Workers Satisfaction in a Low Energy Office Building

Abstract: Problem statement: The government of Malaysia has raised their concerns towards the issue of workers comfort and workspace quality in a Low Energy Office (LEO) building. New energy efficient building concepts and technologies require a revision of comfort standards, to create a suitable thermal condition in avoiding occupant dissatisfaction, adverse effect on their productivity and overall building performance. Approach: Assessment was conducted using Babuc-A (Portable air quality monitor) and sets of questionnaire adapted from ASHRAE-2004 were 99 respondents selected using a stratified random sampling. Results: This study shows that the thermal comfort zone temperature was identified to be within the range of 21.6-23.6°C and relative humidity of 42-54%. Conclusion: The results suggested that the thermal condition was in the acceptable range of ISO7730 and a lower room temperature was preferred by Malaysian in an office environment compared with the temperature criteria cited in ASHRAE-55. To create an optimum comfortable workplace, temperature between 20-26°C and relative humidity between 40-60% must be maintained. Adequate ventilation must be provided at the minimum rate of 10 l/s of fresh air per person for general office space or every 10 m2 of floor space.

Acoustic Properties of Innovative Material from Date Palm Fibre

Abstract: Problem statement: An organic material is one of the major requiremen ts to improve living environment and the invention of materials need to consider for the best solution. This study presents an experimental investigation on pure porous from D ate Palm Fibre (DPF). The effectiveness of sound absorbers depends on structural architecture of thi s material. This study was conducted to examine the potential of using date palm fibre as sound absorbe r. The effects of porous layer thicknesses, densiti es and compression on Acoustic Absorption Coefficient (AAC) of sound absorber using date palm fibre were studied. Approach: Rigid frame Johnson-Allard Model for various sample thicknesses was used in this study. The measurements were conducted in i mpedance tube on normal incidence acoustic absorption. The date palm fibre was mixed with late x which used for physical treatment on this material. Acoustic absorption behaviour of a porous material with different thicknesses was studied as well as samples with same thickness but different d ensities. In addition, samples with same properties but different period of compression time were inspe cted. The tests were in accordance to ISO 10534-2 and ASTM E1050-98 international standards for Acoustic Absorption Coefficient (AAC). Results: The experimental data indicates that two peak valu es of AAC is 0.93 at 1356Hz for sample with 50 mm thickness, also the AAC at high frequency for sa me thickness is 0.99 at 4200-4353 Hz that means able to improve acoustic absorption coefficient at low and high frequencies with significant increasin g. Meanwhile, another experimental results were acquir ed for AAC of date palm fibre, with samples thicknesses of 35 mm at different densities .The re sults show that denser sample (11 Kg m -3 ) has higher AAC value of 0.83 at 1934- 2250 Hz as compared to less dense sample (9.92 Kg m -3 ) with AAC value 0.84 at 2443-2587 Hz . Conclusion: Acoustic absorption coefficient AAC of date palm fibre was increased at all frequencies when the thi ckness of sample was increased, particularly at low frequencies less than 1200 Hz. The introduction of latex on the samples adds stiffness, so that sound can be dissipated significantly as it travels throu gh material. Results from the experimental tests sh ow that date palm fibre has good acoustic properties a t low and high frequencies and can be used as an alternative replacement to conventional product. In creasing density of the samples, increase the AAC as well. The innovative acoustic absorption panel has a good potential because they are cheaper and lighter in comparison to asbestos and rock wool ind ustrial materials.

Discrimination Capacity of RAPD, ISSR and SSR Markers and of their Effectiveness in Establishing Genetic Relationship and Diversity among Egyptian and Saudi Wheat Cultivars

Abstract: Problem statement: Yield crop cultivars and landraces are valuable sources of genetic variations that the knowledge and implication of these variations are critical in the plant breeding programs. our major objective of this study is investigating the discriminating capacity of RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers and of their effectiveness in establishing genetic relationship and diversity among Egyptian and Saudi wheat cultivars. Approach: Eleven wheat cultivars and landraces collected from Egypt and Saudi Arabia, five Egyptian wheat (Sakha 93, Sods 1, Sods 4, Gmiza 9 and Sohag 3) and six Saudi wheat landrace cultivars (Hmees, Al-Kaseem, Hegazi, Abo-Sakr, Dubai 1 and Nagran) were characterized using RAPD, ISSR and SSR molecular markers as efficient tools. Ten and nine oligonucleotide primers of RAPD and ISSR respectively and four primer pairs of SSR were used in wheat samples analysis. Only clear and repeatable band profile of 6 RAPD, 8 ISSR and 2 SSR primers were obtained. In RAPD analyses, 74 out of 141 bands (52%) were polymorphic. Results: The number of alleles ranged from 8-21 per primer, with an average of 14.1 per primer. In ISSR analyses, a total of 78 alleles were detected, along with 36 alleles (46%) were polymorphic. The number of alleles per primer ranged from 5-10 with an average of 8.6 alleles per ISSR primer. SSR reactions recorded 6 alleles, of which 5 alleles (83%) were polymorphic. Cluster analysis was conducted using Unweighted Pair Group Method that depends on Arithmetic Average (UPGMA). The dendrogram cluster diagram classified the evaluated genotypes in three major clusters corresponding to the cultivation regions. The first group contains Sakha 93, Sods 1 and Sods 4 with more than 80% Genetic Similarity (GS). The GS between Sakha 93 and Sods 1, Sakha 93 and Sods 4 or Sods 1 and Sods 4 were 83.6%, 83.9 and 85.4 respectively. The second group contains Gmiza 9 and Sohag 3 with GS 83.1%. The third group contains most of the Saudi landrace cultivars, Hmees, Al-Kaseem, Dubai 1, Abo-Sakr and Nagran, which are genetically closed to each other with GS of 81%. The last Saudi wheat landrace cultivar, Hegazi, was falling outside the three major clusters, revealing around 78% similarity with the rest of the five Saudi landrace cultivars. Conclusion/Recommendations: These analyses fit together with geographical distribution of the 11 wheat cultivars and landraces. Moreover, some morphological characterizations as fresh and dry or flowering time between the selected cultivars were analyzed under different salt concentration. We recognized differences in the fresh and dry weight between the selected cultivars. Wheat cultivars Sods 4 and Sohag 3 were the most sensitive cultivars to the salt treatment, while Sods 1 and Sakha 93 cultivars were less sensitive to the salt treatments. Additionally, Sods 4 and Sakha 93 cultivars were the earliest among the five wheat cultivars (flowering time 68.0±5.04 and 71±6.97 days respectively), while Sohag 3 and Gmiza 9 have flowered later than the other five cultivars (111±12 and 105±11.1) respectively. In conclusion, the long term objective of this study was to use these fingerprints to identify molecular markers that co-segregate and could be used in isolating gene(s) which controlling some important traits.

Restructuring and Expanding Technology Acceptance Model Structural Equation Model and Bayesian Approach

Abstract: Problem statement: Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is one of models that analyze user behavior to accept and use a new technology. S EM is the most statistical method which use in TAM analysis that provides the estimation strength of all hypothesized relationship between variables in a theoretical model. Consider to employing the s tandard SEM in TAM analysis which expected large data, the sample size become a crucial proble m. Population census data processing is Indonesian government statistical program that needs supportin g a computer technology in order to obtain accurate data and less time processing. It is neede d to understand the user acceptance in mandatory environment with limited users. Approach: Estimation SEM with Bayesian method is an alternative to solve the sample size problem. This study the devel oping TAM in the implementation of census data processing system with limitation of sample size an d extension of statistical methods of TAM's analysis with Structural Equation Model (SEM) Bayesian approach. The TAM theory of this study implemented the constructs of TAM3: subjective norm, output quality, result demonstrability, perceptio n of external control, compatibility and experience, per ceived ease of use, perceived of usefulness. The ot hers constructs are organizational interventions: manage ment support, design characteristic, training, organizational support. Results: The result have shown that from the model there ar e significant relations between first: management support to subjective nor m, second: subjective norm to perceived of usefulne ss, third: training, perception of external control to perceived ease of use. Residual analysis show that residuals are close to zero. Conclusion: Estimation of TAM using SEM and Bayesian methods with MCMC and Gibbs Sampler algorithm could handle the small sample size problem.

Fatty Acid Content of Bovine Milkfat From Raw Milk to Yoghurt

Abstract: Problem statement: The present study aimed to study the evolution of fatty acid content, focusing on rumenic acid content, from raw milk to yoghurt processed from this milk. Approach: Milk samples were collected in a dairy plant in the northwest of Parana State weekly in January 2011 (Brazilian summer). It processed one truck load of 26,000 L of refrigerated type-C (whole standardized milk with a minimum of 3% fat) milk per day, mostly from the city of Lobato, Parana, produced mainly by Gir (Bos indicus) cattle raised on stargrass (Cynodon nlenfuensis var. nlenfuensis) pasture. Results: Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) were the most abundant, particularly palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0) and myristic (14:0). Among the Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA), Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) and trans fatty acid, oleic acid (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (18:2n-6), elaidic acid (t9-18:1) and c9, t11-18:2 (rumenic acid) predominated. It was detected significant differences (p<0.05) in the quantification of isomer c9, t11-18:2 of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA). Raw milk had the largest content of rumenic acid (14.91±0.17 mg g-1 of lipids), decreasing to 6.22±0.20 after pasteurization and to 5.41±0.18 mg g-1 in yoghurt. Conclusion/Recommendations: It is demonstrated that pasteurization and yoghurt making affect the CLA contents.

Numerical Simulation of Micro-Channel Heat Sink with Dimpled Surfaces

Abstract: Problem statement: The power density of electronic devices has been increasing along with the rapid technology development. Cooling off electronic systems is essential in controlling the component temperature and avoiding any hot spot. The micro-devices are now extensively used in electronic application especially for cooling the computer chip. Approach: Micro-channel heat sinks are adopted in electronics cooling together with different technologies to enhance the heat transfer process. To improve the cooling process in heat sink, dimples are used because they are simple and cheap technologies. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the micro-channel heat sink with dimples. Results: The heat transfer enhancement in micro-channel heat sink using dimples is useful when the Reynolds number is greater than 125. Conclusion: The results of this study can help designing micro-channel heat sinks for electronics cooling by employing the concept of dimples.

Biosurfactan Production by Bacillus sp. Isolated from Petroleum Contaminated Soils of Sirri Island

Abstract: Problem statement: Biosurfactants are active surface components produced by some bacteria and fungi. These molecules reduce surface and interfacial tension in aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. The most important application of biosurfactants is in oil industry to enhance oil quality and facilitate oil extraction. The aim of this study was to isolate biosurfactant producing bacteria and optimize the conditions like temperature and pH for maximum biosurfactant production. Approach: Samples were collected from 8 selected points of oil contaminated soils in Sirri Island-Iran. Primary screening tests including hemolytic activity, Drop collapse technique and Oil Spreading method were preformed and species with the best results were picked for complementary screening tests like emulsification activity, foaming and surface tension measurement. Results: Totally, 160 bacteria species were isolated. During primary and complementary screening tests, 59 species showed hemolytic activity, 46 had drop collapsing ability and 18 species showed positive results in emulsification, foaming and surface tension reduction. Finally, two Bacillus sp. were found to be able to reduce surface tension more than 30 mNm-1. Conclusion: Two strains with a high amount of biosurfactant production and emulsification ability were resulted from the present study. According to the high potential of Bacillus sp. especially for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) and Bioremediation of oil contamination we can hope that further study of the isolates characteristics and looking for new local strains can play an important role in their application in oil industry.

Heat Transfer Augmentation for Electronic Cooling

Abstract: Problem statement: The performance of electronic devices has been imp roving along with the rapid technology development. Cooling of electr onic systems is consequently essential in controlling the component temperature and avoiding any hot spot. The study aims to review the present electronic cooling methods which are widely used in electronic devices. Approach: There are several methods to cool down the electronics components such as the pin-fin heat sink, confined jet impingement, heat pipe, micro heat sink and so on. Results: The cooling techniques can obviously increase heat transfer rate. Nonetheless, for activ e and passive cooling methods the pressure drop cou ld extremely rise, when the heat transfer rate is incr eased. Conclusion: When the cooling techniques are used, it is clearly seen that the heat transfer inc reases with pressure drop. To avoid excessive expen se due to high pressure drop, optimization method is r equired to obtain optimum cost and cooling rate.