Showing papers in "American Journal of Orthopsychiatry in 1987"
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of mechanisms that protect people against the psychological risks associated with adversity is discussed in relation to four main processes: reduction of risk impact, reduction of negative chain reactions, establishment and maintenance of self-esteem and selfefficacy, and opening up of opportunities.
Abstract: The concept of mechanisms that protect people against the psychological risks associated with adversity is discussed in relation to four main processes: reduction of risk impact, reduction of negative chain reactions, establishment and maintenance of self-esteem and self-efficacy, and opening up of opportunities. The mechanisms operating at key turning points in people's lives must be given special attention.
5,077 citations
TL;DR: The authors review the literature cited to support the hypothesis that abused children are likely to become abusive parents and demonstrate that its unqualified acceptance is unfounded.
Abstract: The belief that abused children are likely to become abusive parents is widely accepted. The authors review the literature cited to support this hypothesis and demonstrate that its unqualified acceptance is unfounded. Mediating factors that affect transmission are outlined and the findings of several investigations are integrated to estimate the true rate of transmission.
809 citations
TL;DR: The evolution of an ongoing research study into stress-resistant Factors in children is traced from the early work on adult schizophrenia through the identification of risk factors in children vulnerable to stress.
Abstract: The evolution of an ongoing research study into stress-resistant factors in children is traced from the early work on adult schizophrenia through the identification of risk factors in children vulnerable to stress. Future directions for the research are explored, including the necessity for defenses against possible politicization of the findings.
364 citations
TL;DR: Characteristics of homeless children were assessed in interviews with 82 homeless families, including 156 children, living in 14 Massachusetts family shelters, finding developmental delays, severe depression and anxiety, and learning difficulties were common among the children.
Abstract: Characteristics of homeless children were assessed in interviews with 82 homeless families, including 156 children, living in 14 Massachusetts family shelters. Developmental delays, severe depression and anxiety, and learning difficulties were common among the children. Based on the use of research screening instruments, about half the children were found in need of psychiatric referral and evaluation.
205 citations
TL;DR: Teenagers of mixed black and white parentage face peculiar difficulties in the developmental tasks of adolescence, as are the clinical and sociocultural issues in its assessment and diagnosis.
Abstract: Teenagers of mixed black and white parentage face peculiar difficulties in the developmental tasks of adolescence. The major conflicts and coping mechanisms of this group are examined, as are the clinical and sociocultural issues in its assessment and diagnosis. Specific treatment techniques are delineated.
140 citations
TL;DR: Using a transactional model of stress and coping, a measure of children's coping is offered and applied in a semi-structured interview in which specific coping styles are assessed.
Abstract: Using a transactional model of stress and coping, a measure of children's coping is offered and applied in a semi-structured interview in which specific coping styles are assessed. Data from 176 school-age children yielded findings on age and gender differences along with other preliminary suggestions of the validity of the instrument.
135 citations
TL;DR: A need for the father, especially among boys, appears to burgeon at middle and late adolescence, suggesting that separation from families and the transition into young adulthood are burdened by fear of disappointment in love relationships, lowered expectations, and a sense of powerlessness.
Abstract: Findings from a ten-year follow-up of 38 youngsters now 16 to 18 years old, whose parents divorced during the children's early latency, suggest that separation from families and the transition into young adulthood are burdened by fear of disappointment in love relationships, lowered expectations, and a sense of powerlessness. A need for the father, especially among boys, appears to burgeon at middle and late adolescence.
131 citations
TL;DR: Potential long-term problems of children of divorce in key developmental areas: handling anger and aggression, separation-individuation, and gender identity are considered.
Abstract: Research and clinical work with children of divorce have focused primarily on parental separation as a traumatic event and its effects on children as a crisis situation. The present paper, based on clinical experience, considers potential long-term problems of these children in key developmental areas: handling anger and aggression, separation-individuation, and gender identity. Implications for prevention and service delivery are presented.
131 citations
TL;DR: Problem-free adolescents who were hyperactive in childhood were found to be more mature cognitively and behaviorally than those whose problems persisted.
Abstract: Hyperactive boys and matched controls from a large-scale epidemiological study, followed for at least three years to age 12, were compared on parent and teacher reports and assessments of attention, achievement, and intellectual functioning. Three outcome groups, based on presence or absence of hyperactivity symptoms, were derived and compared to the DSM-III description of ADD-H. Problem-free adolescents who were hyperactive in childhood were found to be more mature cognitively and behaviorally than those whose problems persisted.
106 citations
TL;DR: Of 1423 psychiatrists responding to a national survey, 65% reported treating patients who had been sexually involved with previous therapists, and the majority favored mandatory reporting of such incidents.
Abstract: Of 1423 psychiatrists responding to a national survey, 65% reported treating patients who had been sexually involved with previous therapists. Respondents saw these prior involvements as harmful in 87% of cases but reported the sexual abuse in only 8% of cases. The majority, however, favored mandatory reporting of such incidents. The problem of underreporting and the need for effective management of sexual abuse cases are discussed.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between stress and behavior was investigated in 158 children, six and nine years old, and the authors found that undesirable life events and intense "hassles" were particularly correlated with behavioral symptoms.
Abstract: Data on 158 children, six and nine years old, are analyzed for the relationship between stress and behavior. Undesirable life events and intense "hassles" were particularly correlated with behavioral symptoms. Statistically, temperament appears to moderate this influence but, lacking appreciable variance of symptoms in the models including these interaction effects, the more parsimonious main-effects concept may be more useful.
TL;DR: Correlates of selective comparisons by mothers of high-risk infants and individuals with rheumatoid arthritis showed that mothers were especially likely to make downward comparisons.
Abstract: Correlates of selective comparisons by mothers of high-risk infants and individuals with rheumatoid arthritis showed that mothers were especially likely to make downward comparisons. Arthritis patients making downward comparisons were rated by their health care providers as more positively adjusted, independent of actual severity of illness. Implications for support providers are discussed.
TL;DR: Mothers of 144 preterm infants with varying degrees of neonatal illness were interviewed prior to their infants' discharge from neonatal intensive care, and husbands, parents, and, for members, church were seen as the major sources of support.
Abstract: Mothers of 144 preterm infants with varying degrees of neonatal illness were interviewed prior to their infants' discharge from neonatal intensive care. Their major concerns were for the infants' survival rather than their own welfare. Husbands, parents, and, for members, church were seen as the major sources of support.
TL;DR: While case management is frequently seen as a valuable part of treatment for chronically mentally ill patients, the focus is often on its managerial rather than its clinical elements.
Abstract: While case management is frequently seen as a valuable part of treatment for chronically mentally ill patients, the focus is often on its managerial rather than its clinical elements. A rationale for case management as an intervention with clinical merit of its own is presented.
TL;DR: This study of 72 juvenile murderers uses a three-group typology based on the circumstances of the offense to suggest distinct developmental pathways to adolescent violence.
Abstract: Studies of juvenile homicide have been limited to small samples and have arrived at widely varying clinical formulations. The present study of 72 juvenile murderers uses a three-group typology based on the circumstances of the offense. Group differences in prior adjustment suggest distinct developmental pathways to adolescent violence. Implications for research and for legal decision-making are discussed.
TL;DR: A review of three recent cases of death due to childhood asthma revealed consistent themes of depression, emotional precipitation of attacks, unsupportive families, and a tendency to deny asthma symptoms.
Abstract: A review of three recent cases of death due to childhood asthma revealed consistent themes of depression, emotional precipitation of attacks, unsupportive families, and a tendency to deny asthma symptoms. Possible psychosomatic mechanisms are identified as potentially important for the interaction of emotions and asthma.
TL;DR: In this study of the connections between marital adjustment and sibling behavior, the best predictor of younger siblings' prosocial behavior was found to be low interparental conflict.
Abstract: In this study of the connections between marital adjustment and sibling behavior, the best predictor of younger siblings' prosocial behavior was found to be low interparental conflict. Older siblings' prosocial behavior was most associated with the mothers' marital adjustment. Younger siblings' agonistic behavior was related to marital adjustment and to the older children's activity level.
TL;DR: Parents' participation in Head Start activities was investigated for its possible effect on their psychological well-being: results indicated a positive relationship: mothers who participated more reported fewer psychological symptoms, greater feelings of mastery, and greater current life satisfaction at the end of the program year.
Abstract: Parents' participation in Head Start activities was investigated for its possible effect on their psychological well-being. A pretest and posttest design was used. Results indicated a positive relationship: mothers who participated more reported fewer psychological symptoms, greater feelings of mastery, and greater current life satisfaction at the end of the program year. Implications for policy and research are discussed.
TL;DR: Three-year effects of a grade school systems-oriented primary prevention program based on the Yale Child Study Center model indicated that children receiving the intervention performed significantly better on various indices, mainly academic.
Abstract: This study documents three-year effects of a grade school systems-oriented primary prevention program based on the Yale Child Study Center model. Follow-up indicated that children receiving the intervention performed significantly better on various indices, mainly academic. Implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: Responses of 69 at-risk individuals suggest that potential for psychiatric problems exists for those testing positive for the Huntington Disease gene and for their relatives.
Abstract: Responses of 69 at-risk individuals suggest that potential for psychiatric problems exists for those testing positive for the Huntington Disease gene and for their relatives. Their families were found to have high rates of psychiatric dysfunctions and suicide. Poorly developed social support networks and the psychological defensive strategies of many at-risk people may also contribute to post-test psychiatric morbidity. The active involvement of mental health professionals is emphasized.
TL;DR: Depressed and well mothers reported equal satisfaction with their children, but the depressed group was less satisfied with the children's socioaffective than their cognitive development.
Abstract: Normal, unipolar, and bipolar depressed women were studied to determine whether depressive cognitive schemas extend to the perception of one's own child. Depressed and well mothers reported equal satisfaction with their children, but the depressed group was less satisfied with the children's socioaffective than their cognitive development. The depressed mothers experienced a greater degree of helplessness regarding their children, and were more likely to feel that outcomes of child development were determined by uncontrollable factors.
TL;DR: In an exploration of residential instability and recidivism in chronic mental patients, 215 psychiatric admissions were followed for a year after the initial episode, and an unusually high incidence of residential mobility was evident.
Abstract: In an exploration of residential instability and recidivism in chronic mental patients, 215 psychiatric admissions were followed for a year after the initial episode In addition to an unusually high incidence of residential mobility, a relationship between mobility and number of hospitalizations was evident, as were isolation, disruptive family situations, and homelessness The needed response of the mental health system is discussed
TL;DR: A two-tier method for evaluating imminent danger among adolescents and coping ability is assessed by having youths promise in writing not to try suicide, compliment themselves and others, assess their feelings, and develop a plan for dealing with suicidal circumstances.
Abstract: Problems with current strategies for assessing suicide risk are discussed and a two-tier method for evaluating imminent danger among adolescents is proposed. First, statistically-based data on suicide risk factors are collected; second, coping ability is assessed by having youths promise in writing not to try suicide, compliment themselves and others, assess their feelings; and develop a plan for dealing with suicidal circumstances.
TL;DR: Attitudes of 104 female college students from divorced and intact families were compared and parental divorce was found to have long-term effects on young women's expectations about their futures in relation to men, work, and marriage.
Abstract: Attitudes of 104 female college students from divorced and intact families were compared. Parental divorce was found to have long-term effects on young women's expectations about their futures in relation to men, work, and marriage. However, these effects were not found to be closely related to the nature of the relationships they had with their fathers following the divorce.
TL;DR: A group treatment model for adult incest survivors is presented and emphasizes use of a "therapeutic window" as a clinical guide and includes protective interventions, clinical timing issues, and prominent themes relevant to these survivors.
Abstract: A group treatment model for adult incest survivors is presented. It has been designed to take into account the traumatic nature and sequelae of abuse experiences. Based on the Stress Response Syndrome, the model emphasizes use of a "therapeutic window" as a clinical guide and includes protective interventions, clinical timing issues, and prominent themes relevant to these survivors.
TL;DR: Unaccompanied Indochinese refugee adolescents resettled in the United States with ethnic foster families were significantly less depressed and had higher grade-point averages than those in foster care with Caucasian families or in group homes.
Abstract: Unaccompanied Indochinese refugee adolescents resettled in the United States with ethnic foster families were significantly less depressed and had higher grade-point averages than those in foster care with Caucasian families or in group homes. The ongoing presence of an adult of similar ethnicity to the adolescent appeared to mitigate against the stress of adaptation to a new country.
TL;DR: Family environment, adjustment, maladjustment, and coping style were studied among matched groups of children of Holocaust survivors, children of Eastern European immigrants, Jewish controls, and non-Jewish controls.
Abstract: Family environment, adjustment, maladjustment, and coping style were studied among matched groups of children of Holocaust survivors, children of Eastern European immigrants, Jewish controls, and non-Jewish controls. No significant differences were found among the groups on measures of adjustment or maladjustment. Group differences were found in family environment and coping style.
TL;DR: The child maltreatment literature, which implies that children with physical disabilities may be at increased risk for abuse or neglect, is evaluated with reference to theoretical, definitional, and methodological concerns.
Abstract: The child maltreatment literature, which implies that children with physical disabilities may be at increased risk for abuse or neglect, is evaluated with reference to theoretical, definitional, and methodological concerns. Research issues are discussed and suggestions made for further delineating and defining the nature of any linkages that may exist.
TL;DR: A consumer satisfaction questionnaire was mailed to former patients and to parents of former patients of a child and adolescent psychiatric service and a majority of both adolescents and parents had found individual therapy the most helpful treatment.
Abstract: A consumer satisfaction questionnaire was mailed to 377 former patients and to parents of former patients of a child and adolescent psychiatric service. The 124 respondents indicated moderate to good levels of satisfaction with the service. A majority of both adolescents and parents had found individual therapy the most helpful treatment.
TL;DR: Reactive disorders are examined and two profiles of vulnerability proposed and findings underscore the need to integrate preventive intervention with children of hospitalized psychiatric patients into routine hospital practice.
Abstract: Indications for preventive intervention with children of hospitalized psychiatric patients are discussed and the clinical findings of a pilot study are presented. Reactive disorders are examined and two profiles of vulnerability proposed. Findings underscore the need to integrate preventive intervention with these children into routine hospital practice.