Showing papers in "American Journal of Orthopsychiatry in 1996"
TL;DR: General population data from the National Comorbidity Survey are presented on co-occurring DSM-III-R addictive and mental disorders, with the finding that fewer than half of cases with 12-monthCo-occurrence received any treatment in the year prior to interview suggests the need for greater outreach efforts.
Abstract: General population data from the National Comorbidity Survey are presented on co-occurring DSM-III-R addictive and mental disorders. Co-occurrence is highly prevalent in the general population and usually due to the association of a primary mental disorder with a secondary addictive disorder. It is associated with a significantly increased probability of treatment, although the finding that fewer than half of cases with 12-month co-occurrence received any treatment in the year prior to interview suggests the need for greater outreach efforts.
1,424 citations
TL;DR: Students at a high school in a major urban setting were assessed for exposure to violent crime, resultant stress symptoms, and use of social support and coping strategies to moderate the symptoms.
Abstract: Ninety-six students at a high school in a major urban setting were assessed for exposure to violent crime, resultant stress symptoms, and use of social support and coping strategies to moderate the symptoms. Rates of exposure and symptomatology were found to be high, and aspects of the moderating factors were significantly related to amount and severity of symptoms. Directions for further research are outlined and implications for intervention are noted.
299 citations
TL;DR: Findings on the longitudinal course of dual disorders in traditional treatment systems are reviewed; movement toward programs that integrate both types of treatment at the clinical level is described; evidence related to outcomes in integrated treatment programs is reviewed.
Abstract: Individuals with co-occurring substance abuse and severe mental illness are particularly vulnerable to negative outcomes. This paper reviews findings on the longitudinal course of dual disorders in traditional treatment systems, which provide separate mental health and substance-abuse programs; describes the movement toward programs that integrate both types of treatment at the clinical level; reviews evidence related to outcomes in integrated treatment programs; and discusses health-care policy changes that would encourage effective treatments.
286 citations
TL;DR: Compared to women reporting no such victimization, these women experienced more lifetime and current episodes of depression, post-traumatic stress, and substance abuse.
Abstract: A national sample of adult women was screened for a history of serious physical assault in childhood, major depressive episode, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse. Approximately 2.6% reported having experienced serious assaults in childhood, with fathers and stepfathers identified as having been the most frequent offenders. Compared to women reporting no such victimization, these women experienced more lifetime and current episodes of depression, post-traumatic stress, and substance abuse.
265 citations
TL;DR: This first report from a longitudinal study of 84 lesbian families, 70 of which include a co-mother as well as a birthmother whose child was conceived by donor insemination, presents interview data on parental relationships, social supports, pregnancy motives and preferences, stigmatization concerns, and coping strategies.
Abstract: This first report from a longitudinal study of 84 lesbian families, 70 of which include a co-mother as well as a birthmother whose child was conceived by donor insemination, presents interview data on parental relationships, social supports, pregnancy motives and preferences, stigmatization concerns, and coping strategies. Methodological limitations of studying this special population are noted, and plans for follow-up interviews over the course of 25 years are outlined.
218 citations
TL;DR: Those who had been abused were significantly more likely than nonabused peers to engage in unprotected sex, have more sexual partners, and use alcohol and drugs, but did not differ in emotional distress.
Abstract: Relationships between sexual abuse and sexual risk, substance use, emotional distress, and conduct problems were examined among 190 runaways. Those who had been abused were significantly more likely than nonabused peers to engage in unprotected sex, have more sexual partners, and use alcohol and drugs, but did not differ in emotional distress. Those abused after age 13 were more often engaged in sex work than nonabused peers. Males abused before age 13 had more sexual partners than those not abused, and runaway males were significantly more likely to have been sexually abused than has been reported in prior research.
208 citations
TL;DR: A study of 225 family members of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder explored the greatest concerns of family members, examining the extent to which they found different kinds of OCD-linked behavior disturbing, and various resources helpful.
Abstract: A study of 225 family members of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder explored the greatest concerns of family members, examining the extent to which they found different kinds of OCD-linked behavior disturbing, and various resources helpful. Services to enhance family functioning are discussed.
166 citations
TL;DR: Children of parents accepting the majority culture scored higher in social competence and many of the children reported as having extreme behavioral problems had rejected their ethnic culture.
Abstract: Thirty-four immigrants, predominantly Asian, and their 48 children were assessed for relationship of acculturation style to children's psychological functioning. Children of parents accepting the majority culture scored higher in social competence. Many of the children reported as having extreme behavioral problems had rejected their ethnic culture.
138 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the prevalence and clinical correlates of co-occurring disorders, and of the historical development of separate care systems for mental and addictive disorders is presented.
Abstract: Individuals with co-occurring addictive and mental disorders are particularly vulnerable to negative outcomes. Historically, they have been treated either in mental health or addiction service settings and sometimes excluded from receiving any services at all. This article presents an overview of the prevalence and clinical correlates of co-occurring disorders, and of the historical development of separate care systems for mental and addictive disorders. The articles that follow address future treatment and service system development.
127 citations
TL;DR: Biological parents of ADHD children were compared with parents of nonclinical children on measures of psychological impairment and attentional performance and the possibility that parental adjustment would be more usefully assessed by measures of current adaptive functioning than by means of laboratory tests is discussed.
Abstract: Biological parents of ADHD children were compared with parents of nonclinical children on measures of psychological impairment and attentional performance. Parents of children with severe ADHD demonstrated greater impairment in social and psychological functioning. However, no significant differences were found on laboratory measures of sustained attention, memory, cognitive flexibility, encoding, or impulsivity. The possibility that parental adjustment would be more usefully assessed by measures of current adaptive functioning than by means of laboratory tests is discussed.
119 citations
TL;DR: The literature on alcohol and drug problems in women, and on women with severe mental illness who are at high risk for substance abuse--as well as other forms of abuse and deprivation--due to poverty and victimization are reviewed.
Abstract: The heterogeneity of those with co-occurring addictive and mental disorders has only recently begun to be recognized, and treatment strategies for different segments of this population are still being developed. This article reviews the literature on alcohol and drug problems in women, and on women with severe mental illness who are at high risk for substance abuse--as well as other forms of abuse and deprivation--due to poverty and victimization. As public health and mental health agendas are threatened by budget cuts, it is critical that initial gains in acknowledging and addressing their needs not be lost or abandoned.
TL;DR: The work histories of 436 sheltered homeless and low-income women were analyzed to develop a predictive model of factors that facilitate employment possibilities for some low- income women and deter others from obtaining work.
Abstract: The work histories of 436 sheltered homeless and low-income women were analyzed to develop a predictive model of factors that facilitate employment possibilities for some low-income women and deter others from obtaining work. Findings suggest the need for programs of education, early intervention, and job training. However, the availability of adequate jobs and affordable child care are prerequisites for poor, single mothers to become self-supporting.
TL;DR: It is proposed that self-injury serves a number of functions, organized here into four categories: re-enactment of the original trauma, expression of feelings and needs, reorganization of the self, and management of dissociative process.
Abstract: Self-injury is increasingly linked to traumatic childhood experiences, and is identified in this paper as a means by which some trauma survivors cope with post-traumatic effects. It is proposed that self-injury serves a number of functions, organized here into four categories: re-enactment of the original trauma, expression of feelings and needs, reorganization of the self, and management of dissociative process.
TL;DR: Fourteen months after a hurricane, young children who had experienced the storm showed significantly higher anxiety and withdrawal and more behavior problems than did children who hadn't and behavioral problems decreased steadily over the six months following the storm.
Abstract: Fourteen months after a hurricane, young children who had experienced the storm showed significantly higher anxiety and withdrawal and more behavior problems than did children who had not. Behavioral problems decreased steadily over the six months following the storm. Mothers' distress in the hurricane's aftermath was associated with the longevity of their children's emotional and behavioral difficulties.
TL;DR: Results suggested that learning difficulties and levels of academic achievement were associated with emotional problems in both groups but that, despite comparable academic records, remedial measures were more often prescribed for Central American children.
Abstract: The relationship between school performance and emotional problems was assessed in a general population sample of refugee children from Southeast Asia and Central America. Results suggested that learning difficulties and levels of academic achievement were associated with emotional problems in both groups but that, despite comparable academic records, remedial measures were more often prescribed for Central American children.
TL;DR: An overview is presented of an emergency service delivery strategy that integrates services, emphasizes interagency coordination, and addresses the full range of service needs for youth at risk.
Abstract: The literature on adolescent risk is reviewed, a model of risk that emphasizes risk antecedents and markers is proposed, and an overview is presented of an emergency service delivery strategy that integrates services, emphasizes interagency coordination, and addresses the full range of service needs for youth at risk. Highlights of programs currently in operation are described.
TL;DR: The need for similar studies of adolescents is proposed, the special problems inherent in the assessment of co-occurrence in this age group are considered, and evidence suggesting that the prevalence ofCo-occurring disorders in adolescents parallels that documented for adults is reviewed.
Abstract: Recent epidemiological research documenting the pervasive co-occurrence of addictive and mental disorders has been concerned primarily with adults. This paper proposes the need for similar studies of adolescents, considers the special problems inherent in the assessment of co-occurrence in this age group, reviews evidence suggesting that the prevalence of co-occurring disorders in adolescents parallels that documented for adults, and delineates future research strategies.
TL;DR: The highest levels of hope were reported by those who had witnessed violence but not experienced it personally; those with the greatest exposure to violence predicted their own death would be violent.
Abstract: Eighty-nine early adolescents were measured for perceptions of hope, exposure to violence, and perceived vulnerability to victimization. Results showed the presence of high hope, together with a high degree of exposure to violence. The adolescents were about equally divided regarding the nature of their own death, while most predicted a violent death for the "average American." The highest levels of hope were reported by those who had witnessed violence but not experienced it personally; those with the greatest exposure to violence predicted their own death would be violent. Language: en
TL;DR: Analysis of three waves of Perinatal Grief Scale scores for 194 bereaved subjects over the course of two years revealed patterns of change different from those commonly noted in the literature.
Abstract: Analysis of three waves of Perinatal Grief Scale scores for 194 bereaved subjects over the course of two years revealed patterns of change different from those commonly noted in the literature. Less than half the sample matched the "normal" model; the rest exhibited non-normal patterns that did not fit the alternative psychological models. Demographic variables and pregnancy history, both before and after the loss, help explain some of the differences in direction of the grief response.
TL;DR: More than one-third of the men who had been violent in the year prior to the initial survey ceased or interrupted their violence and showed significant reductions in their psychological aggression during the course of the study.
Abstract: Patterns of wife assault, rates of cessation, and the effect of cessation on psychological aggression were evaluated in a three-year longitudinal study of 772 couples. More than one-third of the men who had been violent in the year prior to the initial survey ceased or interrupted their violence and showed significant reductions in their psychological aggression during the course of the study. Implications for the conceptualization and further study of wife assault are discussed.
TL;DR: Findings from a cross-sectional survey of homeless and poor housed women on welfare highlight the complexity of poor women's lives and the variations in their use of welfare.
Abstract: The relationship between demographic, health, and social factors and patterns of welfare use was assessed in a cross-sectional survey of homeless and poor housed women on welfare. Factors associated with long-term welfare and those associated with episodic (as opposed to continuous) welfare use are identified. Implications for welfare reform are discussed in light of findings that highlight the complexity of poor women's lives and the variations in their use of welfare.
TL;DR: Based on the author's first-hand survey of state prisons, inmate responses to the harsh conditions are described and a link is suggested between childhood traumas of inmates and the Trauma of inmates they experience in prison.
Abstract: With explosive growth in prison populations, deteriorating conditions "inside," and a large number of mentally disordered felons, correctional mental health programs are inundated with demands for services. Based on the author's first-hand survey of state prisons, inmate responses to the harsh conditions are described and a link is suggested between childhood traumas of inmates and the traumas they experience in prison. Implications for correctional mental health services, as well as correctional policy in general, are offered.
TL;DR: For children in the shelled area, negative sequelae appear to have been buffered by a positive home environment and what the mother perceived as a more functional family.
Abstract: To investigate the psychological effects of armed conflict on children, the behavior of preschool Lebanese children exposed to heavy shelling two years prior to data collection was compared to that of Lebanese children who had experienced no direct shelling. Although the quality of the home environment was similar in the two groups, children who lived in the area of heavy shelling had significantly more behavioral problems than did those not exposed to shelling. For children in the shelled area, negative sequelae appear to have been buffered by a positive home environment and what the mother perceived as a more functional family.
TL;DR: Parents randomly assigned to either mediation or traditional adversarial methods for resolving child custody disputes were surveyed nine years postsettlement and reported more frequent current contact with their children and greater involvement in current decisions about them.
Abstract: Separated parents randomly assigned to either mediation or traditional adversarial methods for resolving child custody disputes were surveyed nine years postsettlement. Noncustodial parents assigned to mediation reported more frequent current contact with their children and greater involvement in current decisions about them. Parents in the mediation group also reported more frequent communication about their children during the period since dispute resolution.
TL;DR: Of 55 psychiatrically hospitalized preadolescents with DSM-III-R diagnoses that are not commonly associated with language deficits, 60% were determined to have language or speech deficits, although only 38% had ever received speech or language therapy.
Abstract: Of 55 psychiatrically hospitalized preadolescents with DSM-III-R diagnoses that are not commonly associated with language deficits, 60% were determined to have language or speech deficits, although only 38% had ever received speech or language therapy. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed and guidelines for practice outlined.
TL;DR: Fifteen children, aged 7-18 years, were interviewed an average of five months after the murder of an older sibling, and most showed significant symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and psychosocial impairment.
Abstract: Fifteen children, aged 7-18 years, were interviewed an average of five months after the murder of an older sibling. Although most showed significant symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and psychosocial impairment, few had received any community or mental health system support or services for these symptoms. Specific problems and needs are identified, and implications for research and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: Mothers who had themselves been sexually abused as children exhibited significantly more stress symptoms than did those who had not experienced such abuse in childhood.
Abstract: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder were assessed in mothers whose children were seen subsequent to alleged sexual abuse Stress symptoms were commonly found among these women following the reports of abuse Mothers who had themselves been sexually abused as children exhibited significantly more stress symptoms than did those who had not experienced such abuse in childhood
TL;DR: Underlying the responses of 34 44-month-old children of adolescent mothers to five attachment narratives were two factors--departure and reunion.
Abstract: Underlying the responses of 34 44-month-old children of adolescent mothers to five attachment narratives were two factors--departure and reunion. The departure factor included disorganized and insecure responses to parents' departure as well as disorganized responses to narratives about children's misbehavior and fear. Scores predicted children's externalizing behavior problems 10 months later and discriminated children in the clinical from those in the normal range for externalizing problems. Maternal depression explained significant additional variance in children's externalizing problems.
TL;DR: It is argued that efforts to prevent violence will continue to fail, as long as its sources in oppressive and unjust social conditions and values are not understood, confronted, and eradicated.
Abstract: The futility of violence prevention efforts by government, professional organizations, and social advocacy movements should not be surprising, since the aim of these efforts has been primarily to control, punish, and modify the behavior of individuals involved in violence, rather than to discern and eliminate its root causes in the fabric of societies. This paper argues that efforts to prevent violence will continue to fail, as long as its sources in oppressive and unjust social conditions and values are not understood, confronted, and eradicated. Language: en
TL;DR: Evidence from a case-control study in Worcester, Massachusetts, suggests that there is considerable father-child contact and multivariate modeling indicates that contact with fathers had a modest beneficial effect on children's behavior.
Abstract: Although it is generally assumed that fathers are absent from the lives of children being raised on AFDC, evidence from a case-control study in Worcester, Massachusetts, suggests that there is considerable father-child contact. In addition, multivariate modeling indicates that contact with fathers had a modest beneficial effect on children's behavior. Based on these study findings, negative traits of fathers (e.g., substance abuse, physical violence) appear to be associated with increased child behavior problems.