Showing papers in "American Journal of Physics in 1963"
34,393 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the standard theory of measurements in quantum mechanics is reviewed with special emphasis on the conceptual and epistemological implications of quantum measurement systems, and it is concluded that the standard quantum theory remains the only one which is compatible with present quantum mechanics.
Abstract: The standard theory of measurements in quantum mechanics is reviewed with special emphasis on the conceptual and epistemological implications. It is concluded that the standard theory remains the only one which is compatible with present quantum mechanics. Hence, if one wants to avoid the conclusion that quantum mechanics only gives probability connections between subsequent observations, the quantum-mechanical equations would have to be modified. Particular attention is paid to the case that the measuring apparatus is macroscopic and its state vector not accurately known before the measurement.
605 citations
TL;DR: This book is devoted to problems involving extraction of signals from a background of random noise, and takes into account both "white noise" and "correlated noise", which makes its treatment more general, and even simplifies it.
279 citations
150 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the kinetics of the homogeneous nucleation process for the case of the vapor-to-liquid phase transition and focused upon physical interpretation of the mathematical model used to obtain a nucleation rate equation for the unbalanced steady-state case.
Abstract: In the absence of foreign nucleants, phase transition from vapor to liquid is blocked by a free-energy barrier implicit in the appearance of new surface when embryos of the new phase start to form. Drawing upon thermodynamic relationships discussed in Part I, Part II here summarizes the kinetics of the homogeneous nucleation process for the case of the vapor-to-liquid phase transition. Emphasis is placed upon physical interpretation of the mathematical model used to obtain a nucleation rate equation for the unbalanced steady-state case.
148 citations
TL;DR: The Bohr model of, 73−5, 77 as discussed by the authors was used in Aristotelian philosophy to describe the relation between causal laws and conceptual concepts in the first order.
Abstract: ion, conceptual, 2, 153–8 Aristotelian philosophy, 38–9, 135n association, versus causal laws, 5–7 atom, Bohr model of, 73–5, 77
119 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that a satisfactory account of the observation of microphysical quantities is unlikely if the present formulation of quantum theory is rigorously maintained, since it involves renunciation of any ontological framework in which all types of events (physical and mental, microscopic and macroscopic) can be located.
Abstract: In quantum theory as it is currently formulated the measurement of an observable quantity of a physical system is the occasion for a change of state of the system, except when the state prior to the measurement is an eigenstate of the observable. Two proposals for interpreting this kind of change are examined in detail, and several variant proposals are considered briefly. According to the interpretation proposed by von Neumann, and by London and Bauer the change of state is completed only when the result of the observation is registered in the observer's consciousness. Although this interpretation appears to be free from inconsistencies, it is not supported by psychological evidence and it is difficult to reconcile with the intersubjective agreement of several independent observers. According to the interpretation proposed by Bohr, the change of state is a consequence of the fundamental assumption that the description of any physical phenomenon requires reference to the experimental arrangement. Bohr's proposals are valuable as practical maxims in scientific activity, but they are shown to involve the renunciation of any ontological framework in which all types of events—physical and mental, microscopic and macroscopic—can be located. It is concluded that a satisfactory account of the observation of microphysical quantities is unlikely if the present formulation of quantum theory is rigorously maintained.
104 citations
TL;DR: The following account of talks with Professor Einstein are the notes made by the writer in Princeton immediately after each of five visits about ten years ago as mentioned in this paper, originally written without any thought of publication, but rather as a private record of very wonderful experiences.
Abstract: The following account of talks with Professor Einstein are the notes made by the writer in Princeton immediately after each of five visits about ten years ago. They were originally written without any thought of publication, but rather as a private record of very wonderful experiences. However, since they may contain matters of interest to others, it has been decided to publish them.
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed derivation of a result communicated by Rayleigh in 1882 is presented, showing that for all values of charge below a certain limit, the frequency is imaginary; and, thus, the droplet is unstable.
Abstract: The Lagrange Equations of Motion are written in generalized coordinates which describe small departures from the spherical equilibrium configuration of a conducting liquid droplet. It is initially assumed that the actual shape differs only very slightly from the equilibrium sphere. The equation representing the surface is, then, written as a series of surface zonal harmonics in which the coefficients are shown to be the normal coordinates of the droplet. The frequency of oscillation of the normal coordinates is shown to depend on the total charge on the droplet in such a manner that for all values of charge below a certain limit, the frequency is real. For all values of charge above a certain limit, the frequency is imaginary; and, thus, the droplet is unstable. This paper presents a detailed derivation of a result communicated by Rayleigh in 1882. The results of this communication have been widely quoted but, until now, this particular derivation has not appeared in the literature.
TL;DR: In this article, the relativistic time dilation effect on the number of mesons that survive to reach sea level was measured in Cambridge, Massachusetts, using only comparatively simple equipment.
Abstract: An experiment has been performed to demonstrate the relativistic time dilation as a large effect, using only comparatively simple equipment. μ-mesons incident on top of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, were selected to have speeds in the range between 0.9950 c and 0.9954 c. The number of these which survived to reach sea level was measured in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The number expected without time dilation was calculated from the distribution of decay times of these μ-mesons (i.e., the mean life as measured in both this experiment and others) and from the known distance of descent. The observed time dilation factor is 8.8±0.8 to be compared with the effective time dilation factor calculated for mesons of these speeds in our detection geometry 1/(1 − v2/c2)12 = 8.4 ± 2.
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation of the propagation of light, assuming absolute spacial distances, the veracity of the principle of causality, and that the average speed of light measured over a closed path is a constant C, shows that the speed may have values between C/2 and is a function of direction.
Abstract: An investigation of the propagation of light, assuming absolute spacial distances, the veracity of the principle of causality, and that the average speed of light measured over a closed path is a constant C, shows that the speed of light may have values between C/2 and is a function of direction. Generalized Lorentz transformations are found which are shown to be equivalent to those conventionally adopted. That an absolute simultaneity cannot be established electromagnetically is shown to follow. The arbitrary nature of indirect observables such as time dilation is discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of radio wave propagation in the ionosphere and how it affects radiowave propagation and radio communications, as well as the application of radiowaves in radio communications.
Abstract: Chapter 4 The Ionosphere We can define the ionosphere as the height region of the earth's atmosphere where. These layers can cause strong perturbations in radio-wave propagation. Radio Waves in the Ionosphere: Propagation. DiVA Portal By Ian Poole, G3YWX adio propagation via the ionosphere is a fascinating and. ionization is so low that it has no effect on radio waves. Layers. The D layer is The Importance of Ionosphere in Radio Communication A crucial aspect of an ionized gas — a plasma — for radiowave propagation is. frequency f of the radiowave field E, the details of ionospheric propagation is. ionospheric radio wave propagation National Geophysical Data. Ionospheric Refraction The refractive index of an ionospheric layer increases with. Radio waves become useful for terrestrial propagation only when they are HF Ionospheric Radio Signal Propagation:: Radio-Electronics.Com ?28 Nov 2011. A basic physical and mathematical description of the ionospheric propagation of radio waves. The proximity of the transmitted radio wave to the local resonant frequency, or plasma frequency, in the ionosphere determines many aspects of how the . 1. The Ionosphere Radio and Space Services An overview or tutorial about the basics of the ionosphere, and how it affects radiowave propagation and radio communications. Ionospheric Propagation explained ionospheric radio wave propagation of interest to system global ionosonde network. users. Although the attempt is made to summarize the field, the individuals cosmic ray influence on the ionosphere and on radio-*wave. The general theory of the absorption of radio waves in the ionosphere is briefly described and therefrom a method is derived to estimate the variation of the . Applications of Radiowave Propagation Course Website Directory ionospheric re?ection for zero collisional frequency. The nature of. vertical propagation of the up-going radio—wave, it is evident from eqn. 7.1 that So is Radio wave propagation in ionosphere Physics Stack Exchange The free electrons in the ionosphere cause HF radio waves to be refracted. The F2 region is the most important region for HF radio propagation because. General principles of propagation in the ionosphere Ofcom Dispersion and Absorption Curves for Radio Wave. Propagation in the Ionosphere according to the Magneto-. Ionic Theory. By D. F. MARTYN, Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.*. Radio propagation Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 4 Nov 2014. Radio communication is based on the concept that a radio signal incident on the ionosphere is reflected if the frequency of the wave matches Radio Wave Propagation Through the Ionosphere Radio Waves Propagation Of Radio Waves Science Encyclopedia A radio device receives many signal frequencies at night from broadcasting stations even coming. The ionosphere is important for radio wave propagation. The Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation This Handbook supplements information on radiowave propagation in and through the ionosphere which is addressed in related Recommendations contained . Ionospheric Physics of Radio Wave Propagation ecjones.org These three routes are through the troposphere, through the ground, and by reflection off the ionosphere. The first of these routes is the most direct. A radio wave
TL;DR: In this paper, three distinctly different non-Newtonian gravitational forces are described and the research areas which might lead to methods for the control of gravitation are pointed out and guidelines for initial investigation into these areas are given.
Abstract: This paper emphasizes certain little known aspects of Einstein's general theory of relativity. Although these features are of minor theoretical importance, their understanding and use can lead to the generation and control of gravitational forces. Three distinctly different non-Newtonian gravitational forces are described. The research areas which might lead to methods for the control of gravitation are pointed out and guidelines for initial investigation into these areas are given.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relativistic stress effects caused by the Lorentz contraction described in a previous publication are related to implications of relativism, and the relationship is discussed in detail in order to clarify certain pedagogically difficult aspects of the problem.
Abstract: Relativistic stress effects caused by the Lorentz contraction described in a previous publication are related to implications of relativistic simultaneity. This relationship is discussed here, in some detail, in order to clarify certain pedagogically difficult aspects of the problem. Objections raised in a recent Note are also answered.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the velocity vector of a ball struck by a bat is a stated function of the ball and bat velocities, bat orientation, and certain constants, and the operation and consequences of swinging the bat are analyzed.
Abstract: The velocity vector of a ball struck by a bat is a stated function of the ball and bat velocities, bat orientation, and certain constants. In the light of the equations of the collision, the operation and the consequences of swinging the bat are analyzed, and the role of the constants is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the usual account of the discovery and subsequent rejection, or criticism, of Ohm's law is both a misleading and an inadequate explanation, and that a close logical examination of the experimental work reveals a conceptual structure quite different from that of the electrical science of his time.
Abstract: It is argued that the usual account of the discovery and subsequent rejection, or criticism, of Ohm's law is both a misleading and an inadequate explanation. A close logical examination of Ohm's experimental work reveals a conceptual structure quite different from that of the electrical science of his time. As a result of this analysis, it is claimed that the conceptual shift in Ohm's experimental work was the basis for the reaction of his contemporaries.
TL;DR: Coordinate transformation between inertial reference system and noninertial acceleration system - clock paradox as discussed by the authors is a classic example of the clock paradox problem in the context of inertial acceleration.
Abstract: Coordinate transformation between inertial reference system and noninertial acceleration system - clock paradox