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Showing papers in "American Journal of Psychology in 1989"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a pengetahuan kognitif adalah tergolong bidang baru ying mengkaji pikiran atau nalar ying memperoleh pen getahuan dari bidang-bidang ilmu seperti psikologi, linguistik, antropologi and filsafat, and juga ilmu komputer.
Abstract: Pengetahuan kognitif adalah tergolong bidang baru yang mengkaji pikiran atau nalar yang memperoleh pengetahuan dari bidang-bidang ilmu seperti psikologi, linguistik, antropologi, filsafat, dan juga ilmu komputer.nBuku ini berusaha menerangkan bagaimana pengetahuan kognitif kita terbentuk, dalam pengertian bagaimana menyusun kategori-kategori persepsi kita terhadap satu benda misalnya. Dalam hal ini, George Lakoff mencoba mengklasifikasi cara-cara kita dalam membentuk persepsi-persepsi ini. Di samping itu, buku ini juga memberikan contoh kasus bahwa dalam bahasa sehari-hari, kategori-kategori tadi juga terefleksikan. Misalnya, bahasa sehari-hari kita sering menyatakan nafsu birahi kita sebagai sebuah bentuk perang, bentuk permainan atau game, bentuk rasa lapar, dll. Buku ini merupakan sebuah diagnosa pemikiran manusia pada umumnya.

3,656 citations


BookDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the status of perception-action relationships in various fields at the time, including motor control, sensory and perceptual effects, and attention and selection of perceptual information for subsequent action.
Abstract: Originally published in 1987, this title aimed to present an eclectic and biased account of the status of perception-action relationships in various fields at the time. The chapters can be divided into three sections. The first focuses on motor control, a neglected topic in the past and hence deserving the role of the starting point of this volume. In addition motor control provides a good background to discuss the clear sensory and perceptual effects. However, motor processes are also highly relevant to perception, which was usually less emphasized in the literature at the time. Therefore a special section is devoted to motor processes in perception together with the issue of integrating information from different sources. The book concludes with a section on attention and selection of perceptual information for subsequent action.

553 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the nature of human error and the implications for the design of modern industrial installations from the point of view of cognitive psychology, social psychology and safety engineering.
Abstract: This book is about the nature of human error and the implications for design of modern industrial installations. It is the first book discussing the topic from the point of view of cognitive psychology, social psychology and safety engineering. Advanced students, researchers and professional psychologists in industrial psychology/human factors and engineers or systems designers concerned with man-machine systems will find this book essential reading.

480 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analyses of d' scores, hits, and false alarms for the recognition performance indicated support for the predicted interaction in which presence of the same odor at both sessions led to better overall performance.
Abstract: Olfactory stimuli were used as context cues in a recognition memory paradigm. Male college students were exposed to 50 slides of the faces of college females while in the presence of a pleasant or an unpleasant odor. During the acquisition phase, ratings of physical attractiveness of the slides were collected. After a 48-hr delay, a recognition test was given using the original 50 slides and 50 new slides. The recognition test was conducted with either the original odor or the alternative odor present. A no-odor control group did not receive olfactory cues. The attractiveness ratings indicated that the odor variations had no effect on these social judgments. Analyses of d' scores, hits, and false alarms for the recognition performance indicated support for the predicted interaction in which presence of the same odor at both sessions led to better overall performance.

142 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Etude des effets de deux types de traitement (elaboration or non elaboration) sur la memorisation implicite de paires de mots constitues ou non d'unites discretes as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Etude des effets de deux types de traitement (elaboration ou non elaboration) sur la memorisation implicite de paires de mots constitues ou non d'unites discretes

78 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: C. Johnston, Eye Movements in Visual Hemi-Neglect, Eye Movement Abnormalities in Schizophrenic and Affective Disorders, and the role of Eye Movement Behavior in Aphasia.
Abstract: Contents: C. Johnston, Introduction. J. Wirtschafter, A. Weingarden, Neurophysiology and Central Pathways in Oculomotor Control: Saccadic and Pursuit Eye Movements. L. Hainline, Normal Lifespan Developmental Changes in Saccadic and Pursuit Eye Movements. F. Pirozzolo, K. Rayner, Dyslexia: The Role of Eye Movements in Developmental Reading Disabilities. L. Abel, R. Hertle, Effects of Psychoactive Drugs on Ocular Motor Behavior. W. Iacono, Eye Movement Abnormalities in Schizophrenic and Affective Disorders. M. Kuskowski, Eye Movements in Progressive Cerebral Neurological Diseases. E. De Renzi, Oculomotor Disturbances in Hemispheric Disease. W. Hubor, G. L er, U. Lass, Eye Movement Behavior in Aphasia. C. Johnston, Eye Movements in Visual Hemi-Neglect. D. Fisher, The Last Chapter: All About What Has Gone Before.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: Etude du biais egocentrique dans les jugements de coincidences entre des evenements ecrits par le sujet lui-meme par rapport a des coincidences ecrites par d'autres

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Etude portant sur le rappel de phrases lorsque le contexte environnemental present a l'encodage est reexpose a change au moment du test.
Abstract: Etude portant sur le rappel de phrases lorsque le contexte environnemental present a l'encodage est reexpose a change au moment du test

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the psychophysiology and the Electronic Workplace: The Future Subject Index Author Index is used to measure stress in the modern office and the demands of visual display terminals.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION TO THE KEY ISSUES: Introduction The Psychophysiological Context The Technological and Work Context: The Office as the Prototypical Electronic Workplace of the 1990's PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF USER-SYSTEM INTERACTION: Contemporary Models of Information Processing and the Cognitive Demands of User-System Interaction The Social Psychology of Working Situations Sources of Stress in the Modern Office SPECIAL DEMANDS OF THE ELECTRONIC WORKPLACE: Psychophysiology and the Ergonomic Demands of Visual Display Terminals PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH AND FINDINGS: Event Related Brain Potentials The Electroencephalogram Oculomotor Activity and Man-Machine Interaction in the Workplace Heart Rate and Sinus Arrhythmia Adrenal Hormone Production as Indices of Occupational Stress Self-Report Techniques OVERVIEW, PREDICTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Psychophysiology and the Electronic Workplace: The Future Subject Index Author Index.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated the finding that priming effects in wordfragment completion are enhanced for self-generated study items, and found that the effect was not reliably enhanced unless words were generated at study from a fragment identical to that used at test.
Abstract: In two experiments, we investigated the finding that priming effects in wordfragment completion are enhanced for self-generated study items. The first experiment showed that priming in word-fragment completion was not reliably enhanced unless words were generated at study from a fragment identical to that used at test. The second experiment showed that priming in an anagram-solving task was similarly enhanced by anagram solving at study. These generation effects, therefore, seem highly specific with respect to stimulus identity but readily generalizable with respect to task. Theoretically, these findings are consistent with both transfer-appropriate processing and memory-systems accounts of performance in implicit memory tests.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a chess game played between two experts was used as the target, and subjects were asked to predict the moves played, but were not shown the actual game, and feedback was given after each prediction.
Abstract: The contrast between proficient and novice chess players was examined. A chess game played between two experts was used as the target. Subjects were never shown the actual game but were asked to predict the moves played. Feedback was given after each prediction. The proficient players were significantly more accurate than novices. They also were more likely to generate the correct option as the first one they considered and made fewer guesses about the predicted move. The data are interpreted as supporting a recognitional model of decision making. In addition, the findings suggest the value of using the prediction paradigm to study decision making in ill-defined tasks where there are no criteria for correct responses. Implications for training are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Etude historique du debat sur l'interpretation de l'erreur probable dans l'inference statistique chez les psychologues dans le milieu des annees 1920 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Etude historique du debat sur l'interpretation de l'erreur probable dans l'inference statistique chez les psychologues dans le milieu des annees 1920

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Deux experiences examinent the perception subjective des degres recus en demandant a des etudiants de les attribuer de la facon la plus juste en fonction de differentes distributions hypothetiques de scores d'examen.
Abstract: Deux experiences examinent la perception subjective des degres recus en demandant a des etudiants de les attribuer de la facon la plus juste en fonction de differentes distributions hypothetiques de scores d'examen

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hypothesis of the second study, that musical instrument families function as a "basic level" in the instrument taxonomy, was confirmed and the concept of affordances may be relevant for understanding the importance for behavior of different levels of abstraction of category systems.
Abstract: What are the object properties that serve as a basis for the musical instrument classification system, and how do general and specific experience affect knowledge of these properties? In the first study, the multimodal quality of properties underlying children's and adults' perception was investigated. Subjects listened to solos and identified instruments producing the sounds. Even children who did not have experience with all the instruments correctly identified the family of instruments they were listening to. The hypothesis of the second study, that musical instrument families function as a "basic level" in the instrument taxonomy, was confirmed. Variation in the basic level with varying expertise was documented in the third study with musicians. In the fourth study, children and adults identified the source of sounds from unfamiliar objects, Chinese musical instruments. It is suggested that the concept of affordances may be relevant for understanding the importance for behavior of different levels of abstraction of category systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The magnitude of the recency effect was found to be just as great with this task as with a more typical task in which the demands on immediate memory are likely to be fewer.
Abstract: Subjects studied 12-word lists for free recall. During presentation of the lists, each word was followed by a supraspan sequence of digits, which the subjects tried to reproduce. This task, unlike those used in previous research with this continual distractor procedure, presumably taxed immediate memory capacity to the full. Nevertheless, the word recall data showed a pronounced recency effect. Moreover, the magnitude of the recency effect was found to be just as great with this task as with a more typical task in which the demands on immediate memory are likely to be fewer. These findings reinforce the emerging view that the recency effect need not be the product of immediate memory.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that subjects would be more susceptible to memory impairment if the original and misleading information were presented in similar contextual formats, and showed that misleading information did not lead toMemory impairment.
Abstract: Several recent studies have shown that exposure to verbal misleading post-event information does not impair subjects' ability to retrieve originally seen details. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that subjects would be more susceptible to memory impairment if the original and misleading information were presented in similar contextual formats. The results showed that misleading information did not lead to memory impairment when both original and misleading information were presented in the context of slides (Experiment 1) or when both original and misleading information were presented in the context of narratives (Experiment 2). Furthermore, resistance to memory impairment was observed both at relatively low levels of memory for the original information (Experiment 1) and at relatively high levels of memory for the original information (Experiment 2). The implications of the present results for interference principles of forgetting are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate how individuals learn to improve their stopping criterion based on outcome feedback and find that initially subjects purchased an insufficient amount of information, but as training progressed they learned to purchase more information.
Abstract: In a deferred decision task, the decision maker is given an opportunity to purchase information about an uncertain state of nature before choosing a final course of action. After observing each piece of information, the decision maker may stop and choose a final course of action or defer and purchase more information. The stopping criterion is defined as the amount of evidence required to make the final decision. The purpose of the present research was to investigate how individuals learn to improve their stopping criterion based on outcome feedback. Two groups of subjects were given 375 trials of training, each group receiving different payoff and information cost conditions. A substantial training effect was observed: Initially subjects purchased an insufficient amount of information, but as training progressed they learned to purchase more information. This learning effect was explained by an error-correction learning model which assumes that the stopping criterion increases following incorrect and decreases following correct final decisions.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors distinguishes three separable issues over which people can be "for" or "against" mental images, which can lead to theoretical differences being mistaken for experiential differences, even by theorists themselves.
Abstract: Galton and subsequent investigators find wide divergences in people's subjective reports of mental imagery. Such individual differences might be taken to explain the peculiarly irreconcilable disputes over the nature and cognitive significance of imagery which have periodically broken out among psychologists and philosophers. However, to so explain these disputes is itself to take a substantive and questionable position on the cognitive role of imagery. This article distinguishes three separable issues over which people can be "for" or "against" mental images. Conflation of these issues can lead to theoretical differences being mistaken for experiential differences, even by theorists themselves. This is applied to the case of John B. Watson, who inaugurated a half-century of neglect of image psychology. Watson originally claimed to have vivid imagery; by 1913 he was denying the existence of images. This strange reversal, which made his behaviorism possible, is explicable as a "creative misconstrual" of Dunlap's "motor" theory of imagination.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the role of covert elicitations of events on subsequent frequency judgments, and found that in the absence of covert occurrences of the category label during encoding, judgments of category size would be impossible.
Abstract: To provide at least a partial explanation for the level-of-processing effect in frequency judgments, in three experiments we explored the role of covert elicitations of events on subsequent frequency judgments. Subjects were asked to judge the number of category instances that had been presented, when cued at retrieval by the category name. In these experiments we hoped to carry the argument regarding the importance of covert occurrences to its extreme. That is, we sought to show that in the absence of covert occurrences of the category label during encoding, judgments of category size would be impossible. Alternatively, when covert occurrences of those category labels were encouraged during encoding, frequency judgments would be possible. We were successful in two experiments, but only moderately successful in another.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The kind of perceptual systems that human beings possess enables each of us to respond in highly adaptive deliberate ways that take into account the suitability of particular behaviors to what the authors are aware of ourself as experiencing perceptually here and now.
Abstract: The kind of perceptual systems that human beings possess enables each of us to respond in highly adaptive deliberate ways that take into account the suitability of particular behaviors to what we are aware of ourself as experiencing perceptually here and now. In deciding what to do next under the perceived circumstances, content is the dimension of perceptual experience that we consult. For perceptual content is how whatever the perceiver is now having perceptual experience of is given in or taken by the respective perceptual experience. Perceptual content includes presentational content, which is all the ways that what you are perceptually experiencing may be appearing to you, and intentional content, which is all the ways that your stream of perceptual experience may take to be that of which you have perceptual awareness in the environment or self. Therefore, perceptual content must be distinguished from the intentional object of perceptual awareness, which is that property, event, or entity of which you have perceptual awareness. Gibson proposed that there is no perceptual content independent of the particular intentional objects that one perceptually apprehends, which are always part of the ecological environment. This externalization of perceptual content was due, no doubt, to Gibson's conception of perceptually apprehending anything at all as not mediated by awareness of anything else, such as something immanent in perceptual experience itself. However, perceptual content need not be, theoretically, a replacement for what the perceiver has perceptual awareness of. During straightforward perceiving, the perceiver does not have awareness of perceptual content but of parts of the ecological environment including the perceiver. Perceptual content is how the external intentional object perspectivally appears from moment to moment and how it is perceptually taken to be, veridically or not. Perceptual taking of an ecological property is always in one or another of the latter's instantiations, and perceptual taking of an ecological entity or event is always with properties. The perceptual intentional object's appearing in a particular manner is distinct from perceptually taking the intentional object. For example, an ecological property may be taken quite veridically yet through a flow of varying appearance. And even when the property appears in a constant way, perceptual awareness may take it differently from one moment to the next. For example, a perceiver may have visual awareness of a surface without noticing the surface's color-texture, though the color-texture may appear to the perceiver throughout looking at the surface, before and after he or she stops noticing the color-texture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, auteurs testent l'hypothese that les effets de recence a long terme devraient saffaiblir plus les tâches perturbatrices deviennent difficiles.
Abstract: Au moyen de deux experiences, les auteurs tentent de savoir si les effets de recence a long terme sont dus au maintien des items recents en memoire a court terme. Dans ce cas, les auteurs testent l'hypothese que les effets de recence a long terme devraient s'affaiblir plus les tâches perturbatrices deviennent difficiles

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that good associative learners were only slightly, and not always reliably, more accurate than those made by poor learners in making decisions regarding the ease with which a particular word pair will be learned, which may reflect a fundamental capability of adult learners to recognize those item characteristics that are relevant to associative learning.
Abstract: Ability to judge difficulty of to-be-learned items is a metacognitive skill assumed to be related to efficient study, as when learners decide how to allocate study time. The results of three experiments demonstrated that college students can accurately judge overall ease of learning word pairs shown to differ reliably in terms of learning difficulty, but which did not differ systematically in terms of salient item characteristics. Surprisingly, judgments of item difficulty made by good associative learners were only slightly, and not always reliably, more accurate than those made by poor associative learners. Decisions regarding the ease with which a particular word pair will be learned appear to reflect a fundamental capability of adult learners to recognize those item characteristics that are relevant to associative learning. This capability would appear to provide the basis for other important metacognitive judgments, such as those involved in predicting later retrieval of items presented for study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that when end-of-practice level is statistically controlled, the more an individual is overpracticed at his or her end ofpractice level, or the more slowly he or she is improving late in practice, the better skill retention tends to be.
Abstract: : This article discusses the fact that if practice continues long enough, most subjects will stop improving before the practice ends In such a case, individual subjects may be said to differ in how much they are 'overpracticed' at their end-of-practice levels If practice is relatively short, however, almost all subjects will still be improving when it ends In this case, subjects differ in rate of improvement late in practice, even though no subject may be overpracticed In this article, evidence is presented that when end-of-practice level is statistically controlled, the more an individual is overpracticed at his or her end-of-practice level, or the more slowly he or she is improving late in practice, the better skill retention tends to be Evidence is also presented that rate of improvement early in practice has no effect on retention not mediated by end-of-practice level, and either overpractice or rate of improvement late in practice