Showing papers in "American Journal of Public Health in 1925"

The resistance to phenol of staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract: METHODS of disinfectant testing have been the subject of considerable discussion during the past 15 to 20 years. Criticisms of current methods, with suggestions and modifications for supposed improvements, have marked the outstanding steps in the history of this phase of bacteriology. Rideal and Walker' published a very simple method of comparing the germicidal efficiency of disinfectants against B. typhosus, using pure phenol as the standard. The Lancet Commission,2 recognizing certain deficiencies of the method, modified this test, and at the same time added to the method in such a way as to make it more involved and more cumbersome. The Hygienic Laboratory Method devised by Anderson and McClintic3 made further modifications of the Lancet Method; and finally the Disinfectant Standardization Committee of the Laboratory Section of the American Public Health Association4 revised the Hygienic Laboratory Method, in an attempt to increase its accuracy. Throughout these years of study of this subject, only one idea seems to have been apparent in the improvements made in methods, and that was increasing the uniformity of the original scheme. In other words, the history of disinfectant testing is one in which modifications of previous methods for the purpose of securing greater uniformity has been the primary object. Although we naturally desire accuracy in all our methods, it seems that efforts in

Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Products

Abstract: This book is described as being a textbook for college lecture courses on fruit and vegetable products. It is also intended as a useful reference on principles and production methods for canners, freezers, juice producers, preservers, and other food processors. Some of the new materials in this 4th edition include aseptic canning, sterilization by irradiation, high temperature short time sterilization, and vacuum concentration of fruit juices. The book is divided into 26 chapters which include subject material used by the author for lectures to students in the field of food technology. The first 7 chapters introduce the general principles of canning as a method of fruit and vegetable preservation. Chapters 8 through 12 include specific information on the canning of many different fruits and vegetables, with one chapter of this group being devoted entirely to spoilage of canned foods. Chapters 13 through 15 treat the subjects of syrups, jams, jellies, and other preserves. Chapter 16 is devoted entirely to tomato products. Chapters 17 through 20 cover the subject of dehydration. The last 6 chapters cover a variety of topics which range from vinegar manufacture to frozen-pack fruits and vegetables, to waste disposal and plant sanitation. The reviewer feels that Dr. Cruess has compiled a valuable guide for all students of fruit and vegetable processing. The author has incorporated and cited approximately 30 to 60 references for each chapter, many of which have been added since the last edition. The book is somewhat uneven with respect to the detail of subject matter covered. Some phases of product processing are presented in minute detail while other phases are covered with very generalized statements. In addition, the subject matter on fruit products appears to be covered more completely and authoritatively than the subject matter on vegetable products. The information which the author has included on the production of fruits and vegetables could well have been deleted without impairing the value of the book. In several instances this information is eitiier outdated or erroneous, e.g., two of the varieties of \"green\" beans listed are actually field or dry beans. Other varieties included for midwest production are outdated. In discussing yields of peas, the author makes the erroneous statement that late wrinkle-seeded varieties \"often do not produce so heavily as the (early) smooth-seeded types.\" Regardless of these criticisms the book is considered a valuable reference for students in the field of food technology, and for …

The nutritional value of milk.

Abstract: Milk has been part of the human diet for millennia and is valued as a natural and traditional food. Milk and dairy foods are considered to be one of the main food groups important in a healthy balanced diet, and as such feature in the majority of national food-based dietary guidelines from the British Eatwell 1 and Australian plate model 2 , to the Chinese Pagoda 3 and the Japanese Spinning top 4 , the US pyramid 5 , the Guatemalan pot 6 and many others. As milk provides a substantial amount of vitamins and minerals in relation to its energy content, it is considered a nutrient dense food 7 .

The relationship between different antibodies.

Abstract: STUDIES on strains of hemolytic streptococci from different cases of scarlet fever, from normal throats and from cases of other diseases are being carried on by workers in our laboratory along three main lines: 1. Grouping by agglutination and absorption of agglutinins. In these studies we have been assisted by H. D. Hussey, F. Bittman, A. Brassel and others. 2. Grouping according to the protective power of serum stimulated by the inoculations of whole cultures. This part of these studies has been carried on mainly by C. R. Gurley, M. F. Carmichael and F. Berman. 3. Grouping according to the power to produce toxic filtrates neutralized by convalescent scarlet fever serum, and by serum from horses inoculated with a toxic filtrate. We have been assisted in this work by H. D. Hussey, A. Brassel, B. Kolchin and others. Most of the human inoculations were made by A. Zingher and R. G. Freeman. The main purpose of all of these studies has been to determine the relationship of hemolytic streptococci to scarlet fever and to so-called natural immunity from scarlet fever. In regard to grouping by agglutination, we have found that out of about 70 strains tested, only about 30 per cent fall into one group; 7 per cent consist of two small groups, one of 3 strains and one of 2

Rendering account in public health.

Abstract: T HE ACTIVITIES embraced within the scope of present-day public health work are so extensive and diversified that the health officer's task would be sufficiently difficult if he had only to organize and direct the work along lines already laid down defining its scope and distribution. This, however, is not all nor even the most difficult part of his duty, for he must first determine what activities he shall include, and what proportion of his limited resources he shall put into each. With respect to this part of his duty the health officer occupies the position of an agent to whom the public entrusts certain of its resources in public money and cooperation, to be so invested that they may yield the best returns in health; and in discharging the responsibilities of this position he is expected to follow the same general principles of procedure as would a fiscal agent under like circumstances. As various lines of activity are suggested to him by contemporary practice or' urged upon him by special propagandists it is his duty to consider what returns are to be expected from each one and to decide how much of his capital he will put into each one. Since his capital comes entirely from the public, it is reasonable to expect that he will be prepared to explain to the public his reasons for making each investment, and to give them some estimate of the returns which he expects. Nor can he consider it unreasonable if the public should wish to have an accounting

The Inheritance of Mental Diseases

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Health examinations past and present and their promotion in pennsylvania

Abstract: T HE PROPOSAL that healthy people be examined at regular intervals for the purpose of preventing disease is notable for the logic of its theory and the slowness of its adoption. It is evident that the appeal to reason is not sufficient to bring about the practical application of this public health measure, and that only by organized effort can success be at-tained. For many years health examinations were occasionally proposed by voices in the wilderness, and only in very recent times has there been an organized movement for their promotion. It is my intention to mention some of the early proposals, to outline the work being done in Pennsylvania, and to discuss some of the difficulties which must be overcome if health examinations are to be efficiently -made in sufficient numbers to become a real factor in promoting public welfare.

The american medical association and periodic health examinations

Abstract: WHEREAS, The need and value of periodic medical examinations of persons supposedly in health are increasingly appreciated by the public, it is recommended by the Council on Health and Public Instruction, that the House of Delegates authorize the Council to prepare suitable forms for such examinations and to publish them in The Journal of the American Medical Association; and that the county medical societies be encouraged to make public declaration that their members are prepared and ready to conduct such examinations, it being understood that the indigent only shall be examined free of charge and that all others are expected to pay for such examinations.

Importance of differentiating colonaerogenes group in examining water.

Abstract: THERE IS very little likelihood of anyone attempting to contradict the statement that the detection of the colonaerogenes group of bacteria constitutes the most important part of the laboratory examination of water supplies as understood at the present time. But the exact significance of the presence of individual members of the group, and the significance of their relative degrees of abundance are matters on which there is a great deal of dispute, and a considerable lack of definite information. And this state of affairs exists in spite of the enormous volume of work which has been done upon the group, and in spite of the tremendous amount of literature which exists upon the subject. So great is the volume of the literature that very few of the men engaged in work on our water supplies can hope to be even reasonably well versed in all of it. Much of the work in the literature suffers from various forms of incompleteness, but the greatest difficulty with most of it is that the experience of a very limited group of workers is represented in a particular study. In the past, deductions have been made and procedures outlined on the basis of the experience of a single individual studying a single type supply. Attempts to use such studies in other work have led to dissatisfaction and to the feeling that the only way to handle such problems as are met with in the bacteriological study of waters is to attack the matter with the combined strength of

Tetra-ethyl lead and the public health.

Abstract: T HE RECENT series of deaths from tetra-ethyl lead at Bayway, N. J., has been given such spectacular emphasis by the daily press that the public has been greatly alarmed as to the health hazard involved. The product has been dubbed " looney gas " and has been assumed to be identical with socalled " ethyl gas " of the automotive industry. Parallel with the popular alarm, some municipal health officers have forbidden the use of ethyl gas and others have been and still are considering such action. One of the problems confronting the automotive engineer is the elimination of the so-called knock in the operation of the gas engine. Furthermore, the pressing demands for increased production of motor fuels is leading to a greater percentage content of the lower fractions of crude oil in the commercial gasoline. It has been shown that the addition of a small percentage of a catalyst (" dope" as the trade calls it) tends to solve both of these problems, namely, the elimination of the knock and the increased availability of the lower fractions of crude oil. In addition, the discovery that such use in the motor fuel would permit the employment of motors of much higher compression, with attendant conservation of about 25 per cent of our petroleum, makes it a matter of great economic and commercial importance. Tetra-ethyl lead is such a product. Tetra-ethyl lead has the formula Pb (C2H5)4 and is a transparent, pale, amber colored, volatile liquid. It decomposes at 1200 C. and is soluble in alcohol, ether, ethyl bromide and gasoline. It is stable towards water, but decomposes in direct sunlight, and should be stored in a dark bottle in a closet.1 Extensive physiological tests on the toxic properties of tetra-ethyl lead have been made by the Chemical Warfare Service at Edgewood Arsenal. These results are summarized as follows: