Showing papers in "American Journal of Sociology in 2020"
TL;DR: The authors argued that soci... sociologists have revealed the inadequacy of rational choice explanations of religion and pointed out the need for new lines of research and theorizing to reveal the shortcomings of rational explanation of religion.
Abstract: Over the last three decades, fruitful new lines of research and theorizing have revealed the inadequacy of secularization and rational choice explanations of religion. This article argues that soci...
93 citations
TL;DR: In the early 20th century, police departments across America's cities enhanced their infrastructural power by adopting various tactical, operational, and organizational innovations as discussed by the authors, based upon a ne...
Abstract: In the early 20th century, police departments across America’s cities enhanced their infrastructural power by adopting various tactical, operational, and organizational innovations. Based upon a ne...
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors weigh police presence and police activity in their assessments of a neighborhood's suitability for raising children, and how place-bound institutions relate to neighborhood frames.
Abstract: How do parents weigh police presence and police activity in their assessments of a neighborhood’s suitability for raising children? How do place-bound institutions relate to neighborhood frames? Th...
57 citations
TL;DR: The concept of values is currently enjoying renewed interest in sociology; indeed, many claim that it must be treated as central to any theory of action as discussed by the authors, and they claim that the concept of value must be considered as a central concept in all theories of action.
Abstract: The concept of values is currently enjoying renewed interest in sociology; indeed, many claim that it must be treated as central to any theory of action. As introduced to American sociology from Eu...
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a framework to explain urban decline and persistent segregation by drawing from sociological theory and research on residential mobility and neighborhood stratification, which primarily explain the urban decline.
Abstract: Drawing from sociological theory and research on residential mobility and neighborhood stratification, which primarily explain urban decline and persistent segregation, the authors propose a framew...
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the criminal justice system and the labor market has been examined in the context of criminal justice reform, where the authors described the criminal system as a "labor market institution".
Abstract: Previous research has described the criminal justice system as a “labor market institution.” In recent years, however, research on the relationship between the criminal justice system and the labor...
34 citations
TL;DR: The authors theorizes the racial politics of credit expansion and examines the federal government's role in credit expansion in American society, arguing that a widespread reliance on credit increasingly defines the realities of economic citizenship.
Abstract: Widespread reliance on credit increasingly defines realities of economic citizenship in American society. This article theorizes the racial politics of credit expansion. It examines the federal ini...
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend the logic of instrumental aggressiveness to bully, harass, and torment their schoolmates in order to achieve popularity and other goals, but whom do they bully?
Abstract: Some teenagers are willing to bully, harass, and torment their schoolmates in order to achieve popularity and other goals. But whom do they bully? Here, we extend the logic of instrumental aggressi...
28 citations
TL;DR: This article used quantitative and qualitative techniques to analyze 37 award-winning publications in historical sociology between 1995 and 20, 2011, using an original data set of over 15,000 in-text citations.
Abstract: Drawing on an original data set of over 15,000 in-text citations, we use quantitative and qualitative techniques to analyze 37 award-winning publications in historical sociology between 1995 and 20...
28 citations
TL;DR: Social networks affect individuals' ability to solve conflicts between individual and collective interests as discussed by the authors, and the ability to seek out cooperative others is a key explanation for the high level of conflict resolution in social networks.
Abstract: Social networks affect individuals’ ability to solve conflicts between individual and collective interests. Indeed, the ability to seek out cooperative others is a key explanation for the high leve...
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Malthusian theory is used to explain how nature works, confirmed by pieces of evidence, cover predictions for further technological developments towards economically and environmentally sustainable industrial processes as well as provide the role of bioenergy accumulation and transformation for improved understanding about evolution, influences of anthropogenic activity, decision-makers errors, technological choices, pandemics prevention and the necessary skills toward the innovation algae-based system.
Abstract: Our theory includes generalized explanations of how nature works, confirmed by pieces of evidence, cover predictions for further technological developments towards economically and environmentally sustainable industrial processes as well as provides the role of bioenergy accumulation and transformation for improved understanding about evolution, influences of anthropogenic activity, decision-makers errors, technological choices, pandemics prevention and the necessary skills toward the innovation algae-based system. The possibility of origination and evolution of the landforms of life were the results of bioenergy accumulation by microalgae and at present, the contribution of algae remains dominant in reducing CO2 and maintaining O2 level in the atmosphere. Population growth stimulates the accumulation of air carbon and bioenergy. The production and application of fertilizers originated large GHG emissions and it is a big conceptual need to shift on organic agriculture including algae fertilization of soil to contribute long-term sustainability. The used technologies for 1G biofuels production, as well as microalgae to biofuel based on biomass phototrophic growth by the use of fertilizers, are induced aggressively increasing GHG emission instead of their mitigation. Microalgae biofuel has big potential in case the use of wastewaters and food waste for biomass growth. The priority strategy for dealing with future pandemics treats such as COVID-19, etc. must be increasing the stability of immunity system of humans and animals to infections and due to a high concentration of physiologically active compounds in microalgae they application can be the best decision. Analyses of the Kyoto Protocol, Paris Climate Agreement, etc. results provide that their application has many disadvantages. The New policy must be founded on the admitting of the Life Conserve industry as the new part of the production. Keywords: bioenergy, biofuel, environmental policy evaluation, evolution, climate change, Malthusian theory, microalgae, agriculture, pandemics, waste
TL;DR: This article found that right-to-work laws affect the distribution of economic resources, while sociological theories would predict inequality to increase following their passage, previous research finds that these laws...
Abstract: How do right to work laws affect the distribution of economic resources? While sociological theories would predict inequality to increase following their passage, previous research finds these laws...
TL;DR: In this article, the classic urban ecological paradigm envisioned the articulation of the social organization of neighborhoods with that of the city as a whole, and the authors offer empirical evidence in suppo...
Abstract: The classic urban ecological paradigm envisioned the articulation of the social organization of neighborhoods with that of the city as a whole. This article offers novel empirical evidence in suppo...
TL;DR: The first generation of race scholarship attributed contemporary racial schemas to the cultural legacies of differen... as mentioned in this paper, and the second generation attributed contemporary race schemas in the United States to cultural influence.
Abstract: What accounts for variation in racial identification in the Americas? An influential first generation of race scholarship attributed contemporary racial schemas to the cultural legacies of differen...
TL;DR: When authorities repress insurgents, does it quell their rebellion? Classic approaches to this question yielded inconsistent results because they sought to generalize repressive effects without accocalizing them as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: When authorities repress insurgents, does it quell their rebellion? Classic approaches to this question yielded inconsistent results because they sought to generalize repressive effects without acc...
TL;DR: An agent-based model of land use, social networks, and household dynamics is used to examine how extreme floods and droughts affect migration in Northeast Thailand, suggesting minimal effects on out-migration but marked negative effects on return.
Abstract: In popular accounts, stories of environmental refugees convey a bleak picture of the impacts of climate change on migration Scholarly research is less conclusive, with studies finding varying effects This paper uses an agent-based model (ABM) of land use, social networks, and household dynamics to examine how extreme floods and droughts affect migration in Northeast Thailand The ABM explicitly models the dynamic and interactive pathways through which climate-migration relationships might operate, including coupled out and return streams Results suggest minimal effects on out-migration but marked negative effects on return Social networks play a pivotal role in producing these patterns In all, the portrait of climate change and migration painted by focusing only on environmental refugees is too simple Climate change operates on already established migration processes that are part and parcel of the life course, embedded in dynamic social networks, and incorporated in larger interactive systems where out- and return migration are integrally connected
TL;DR: The authors argue that children's social skills are declining as a result of exposure to technology, but this claim is difficult to assess empirically because it is challenging to measure the degree of exposure.
Abstract: Many social commentators posit that children’s social skills are declining as a result of exposure to technology. But this claim is difficult to assess empirically because it is challenging to meas...
TL;DR: This article developed a distributional framework that differentiates betwee from central tendency-based approaches to examine the role of peer groups, and used this framework for peer influence analysis in a distributed manner.
Abstract: Much literature on peer influence has relied on central tendency–based approaches to examine the role of peer groups This article develops a distributional framework that (1) differentiates betwee
TL;DR: The emotional dimensions of parenting among upper-middle-class parents have not been fully theorized or measured as discussed by the authors, and 60 in-depth interviews with professional white, Chinese, a...
Abstract: The emotional dimensions of parenting among upper-middle-class parents have not been fully theorized or measured. In this article I employ 60 in-depth interviews with professional white, Chinese, a...
TL;DR: This article argued that Asian Americans educational attainments are not predicated on their parents' education, diverging from status attainment theory, and used data from two nation-a-a...
Abstract: Recent qualitative research argues that Asian Americans’ educational attainments are not predicated on their parents’ education, diverging from status attainment theory. Using data from two nationa...
TL;DR: This article studied the underlying boundaries that govern the flow of workers in the labor market and proposed a method to map out the underlying boundary that govern workers' movement in the job market, but the current literature faces two major challenges.
Abstract: Although stratification research has long recognized the importance of mapping out the underlying boundaries that govern the flow of workers in the labor market, the current literature faces two ma...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH) considering the consequences of disparities between black residential locations and opportunities for employment, and they found that SMH is ineffective in black neighborhoods.
Abstract: Extensive research has investigated the spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH), considering the consequences of disparities between black residential locations and opportunities for employment. In this ...
TL;DR: In this article, Sarkasme diartikan sebagai gaya bahasa ying mengandung unsur ejekan, olok-olok and sindiran.
Abstract: Abstrak Sarkasme diartikan sebagai gaya bahasa yang mengandung unsur ejekan, olok-olok dan sindiran. Gaya bahasa sarkasme ini sering digunakan dalam beberapa hal yaitu : 1) umpatan, celaan, candaan perkataan kasar; 2)Ajakan mempengaruhi pembaca atau pendengar agar berbuat serta mengikuti perkataan yang diucapkan; 3) Pemberitahuan artinya sebagai alat komunikasi yaitu memberikan informasi atau berita kepada orang kedua. Sarkasme ternyat tidak hanya disampaikan dikomunikasi secara formal tetapi jua dapat didalam lirik lagu. Lagu diartikan sebaga rangkaian kata kata yang indah penuh makna. Semi (1993:106) berpendapat bahwa lirik lagu adalah bagian dari bentuk puisi. Lagu yang disisipkan dengan gaya bahasa sarkasme membuat perubahan makna dan kesan lagu. Penelitian ini menitik pada gaya bahasa pengarang untuk mengetahui apa makna sebenarnya dari suatu kalimat yang pengarang buat didalam lagu tersebut serta kualitas estetika pada lagu tersebut. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang dalam penelitian ini berupa lirik lagu. Penelitian ini berisi pengkajian terhadap lirik lagu bahaya komunis untuk memberi gambaran mengenai makna sarkasme. Data pada penelitian ini adalah lirik lagu jason ranti. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara menulis kembali lirik lagu . Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah lembaran yang berisi lirik lagu jason ranti yang akan dianalisis berdasarkan kajian semantik sarkasme. Teknik analisis yang digunakan berupa analisis isi (content analysis) untuk menarik kesimpulan melalui usaha menemukan karakteristik pesan dalam lagu. Berdasarkan kajian semantik isi lagu bahaya komunis mengandung variasi makna. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa lagu bahaya komunis syarat akan sarkasme dan maksud tertentu
TL;DR: The Axiom of Choice is understood better, and a model of Combinatory Logic is used, which shows that every set has a representative element, but the element is no longer arbitrary.
Abstract: The Axiom of Choice (AC) says that every set has a representative element. However, deterministic computers cannot produce arbitrary elements. They need some algorithm that tells them, which one to choose. But then, the element is no longer arbitrary. Even for a true random generator, you will need entropy. This is data gathered from outside the system, and we as Theoretical Computer scientists do not like that. Thus, we need to understand the Axiom of Choice better. For this, we use a model of Combinatory Logic.
TL;DR: It is known that greater social cohesion increases a group's ability to enforce cooperation as mentioned in this paper. But defectors often go unpunished, and groups with social structures that are a priori favorab...
Abstract: It is known that greater social cohesion increases a group’s ability to enforce cooperation. Despite this, defectors often go unpunished, and groups with social structures that are a priori favorab...
TL;DR: The origins of the armed warfare between rebel alliances that spread across China in the late 1960s have long been obscure as discussed by the authors, and this historical puzzle poses two distinct but interrelated questions: fir...
Abstract: The origins of the armed warfare between rebel alliances that spread across China in the late 1960s have long been obscure. This historical puzzle poses two distinct but interrelated questions: fir...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the physical vulnerability of the coast to changes in sea level and revealed that the Delta coastal zone is very high vulnerable to any SLR, while vulnerability along the western section of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast varies from moderate to high.
Abstract: Sea level rise (SLR) along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast was valued using tide gauge data. There is considerable difference in both mean sea level and rate of increase in different parts of this stretched coastal zone. The tide gauge station at Sidi Abdel-Rahman showed a SLR of 1.0 mm/year. SLR at Alexandria Western Harbour and Mersa Matrouh was 2.2 and 2.4 mm/year, respectively. The SLR along the central Delta region was observed as 3.8 mm/year at Burullus. The stations in Port Said and Abu-Qir showed a SLR of 4.8 mm/year and 6.4 mm/yr, respectively. Moreover, physical vulnerability of the coast to changes in sea level was evaluated revealing that the Delta coastal zone is very high vulnerable to any SLR. In contrast, vulnerability along the western section of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast varies from moderate to high.