Showing papers in "American Sociological Review in 1951"

Social Choice and Individual Values.

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Identification as the basis for a theory of motivation.

Abstract: R OLE theory has suffered since inception from lack of a satisfactory account of motivation. It is all very well as far as it goes to state that a person learns to recognize standard situations and to play expected roles in them according to the status defined for him in each. But this is not enough when the person encounters alternatives and must resolve conflicting definitions of his appropriate behavior.1 Nor is it enough to account for the emergence of new roles in his conduct, nor for his more or less unique variations upon conventional roles. A striking revelation of the need for some theory of motivation to back up situational analysis2 is disclosed by apathy in the performance of conventional roles, when these are on the verge of abandonment or are accepted only under duress. Roles as such do not provide their own motives. Most of the recent writers on role theory3 have recognized this deficiency and have endeavored to make it up through the expedient of eclecticism. Like a Ford car with a Chevrolet motor, each of these "integrators" puts on the road his own model of role theory, one powered by psychic energy, another by a system of tensions or a drivereduction apparatus, a third by some hierarchy of innate and derived needs. Also, a

Channels of communication in small groups.

Abstract: lem of the selection of materials. Have the responses been selected to illustrate what the leader wants to illustrate? Could other assortings of responses be made to illustrate something else-perhaps the futility of "guided group conversation," as the method also has been called? Research on how to make use of transcriptions seems urgently needed. Perhaps investigators with different philosophical and methodological orientations could be induced to listen to, and to interpret, a succession of extensive transcriptions of actual group sessions. It would be interesting to see to what extent they reach similar conclusions from the babel of conversation! Some of these questions are directly involved in the further research now under way in connection with the New Jersey project in Guided Group Interaction. It would be my judgment that this experiment constitutes some of the most important research in criminology now going on in the United States. This work is likely to produce results of basic importance both for the practice of penology and for the advancement of research methodology in the field.

Delinquency as the failure of personal and social controls.

Abstract: white collar group is over-represented at Indiana University. 3. The farming, semi-skilled and unskilled groups are strongly attracted by the teaching profession. 4. Students from the farming and blue collar groups stand a better chance of having their college education postponed or interrupted by a work experience than students coming from the white collar group. 5. Students from the white collar group stand a better chance of becoming members of social fraternities at Indiana University than students coming from the farming and blue collar groups. 6. The G. I. Bill of Rights has increased the proportion of students from the blue collar group at Indiana University from 90 to 113 per cent.

Husband-wife interaction over revealed differences.

Abstract: the conditions operating. For example, we have often found particular exceptions to predicted rank positions in cases where one of the members disagrees with the others persistently, and so tends to attract or receive a disproportionate amount of communication. And we have also found exceptions when two highly interactive and agreeing members form a sub-group vis-a-vis a third neglected or rejected member. The average empirical tendencies described constitute a base-line expectation for the detection of discrepancies or exceptions which we believe will be useful in diagnostic and comparative analysis of particular groups. There are many sorts of experimental predictions that can now be made with an increased degree of accuracy through the use of the ordered matrix. The importance of the generalizations will be much increased as we are better able to identify and measure the effects of various kinds of conditions on them.

The Logical Structure of Analytic Induction

Abstract: under greater economic stress in our society exhibit a higher rate of divorce. Additional clarification of these points can be achieved by research which is pointed toward these problems: (1) Specification of the further sociological dimensions of economic factors in familial relations; (2) Determination of the relative economic pressures on various strata in the population, as felt by those strata;28 and (3) Separation of the socio-economic from the occupational factors in marital relationships. The present suggestions are presented, then, as tentative steps in these directions.

A Preliminary Study of the Size Determinant in Small Group Interaction

Abstract: IF a small human group is defined as one in which the members, integrated by direct communication demands, interact functionally and continuously toward the achievement of an end, then the structure resulting from such interaction is a unitary system of relationships in which the factor of size (number of participants) is one of the determinants of the system. In a word, the size determinant is an integral factor of small group interaction, the fundamental question being the relation of the magnitude of the variable to the range and complexity of the interactory field. The scope of the present study is limited

The Conflict of Values in Delinquency Areas

Abstract: T HE circumstance that less than onequarter of the boys in the urban areas of high rates of delinquents are brought into the juvenile court charged as delinquents appears to invalidate the hypothesis that in the disorganized city areas delinquency is primarily a product of cultural rather than of personality or psychological processes.' Some of the official statistics of delinquency seem to suggest that most children conform to the legal norms of the wider society even in those urban areas where the culture of the local community is relatively favorable to the transmission of delinquent conduct patterns.2

Role-Playing vs. Role-Taking: An Appeal for Clarification

Abstract: by emulation of the values of the group aspired to? What is the social position and personality type of those members of one group who orient themselves positively toward the values of another group to which they aspire? What is the effect of orientation to the values of a new group on (a) the value patterns of the mobile individual, (b) the values of the group which he is now rejecting, and (c) the overall values of the larger social system within which the changed orientation occurs?

Some Psycho-Social Problems Associated with Facial Deformities

Abstract: bat men indicate that they have little understanding of the details of living in combat before they get to the front.17 4. Providing more frequent periods out of combat, if possible. The length of rest periods need not be as long as in World War II, so that increasing the frequency of rest periods would not necessarily increase the total time soldiers spent out of combat. Army policy in World War II was to give whole divisions and regiments a rest period at one time. Consideration of

The Factor of Religion in the Selection of Marriage Mates

Abstract: ably including the TAT, could be economically administered Data on social background could be obtained in an interview, perhaps with a questionnaire as a guide Such material would allow us to examine in searching detail the motives and behavior of the subjects; how they feel about their marriage, and why they feel that way; what culturally determined value-patterns distinguish the several social-class groups The techniques are available, and the problem is a challenging one

Death by Dieselization: A Case Study in the Reaction to Technological Change

Abstract: This report might conclude with several generalizations. First, that methods for the experimental study of group life in laboratory settings are in development, making doubtful the claims that laboratory experimentation would not be possible in sociological studies. Second, the validity of the generalizations coming from such studies is to be judged by the same criteria as those used in field studies. Third, the effective use of group experimentation requires conceptualizing of a more precise kind and of a higher level of abstraction than we often perform. Fourth, the study of these laboratory populations again raises the need for work on methods of observation, recording, and of analysis that are suited to the nature of collective life as structured interaction.