Showing papers in "American Sociological Review in 1966"

Madness and civilization : a history of insanity in the age of reason

Abstract: Introduction by David Cooper, Preface 1."Stultifera Navis" 2.The Great Confinement 3.The Insane 4.Passion and Delirium 5. Aspects of Madness 6.Doctors and Patients 7.The Great Fear 8.The New Division 9.The Birth of the Asylum, Conclusion, Notes

Culture and symptoms-an analysis of patients' presenting complaints *

Abstract: Physical disorder is often thought to be a fairly objective and relatively infrequent phenomenon. An examination of the literature reveals, however, that the empirical reality may be that illness, defined as the presence of clinically serious signs, is the statistical norm. Given that the prevalence of abnormalities is so high, the rate of acknowledgement so low, and the decision to seek aid unrelated to objective seriousness and discomfort, it is suggested that a socially conditioned selective process may be operating in what is brought in for medical treatment. Two such processes are delineated and the idea is postulated that it might be such selective processes and not etiological ones which account for many of the previously unexplained epidemiological differences between societies and even between subgroups within a society. A study is reported which illustrates the existence of such a selective process in the differing complaints of a group of Italian and Irish patients-a pattern of differences which is maintained even when the diagnosed disorder for which they sought aid is held constant.

Organizational Alienation: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract: The relationship between two types of alienation-alienation from work and alienation from expressive relations-and two structural properties of organizations-centralization and formalization-are examined in a comparative study of sixteen welfare organizations. Both alienation from work and alienation from expressive relations are found to be more prominent in highly centralized and highly formalized organizations. Multivariate analysis is introduced to determine the relative importance of the relationships between measures of centralization and formalization and alienation.

Stranger and Friend: The Way of an Anthropologist.

Abstract: \"Her book is all about people...The publishers say of it that 'field work in its personal and objective dimension is placed under a kind of microscope. The book is a must for all field workers in the social sciences.' That claim does not seem to me excessive.\" -Edmund Leach, New York Review of Books \"There are few books which are as informative of what it means to be a field-worker in social science as Hortense Powdermaker's Stranger and Friend. This book should be must reading both for scholars and students.\" -Seymour M. Lipset, Harvard University \"Stranger and Friend is a passionate plea for anthropology as a human discipline as well as a science, as an all-engrossing life experience as well as a profession, and increasingly as a subject in the curriculum of graduate and undergraduate studies.\" -Margaret Mead, American Museum of Natural History \"This is just the kind of book needed in anthropology today. It tells objectively, but in warm and human terms, how important research was done. It contributes to methodology and to the history of the science of anthropology.\" -Charles Wagley, Columbia University \"This is an essential book for anyone interested in the problems of an anthropologist at work.\" -Cornelius Osgood, Peabody Museum of Natural History

The Decline of Politics and Ideology in a Knowledgeable Society

Abstract: From reports on the growth and changing character of contemporary knowledge, it is argued that we live in a "knowledgeable society" with certain epistemological characteristics, among which are the development of more fruitful categories of thought, increased differentiation of ego from inner and outer worlds, an imagination of situations contrary to fact, reflective abstraction, changing truth criteria, and a changed philosophy of knowledge. This increase in knowledge and change in thoughtways lead to changes in policy-making procedures. There is increased application of scientific criteria for policy determination at the expense of the usual short-term political criteria and ideological thinking as well. In this situation, social knowledge is creating its own attitudinal disequilibrium.

A Critique of Pure Tolerance.

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Polygraph and interview validation of self-reported deviant behavior.

Abstract: In the study of deviant behavior, current heavy reliance upon data from anonymous questionnaires demands concern for data validity. Responses to anonymous questionnaires involving a wide range of deviant behavioral items, including the Dentler-Monroe and NyeShort delinquency scale items, were compared to responses made during a follow-up "interview" and polygraph examination. The overall accuracy of the total questionnaire was high although results indicate significant inaccuracy on those items used in delinquency scales. However, a high degree of association was found between the respondent order established by the scales using data from questionnaire and polygraph results. Response inaccuracy was highly related to declared personal norms and reference group norms.

The structure of small bureaucracies

Abstract: An analysis of bureaucratic structure is based on data from 156 American public personnel agencies. Whereas a professional staff was expected to reduce the need for many managers, the opposite is actually the case. Lack of professionalization tends to lead to the centralization of official authority in the hands of relatively few managers. The division of labor, which typically accompanies growing size, promotes centralization of authority only if the staff is not professional. This finding suggests that a centralized authority structure is well suited for the coordination of tasks differentiated into simple routines but not for that of professional specialties. Structural complexities destroy the economic advantage that operating on a comparatively large scale otherwise has, but bureaucratic mechanisms of communication, such as a sufficient administrative staff, restore this advantage. W Hy does Weber's analysis of bureau

The sexual behaviour of young people

Abstract: There has been a growing volume of research into sexual behaviour in urbanindustrial societies since 1948, when Kinsey and his associates first published The Sexual Behaviour of the Human Male. The increase of publications in this field is undoubtedly to be welcomed, but it must be noted that with few exceptions the quality of research leaves much to be desired. Scant attention has been paid to the general theoretical implications of problems such as the social regulation of sexual behaviour, and even the survey work has tended to suffer from inferior methods of sampling and design. It is against this rather uninspiring background that we must attempt to evaluate the contribution of Reiss and Schofield.

The Identification Problem and Theory Building: The Case of Status Inconsistency

Abstract: The identification problem arises when there are too many unknowns for solution. Identification can be achieved in one-way causal situations by making assumptions about the error terms, but these are often unrealistic. Even this procedure breaks down when exact mathematical relationships are assumed among some of the variables, as is the case where status inconsistency (or social mobility) is taken as a difference between two statuses. In such situations one must make additional restrictive assumptions; otherwise the separate effects of the component factors cannot be isolated. In the case of status inconsistency, identification may be achieved by: (1) making a priori assumptions regarding the signs or magnitudes of some of the coefficients; (2) finding and measuring additional exogenous variables that appear in some but not all of the equations; or (3) postulating certain kinds of nonlinear relationships.

Social status and psychological disorder: an issue of substance and an issue of method.

Abstract: The most consistent demographic finding reported in social psychiatric field studies is an inverse relation between social class and psychological disorder. This relationship has been interpreted on the one hand as evidence of social causation, with low status producing disorder, and on the other as evidence of social selection, with pre-existing disorder determining social status. This substantive issue could turn on a simple question of fact: whether Negroes and Puerto Ricans in New York City have higher or lower rates of disorder than their class counterparts in more advantaged ethnic groups. The facts, however, are not available from existing research. The results of field studies contain clues to group differences in modes of expressing distress, including some that involve problems of response bias, but the evidence is far from clear about the relation of the symptoms reported to the underlying psychiatric condition of individuals. It would seem that the substantive issue of social causation vs. social selection must yield precedence to resolution of the central unsolved problem of psychiatric epidemiology-the measurement of untreated psychological disorder. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL studies have been held to support a variety of hypotheses about the social causation of psychological disorder. Most often, the causal role of social factors is inferred from rate differentials according to geographical location or social category. These correlations have been viewed as pointing to the etiological significance of such factors as social disorganization, social isolation, migration, accul

The judicial mind : the attitudes and ideologies of Supreme Court justices, 1946-1963

Abstract: The Judicial Mind: The Attitudes and Ideologies of Supreme Court Justices 1946-1963. By Glendon Schubert. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1965. Pp. 295. $10.00. The Judicial Mind1 is the major attempt by the acknowledged dean of judicial behavioralists to explain both scientifically and unconventionally how Supreme Court Justices decide cases.2 The commitment to a political science of judicial behavior is based on the premises that scientific social study is possible and that traditional constitutional scholarship is \"discursive commentary\" 3 which misses the real factors behind judicial decision, By scientific study, exponents mean research guided by an explicit theory, posing hypotheses with mathematical precision and objectivity which may be tested against real world evidence by an independent researcher.4 The Judicial Mind has received critical commendation for its analytical sophistication and novel conclusions, and has been hailed as a vindication of the genre.5 If they were not putatively rooted in a scientific analysis, Schubert's conclusions would seem modest. The summary findings are that the Justices who have sat on the Supreme Court since 1946 show a consistency of decision during their careers, that blocs of Justices may be identified by their responses to certain types of issues, and that the bloc with the greatest influence in any given term can be determined. Three blocs are most significant-the liberals (including Justices Black, Douglas, and Warren), the conservatives (including Justices Burton, Reed, and Vinson), and a moderating group referred to as \"the prag-

Neighborhood context and college plans.

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The random probe: a technique for evaluating the validity of closed questions.

Abstract: The familiar dilemma of open versus closed interview questions becomes especially acute when surveys are undertaken outside middle-class American society. Inevitable ignorance of the subtleties of another culture leads the researcher toward an open-ended approach, while his experience with the difficulties of channeling diverse free responses into a useful frame of reference and of coding enormous masses of verbal data encourages him to rely on closed questions. The method of '"random probes" suggested here is intended to allow a survey researcher to eat his cake and still have a little left over.